har

near

har, harë adj.? adv.? "near" (LT1:253)

har-

sit, stay

har- vb. "sit, stay", pl. present hárar in CO (i hárar "those who sit, those who are sitting"). Imperative hara in the phrase (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness" (PE17:162). According to VT45:20, har- "sit" is derived from a stem KHAD which Tolkien abandoned in the Etymologies, but since CO is later than Etym, he may seem to have restored KHAD. If so, the past tense of har- would be *handë.

harma

noun. treasure, treasure, [ᴹQ.] treasured thing

A word for “treasure” and name of tengwa #11 [d] in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123).

Conceptual Development: In notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s, harma “treasure” was the name of the tengwar ½ (later called halla) while ohta was the name of d (PE22/22). By the 1940s harma had become the name of d (PE22/51). In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. harma was glossed “treasure, a treasured thing” and derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold” (Ety/ƷAR).

Harmen

south

[Harmen] noun "south" (MEN)(Changed to hyarmen.)

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

haranyë

century

haranyë noun, last year of a century in the Númenórean calendar (or possibly the word for "century" itself; Tolkien's wording is unclear) (Appendix D)

harda

realm, region

harda noun "realm, region" _(VT45:12, 16, 17; the word also occurs, unglossed, in the entry EN in the Etymologies)_. Changed to arda later?

harin

marred

*harin adj. "marred" (PE17:150). The word is given as χarin*, where the initial Greek chi presumably represents [x]; in later [MET] pronunciation and spelling, this would become harin**.

harma

treasure, a treasured thing

harma (1) noun "treasure, a treasured thing" (3AR), also name of tengwa #11, later (MET) called aha (Appendix E).

harma

wolf

[harma (2) noun "wolf" (3ARAM). The gloss "hound" was inserted, but then deleted (VT45:17)]

harna

wounded

harna (1) adj. "wounded"

harna

helmet

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harna-

to wound

harna- (2) vb. "to wound" (SKAR)

harpa

helmet

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harwë

treasure, treasury

harwë (2) noun "treasure, treasury" (3AR)(For clarity, harma may be used for "treasure")

harwë

wound

harwë (1) noun "wound" (SKAR)

harya-

possess

harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)

haryon

(heir), prince

haryon noun "(heir), prince" (3AR). Alternative form aryon.

hyar-

cleave

#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.

hyar-

verb. cleave

harina Reconstructed

adjective. marred

londië

noun. harbourage

An elaboration of londë “haven” appearing within the names Follondië and Hyallondië “North-/South-harbourage” (PE17/28).

cópa

harbour, bay

[cópa] ("k")noun "harbour, bay" (KOP; changed to hópa, KHOP). Early "Qenya" likewise hascópa (also cópas) ("k")"harbour" (LT1:257).

hopassë

harbourage

hopassë noun "harbourage", changed by Tolkien from hopan (KHOP, VT45:22)

lapattë

hare

lapattë noun "hare" (GL:52)

londië

harbourage

#londië noun "harbourage" (PE17:28)

nandaro

harper

nandaro ("ñ")noun "harper" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)

nandelë

harping

nandelë ("ñ")noun "harping" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)

nandë

harp

nandë (2) ("ñ")noun "harp" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD; according to VT46:3, Tolkien changed the final vowel from -a to -ë)

naraca

harsh, rending, violent

naraca ("k")adj. "harsh, rending, violent" (NÁRAK; according to VT45:37, Tolkien added a qualification that is not certainly legible: "of [?sounds]")

sarda

hard

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

tanta

harp

tanta (1) noun "harp", also as verb tanta- "to play a harp" (VT41:10)

tantila

harp

tantila noun "harp" (VT41:10)

torna

hard

#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)

urcárima

hard to make / do

urcárima, urcarnë adj. "hard to make / do". (PE17:154). Cf. urucarin.

urda

hard, difficult, arduous

urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)

handa

chair

[?handa] (2) noun "chair"; the reading is uncertain and the word was in any case deleted (VT45:20). In the Etymologies, Tolkien likewise abandoned the root KHAD from which this word was derived, but he may seem to have restored this root later (see har-).

