arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)
Quenya
ar(a)
preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside
Derivations
Element in
- Q. A anamelda na ar ilyan “A is dearest of all” ✧ PE17/057
- Q. arcalima ar eleni “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/056
- Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside”
- ᴺQ. aralussë “aorist, (lit.) beside-tense”
- ᴺQ. aramallë “side-street”
- Q. quiquië menin coaryanna, arsë “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” ✧ VT49/23 (
quiquie tenin koaryanna, arse)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ADA > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/145 Variations
- ar ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/145
- ad ✧ PE17/071
- ara ✧ VT49/25
Ara-
noble
arato
noble
ar
and
ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.
ar
and
o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.
ar
conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but
Changes
ara→ ar ✧ NM/239ar→ ar “and” ✧ PE17/041ar→ ar ✧ PE17/041ar→ al ✧ PE17/175Cognates
- S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar
Derivations
- ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
- √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
- ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
- √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar
Element in
- Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
- Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
- Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
- Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
- Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
- Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
- Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
- Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
- Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
- Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
- Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
- Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
- Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
- Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
- Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
- Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
- Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
- Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
- Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
- Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
- Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
- Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
- Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
- Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
- Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶as(a) > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad(a) > az > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad(a) > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶as(a) > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/070 ✶ad(ă)/ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/071 ✶ad > ađ > ař > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/071 ✶ada > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/102 √ADA > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/145 √ar- > ar [ar] ✧ SA/ar ✶as > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ VT47/31 Variations
- Ar ✧ NM/239
- ara ✧ NM/240 (
ara)- a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
- as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
- al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
- are ✧ VT43/31 (
are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04
apa
but
apa (3) conj. "but": melinyes apa la hé "I love him but not him" (another) (VT49:15)
apa
conjunction. but
Element in
- Q. melin sé apa lanyë hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
- Q. melinyes apa la hé “I love him but not him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15
Variations
- apa ✧ VT49/15
arë
and
arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)
ná
but, on the contrary, on the other hand
ná (2), also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" (NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am").
anat
but
anat conj. "but" (VT43:23; possibly an ephemeral form)
arquen
noble
arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)
az
and
az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.
-yë
conjunction. and
-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).
and
and
a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).
mal
but
mal conj. "but" (VT43:23)
mal
conjunction. but
Element in
- Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23
nan
but
nan conj. "but" (FS); the Etymologies also gives ná, nán (NDAN), but these words may be confused with forms of the verb "to be", so nan should perhaps be preferred, unless for "but" one uses the wholly distinct word mal. In Tolkien's later Quenya, it may be that he introduced new words for "but" to free up nan for another meaning (perhaps the adverb "back", compare the prefix nan-).
yo
and
yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).
nó
but
nó (2) conj. "but" (VT41:13)
nó
conjunction. but
ono
but
ono conj. "but" (VT43:23, VT44:5/9)
ono
conjunction. but
Changes
anat→ one “*but” ✧ VT43/23Element in
- Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23; VT43/23
- Q. ono alyë eterúna me illumë ilya raxellor “but deliver us always from all dangers” ✧ VT44/09
- Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13
Variations
- nō ✧ VT41/13
- anat ✧ VT43/23 (
anat)- one ✧ VT43/23
onë
but
onë conj. "but" (VT43:23)
onë
conjunction. but
Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)