tant(il)a

noun. harp

torna

adjective. hard

urucárima

adjective. hard to make / do

urcarne

adjective. hard to make / do

hamma

chair

hamma noun "chair" (VT45:20)

hraicénima

scarcely visible, hard to see

hraicénima adj. "scarcely visible, hard to see" (PE17:154). Also hraicenë.

hranga

awkward, hard

hranga (2) adj. "awkward, hard" (PE17:154), "stiff, awkward, difficult" (PE17:185)

hópa

haven, harbour, small landlocked bay

hópa noun "haven, harbour, small landlocked bay" (KHOP)

nanda-

to harp

nanda- ("ñ")vb. "to harp" (ÑGAN/ÑGÁNAD)

norna

stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant

norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" (WJ:413, PE17:106), "thrawn, tough, obdurate", mainly applied to persons (PE17:181)

ú-

prefix. bad, uneasy, hard

handë

knowledge, understanding, intelligence

handë noun "knowledge, understanding, intelligence" (KHAN). Note: *handë is (probably) also the past tense of the verb har- "sit".

aha

rage

aha noun "rage", also name of tengwa #11, earlier called harma (Appendix E)

aryon

heir

aryon noun "heir" (GAR under 3AR). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, the word was given as aryo, aryon and defined as "son of property = heir" (VT45:14), whereas in VT45:16 (reproducing deleted material from the Etymologies), the word is defined as "heir, prince". Alternative form haryon.

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

hastaina

adjective. marred

A word appearing as hastaina “marred” in notes towards the end of the 1950s in the name Arda Hastaina “Arda Marred” (MR/254), apparently the passive participle of a verb hasta- “mar”. There was a similar word χarina “marred” from around this time marked “A.”, perhaps meaning it was Ancient Quenya (PE17/150). The modern form would be ✱harina. These words might be related if they are derived from a root ✱√KHAS.

hísë

mist, fog

hísë (þ) (stem #hísi- because of the primitive form ¤khīthi, cf. hísilanya, Hísilómë) (1) noun "mist, fog" (KHIS/KHITH). According to VT45:22, hísë is also the name of Tengwa #11 in the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, but Tolkien would later call #11 harma/aha instead.

londë

land-locked haven

londë noun "land-locked haven" (cf. #lóndië "harbourage"), "gulf" (TI:423). In Alqualondë "Swan-haven" (SA), "Haven of Swan" (VT45:28), Hirilondë ship-name "Haven-finder" (UT:192). In the Etymologies, londë is glossed "road (in sea), entrance to harbour" (LOD) and also "fairway" (VT45:28), i.e. a navigable channel for ships. In VT42:10, where the stem is given as LON rather than LOD, the gloss is simply "haven".

márië

goodness

márië (1) "goodness", "good" as noun (abstract formation from the adj. mára). (PE17:58, 89). Genitive máriéno, dative máriena, locative máriessë (PE17:59, occurring in the greeting (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness", PE17:162) Allative márienna *"to goodness", used as an interjection "farewell" (archaic namárië, q.v.),

turmen

realm

turmen noun "realm" (PE17:28). Turmen Follondiéva "Realm of the North-harbourage", old name for Arnor, TurmenHallondiéva "Realm of the South-harbourage", old name for Gondor (PE17:28)

yávië

autumn

yávië noun "autumn" (SA:yávë); "autumn, harvest", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition (Appendix D). Noun yáviérë *"Autumn-day", a day outside the months in the Steward's Reckoning, inserted between Yavannië and Narquelië (September and October) (Appendix D)

hyarma

noun. left hand

hyarna

adjective. southern

nór

noun. land

A term for “land” as in “(dry) land as opposed to the sea”, mentioned in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/413) and again in notes from around 1968 (PE17/106-107).

Possible Etymology: In the Quendi and Eldar essay this term was derived from primitive ✶ndōro, but in the aforementioned 1968 notes Tolkien clarified that its stem form was nŏr-. This means it was probably derived from ancient ✱ndŏr-, where the long vowel in the uninflected form was inherited from the Common Eldarin subjective form ✱ndōr, a phenomenon also seen in words like nér (ner-) “man”. I prefer this second derivation, as it makes the independent word more distinct from the suffixal form -ndor or -nóre used in the names of countries.

turmen

noun. realm

úvana

adjective. marred

An adjective for “marred” in notes from the late 1950s, a negated form of vana “beautiful, unmarred, of fair unspoiled form” (PE17/150).

Conceptual Development: In a (rejected) draft of this note úvana was gloss “monstrous”, as with úvanimo “monster” (PE17/149). In notes from 1936 ᴹQ. uvana was meant “wicked” in the sentence ᴹQ. nakuvan tye uvana néra “I will slay thee, wicked man”, but this version of the sentence was struck through (PE21/65 note #13).

χarina

adjective. marred

-ndor

land

-ndor, final element in compounds: "land" (Letters:308, UT:253)

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

Endien

autumn

Endien noun, alternative term for "autumn" (PM:135). In the Etymologies, the word Endien was assigned a quite different meaning: "Midyear, Midyear week", in the calendar of Valinor a week outside the months, between the sixth and seventh months, dedicated to the Trees; also called Aldalemnar (YEN, LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK)

Hyarastorni

south

Hyarastorni place-name, region in Númenor, apparently including hyar- "south" and perhaps orni "trees" (UT:210)

Nolmë

knowledge, philosophy (including science)

Nolmë ("ñ")noun "knowledge, Philosophy (including Science)" (PM:360 cf. 344)

Nénar

water

Nénar noun name of a star (or planet), evidently derived from nén "water" (Silm), tentatively identified with Uranus (MR:435)

Uinen

water

Uinen (Uinend-, as in dative Uinenden) fem. name, used of a Maia, spouse of Ossë (UY, NEN). Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:404), though it is also said that it contains -nen "water" (SA:nen); the latter explanation may be folk etymology. In the Etymologies, the name is derived from the same stem (UY) as uilë "long trailing plant, especially seaweed".

aha

noun. rage

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

aran

noun. king

arda

realm

arda noun "realm" (GAR under 3AR). It is said that arda, when used as a common noun, "meant any more or less bounded or defined place, a region" (WJ:402), or "a particular land or region" (WJ:413). Capitalized Arda "the Realm", name of the Earth as the kingdom of Manwë (Silm), "the name given to our world or earth...within the immensity of Eä"(Letters:283, there again rendered "realm"), "our planet" (MR:39), once translated "Earth" (SD:246). In a wider sense, Arda can refer to the entire Solar System (MR:337). Also name of tengwa #26 (Appendix E). Masc. name Ardamírë "Jewel of the World" (PM:348), shorter form Ardamir (UT:210); Ardaranyë "the Kingdom of Arda" (PE17:105)

artaurë

realm

artaurë noun "realm" (PE17:28). Cf. turmen.

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

cassa

helmet

cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.

castol

helmet

castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)

castol(o)

noun. helmet

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

fion

hawk

fion (1) (fiond- or simply fion-, as in pl. fiondi or fioni) noun ?"hawk" (reading of gloss uncertain; according to Christopher Tolkien the most natural interpretation would be "haste", but this word would have no plural form) (PHI, VT46:9).

ham-

sit

ham- (1) vb. "sit" (KHAM)

heri

lady

heri noun "lady" (KHER, LT1:272)

heri

noun. lady

hraia

awkward, difficult

hraia adj. "awkward, difficult" (PE17:154), ephemerally meant "easy" (PE17:172)

hyarma

left hand

hyarma noun "left hand" (VT47:6, VT49:12). Compare hyarmaitë, hyarya. Once with definite article directly prefixed (ihyarma, VT49:22), but i hyarma in other versions of the same text.

hyarmen

south

hyarmen, Hyarmen noun "south" (SA, SA:men, KHYAR), literally "lefthand-direction" (VT49:12), since the Elves named the directions as they were to a person facing the Blessed Realm in the West Also name of tengwa #33 (Appendix E). In Hyarmendacil masc.name, "South-victor" (Appendix A), apparently also in the place-name Hyarmentir (name of a mountain; the element -tir means *"watch[ing point]".) (SA) Hyarnustar "the Southwestlands" of Númenor; Hyarrostar the "Southeastlands" (UT:165)

hyarmenya

southern

hyarmenya adj. "southern" (KHYAR)

hyarna

southern

hyarna adj. "southern" (PE17:18)

hyarya

left

hyarya adj. "left" (opposite of right). (KHYAR). Compare hyarma.

hísië

mist, mistiness

hísië (þ) noun "mist, mistiness" (Nam, SA:hîth, PE17:73), also hísë.

hísë

noun. mist, mist, [ᴹQ.] fog, [ᴱQ.] haze; dusk; bleared

A word for “mist” appearing as an element in several names. It is not directly attested in Tolkien’s later writings, but ᴹQ. híse “mist, fog” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khīthi, indicating a stem form of hísi- [†híþi-] (Ety/KHIS). Its continued appearance in words like Q. Hísilómë “Land of Mist” (S/118) and Q. hísilanya “mist thread” (PE17/60) indicates its ongoing validity.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. hīse appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√HISI alongside a variant ᴱQ. histe, but there it was glossed “dusk” (QL/40). In drafts of the Oilima Markirya written circa 1930 it was glossed “haze” (PE16/62) or “mist” (PE16/75; MC/221), but in the final 1931 iteration of the poem it appeared only in the very-loosely translated phrase ᴱQ. úri nienaite híse “a bleared sun”, perhaps literally “✱sun [with a] tearful mist” (MC/214). In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s it was “mist” (PE21/32) and in The Etymologies of the late 1930s “mist, fog” as noted above, so Tolkien seems to have stuck with the meaning “mist” thereafter.

il-

verb. no, *un-

il- (prefix) "no, *un-" (LA); cf. ilfirin "immortal" (vs. firin "dead"). This prefix "denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation" (VT42:32). But il- can also mean "all, every"; see ilaurëa, ilqua, ilquen.

issë

knowledge, lore

issë noun "knowledge, lore" (LT2:339; rather ista or istya in Tolkien's later Quenya)

ista

knowledge

ista (1) noun "knowledge" (IS). Also istya.

istare

noun. knowledge

istya

knowledge

istya noun "knowledge" (IS). Also ista (#1).

la

no, not

la negation "no, not" (see lá); also prefix la- as in lacarë, q.v. (VT45:25)

lasta-

listen

lasta- vb. "listen", also lasta adj. "listening, hearing" (LAS2, PE17:56); cf. adj. asalastë (*aþa-) adj. "easily heard" (PE17:148)

lendë

left, went

lendë vb. "left, went" (pa.t. of lelya- "go") (FS, LR:47, SD:310, WJ:362), or, according to the Etymologies, the pa.t. of lenna- "go" and lesta- "leave" (LED, ELED. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, lenna- was misread as "linna-"; see VT45:27)

lie

noun. people

lië

people

lië noun "people" (LI, Narqelion, VT39:6), in Eldalië, losselië, Ornelië (q.v.); possessive #liéva in Mindon Eldaliéva (q.v.); maybe also compounded in #rohtalië, #ruhtalië (q.v.)

londa

path

[londa noun "path"], changed by Tolkien to londë noun "road (in sea)" (VT45:28)

lá

no, not

lá (1) adv. "no, not" (LA, VT45:25) According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form, alternating with la when the negation is unstressed. In another conceptual phase of Tolkien's, lá had the opposite meaning "yes" (VT42:32-33), but this idea is contradicted by both earlier and later material: usually lá is conceived as a negation. The negation can receive tense markers and be used as a negative verb "when [another] verb is not expressed" (VT49:13), apparently where the phrase "is not" is followed by a noun or an adjective as a predicate, or where some verb is understood, as in English "I do not" (i.e. "I do not do whatever the context indicates"). With pronominal endings la- in the aorist, e.g. lanyë "I do not, am not" (etc.) (Tolkien abandoned the form lamin.) Exemplified in the sentence melin sé apa lanyë hé *"I love him but I do not [love] him" (another person) (VT49:15). Present tense laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva.

máralë

noun. goodness

máriën

noun. goodness

narmo

wolf

narmo ("ñ")noun "wolf" (ÑGAR(A)M; both the old form ñarmo = *ngarmo and the Third Age form narmo are given). Another word for "wolf" is ráca.

nauro

noun. wolf

wolf, werewolf of Morgoth

nén

water

nén (nen-) noun "water" (NEN).

nén

noun. water, water, [ᴱQ.] river

The word for “water”, a derivative of the root √NEN of the same meaning (PE17/52; Ety/NEN). Its stem form was nen- (Ety/NEN) and its primitive form was given as ✶nē̆n, the vowel length variation due to distinct subjective nēn versus objective/inflected nĕn- in ancient monosyllables (PE21/64).

Conceptual Development: This word first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with two senses: “river” and (archaic) “†water”. Tolkien indicated the two senses were based on distinct roots: ᴱ√NEŘE [NEÐE] and ᴱ√NENE respectively, with two distinct stem forms nend- and nēn (QL/64-65). The Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa also mentions the forms nen (nēn-) “water” versus nen(d-) “river” (PME/64-65). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the mid-1920s Tolkien had both nēn “river” (PE15/76) and nēn “water” (PE15/78), but in the Early Qenya Grammar he had only nēn “water” (PE14/43, 72), also appearing as nen “water” in documents on The Valmaric Script from this period (PE14/110).

In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. nēn “water”, but in this document it had nēn- with long ē in its inflected forms as well (PE21/23). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, uninflected nén “water” had a stem form of nen- with short e (Ety/NEN), and the reasons for this variation was discussed in Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants from 1936, the nominative/objective distinction noted above (PE21/64). This seems to be the paradigm Tolkien stuck with thereafter, as evidenced by S. nen “water” rather than ✱✱nîn.

nór

land

nór noun "land" (stem nor-, PE17:106) this is land as opposed to water and sea (nor in Letters:308). Cf. nórë.

nóre

noun. land

nórë

land

nórë noun "land" (associated with a particular people) (WJ:413), "country, land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, race, clan" (NŌ, NDOR, BAL), also used = "race, tribe, people" (SA:dôr, PE17:169; however, the normal word for "people" is lië). Early "Qenya" hasnórë "native land, nation, family, country" (in compounds -nor) (LT1:272)

númen

west, the way of the sunset

númen noun "west, the way of the sunset" (SA:andúnë, cf. NDŪ, MEN; capitalized Númen under SA:men and in CO), "going down, occudent" (Letters:361), also name of tengwa #17 _(Appendix E). _According to VT45:38, the word is actually cited as "nú-men" in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript. Allative númenna "Westward" (LR:47, SD:310, VT49:20, capitalized Númenna, VT49:22; numenna with a short u, VT49:23); adj. númenquerna "turned westward" (VT49:18, 20). See also númenyaron, númessier. - In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, "nú-men" was intended as the name of tengwa #21, to which letter Tolkien at this stage assigned the value n (VT45:38). However, this tengwa was later given the Quenya value r instead and was renamed órë.

númë

noun. west

quimellë

lady

quimellë noun "lady" (GL:45)

ráca

wolf

ráca ("k") noun "wolf" (DARÁK). Another word for "wolf" is narmo.

sa

it

sa pron. "it", 3rd person sg, corresponding to the ending -s (VT49:30). Used of inanimate things or abstracts (VT49:37; plants are considered animate; see se). For sa as object, cf. the sentence ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34). Stressed sá (VT49:51). Ósa "with it" (VT43:36). Also compare the reflexive pronoun insa "itself", q.v. In one text, sa is also defined as "that" (VT49:18); apparently Tolkien also at one point considered giving sa a plural significance, so that it meant *"they, them" of inanimate things, the counterpart of "personal" té (VT49:51).

sa

pronoun. it

sahta

adjective. marred, marred, *hurt

An adjective for “marred” in notes from the late 1950s (MR/405), possible related to the verb ᴹQ. sak- “hurt” from the 1940s (PE22/93).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume this adjective could also mean “✱hurt”.

sól

helmet

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

tarya

tough, stiff

tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)

tauca

stiff, wooden

tauca ("k") "stiff, wooden" (PE17:115)

tholon

helmet

tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)

tier

path

tier is, besides the pl. form of tië "path" above, an ephemeral word for "so", abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë (VT43:17)

tië

path, course, line, direction, way

tië noun "path, course, line, direction, way" (TE3, VT47:11); pl. tier in Namárië(Nam, RGEO:67); tielyanna "upon your path" (UT:22 cf. 51; tie-lya-nna "path-your-upon")

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

ui

no

ui interjection "no" (originally an endingless negative verb in the 3rd person aorist: "it is not [so]"; see #u-). Apparently this is the word for "no" used to deny that something is true (compare vá, which is rather used to reject orders, or to issue negative orders). (VT49:28) Compare uito.

urra

adjective. bad

ursa

rage

ursa (þ) noun "rage" (PE17:188)

ursa

noun. rage

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

þolon

noun. helmet

amatírë

noun. hope

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

ñúr

noun. wolf

A neologism for “wolf” coined by Elaran posted on 2025-03-07 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from primitive ✶ñgūr in notes from the early 1950s (PE21/82). This derivation is perfectly viable, but I personally think we already have enough “wolf” words from Tolkien, and would stick with existing words like [ᴹQ.] nauro.

hair

noun/adjective. left (hand)

harad

adjective. south

_adj. _south, southern. Q. hyarmen, hyarna. >> har-

harad

noun. south

hartha-

verb. to hope

harad

noun. south

harf

noun. left hand

harthad

gerund noun. hope

haru

noun. wound

harvo

noun. left hand

harvo

noun. left side

hair

left

(adj.) hair (lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hair

left

HAND (*hair, o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj. LEFT also crom (lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

hair

left

(lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hair

left hand

o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj.

harad

south

1) (”the South” as an area) Harad (i Charad, o Charad, 2) hâr (i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”). 3) The word Harven (i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

harn

wounded

harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.

harn

helmet

harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harna

wound

(verb) harna- (i charna, i charnar)

hartha

hope

(verb) #hartha- (i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

haru

wound

(noun) *haru (i charu, o charu), analogical pl. hery (i chery). Cited in archaic form harw; hence probably harwath as the coll. pl.

harad

south

(i Charad, o Charad

haradren

south, southern

(lenited charadren; pl. heredrin), also harn (lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”wounded”, and as noun harn also means ”helmet” (so haradren may be preferred for clarity).

harn

wounded

(lenited charn, pl. hern). Note: a homophone adjective means ”south, southern”; a third homophone is the noun ”helmet”.

harn

helmet

(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harna

wound

(i charna, i charnar)

hartha

hope

(i chartha, i charthar). Verbal stem isolated from the apparent gerund harthad, ”hope” as noun.

harthad

hope

(i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

haru

wound

(i charu, o charu), analogical pl. hery (i chery). Cited in archaic form harw; hence probably harwath as the coll. pl.

harven

south

(i Charven, o Charven) may refer primarily to ”south” as a direction; the final element -ven means ”way”. (VT45:23). Adj.

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ha

it

ha, han, hana. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)

ar

outside

(without)

ha

it

han, hana. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ha is the nominative, whereas han is the accusative. Hana could be an emphatic form. It may be that these pronouns as ”N” rather than Sindarin proper.)*

haradrim

southerners, southrons

(a coll. pl., ”people of the south”)

haradrim

people of the south

(southerners, southrons);

haru

noun. wound

hâr

south

(i châr, o châr, construct har) (also = ”left”).

hâr

left

(noun, the direction) hâr (i châr) (south).

hâr

left

(i châr) (south).

lonnas

noun. harbourage

A word for “harbourage” appearing only as an element in the old names for Arnor and Gondor: Arthor na Forlonnas “Realm of the North-harbourage” and Arthor na Challonnas “Realm of the South-harbourage” (PE17/28). It is clearly an elaboration of lond “haven”.

dern

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn

dîr

adjective. hard

_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-

gorn

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern

gorn

hard

_ adj. _hard, stiff, thrawn. >> gornod, gordh

talagan

noun. harper

tharn

stiff

(sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

iavas

noun. autumn, autumn, *harvest (time)

lond

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

ganna

harp

(verb, play a harp) ganna- (i nganna = i ñanna, in gannar = i ñgannar); also gannada (i ngannada = i ñannada, in gannadar = i ñgannadar).

hûb

harbour

1) hûb (i chûb, o chûb, construct hub) (harbour, haven, small landlocked bay), pl. huib (i chuib), 2) lond (haven, pass, strait; narrow path), pl. lynd, coll. pl. lonnath (as in the name Lonnath Ernin, WR:294); 3)

hûb

harbour

(i chûb, o chûb, construct hub) (harbour, haven, small landlocked bay), pl. huib (i chuib)

gannel

harp

(noun) gannel (i ngannel = i ñannel, o n**gannel = o ñgannel), pl. gennil (in gennil = i ñgennil), coll. pl. gannellath. Archaic †gandel**.

lorn

harbour

lorn (anchorage, haven, quiet water), pl. lyrn (VT45:29)

norn

hard

norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

talagan

harper

talagan (i dalagan, o thalagan), pl. telegain (i thelegain), coll. pl. talagannath. _The exact form listed in LR:377 s.v. Ñ

ganna

harp

(i nganna = i ñanna, in gannar = i ñgannar); also gannada (i ngannada = i ñannada, in gannadar = i ñgannadar).

gannel

harp

(i ngannel = i ñannel, o n’gannel = o ñgannel), pl. gennil (in gennil = i ñgennil), coll. pl. gannellath. Archaic †gandel.

lond

harbour

(haven, pass, strait; narrow path), pl. lynd, coll. pl. lonnath (as in the name Lonnath Ernin, WR:294)

lorn

harbour

(anchorage, haven, quiet water), pl. lyrn (VT45:29)

norn

hard

(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

talagan

noun. harper

talagan

harper

(i dalagan, o thalagan), pl. telegain (i thelegain), coll. pl. talagannath. The exact form listed in LR:377 s.v.

ham

chair

ham (i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

ham

chair

(i cham, o cham), pl. haim (in chaim), coll. pl. hammath coinciding with the coll. pl. of hamp ”garment”. Also hanu (i chanu), analogical pl. heny (i cheny), coll. pl. likely hanwath since the archaic form was hanw (VT45:20)

amdir

hope

1) (based on reason) amdir (no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking". 2) (closer in meaning to ”faith”) estel (trust, steady purpose), pl. estil, 3) (noun) harthad (i charthad, o charthad), pl. herthaid (i cherthaid)

annûn

west

1) annûn; 2) Dúven (na Núven, o Ndúven). Christopher Tolkien tentatively read the illegible gloss as ”southern” (LR:376 s.v. NDŪ), but the etymology seems to demand the meaning ”west”: dú-ven with the same ending as in Forven ”North” and Harven ”South”. The ending means ”way”, so Dúven may be ”west” considered as a direction. WEST-ELF (Elf of Beleriand, including Noldor and Sindar) Dúnedhel (i Núnedhel), pl. Dúnedhil (i Ndúnedhil). (WJ:378, 386)

dorn

stiff

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tharn (sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

hûb

haven

hûb (i chûb, o chûb, contruct hub) (harbor, small landlocked bay), pl. huib (i chuib)

lond

haven

lond (harbour, pass, strait; narrow path), pl. lynd, coll. pl. lonnath (as in the name Lonnath Ernin, WR:294)

lorn

haven

lorn (anchorage, harbour, quiet water), pl. lyrn (VT45:29)

dúven

west

(na Núven, o Ndúven). Christopher Tolkien tentatively read the illegible gloss as ”southern” (LR:376 s.v. NDŪ), but the etymology seems to demand the meaning ”west”: dú-ven with the same ending as in Forven ”North” and Harven ”South”. The ending means ”way”, so Dúven may be ”west” considered as a direction.

hûb

haven

(i chûb, o chûb, contruct hub) (harbor, small landlocked bay), pl. huib (i chuib)

lond

haven

(harbour, pass, strait; narrow path), pl. lynd, coll. pl. lonnath (as in the name Lonnath Ernin, WR:294)

lorn

haven

(anchorage, harbour, quiet water), pl. lyrn (VT45:29)

lorn

quiet water

(anchorage, haven, harbour), pl. lyrn (VT45:29).

parth

enclosed grassland

(i barth, o pharth) (field, sward), pl. perth (i pherth);

tarias

stiffness

(i darias, o tharias) (toughness, difficulty), pl. teriais (i theriais) if there is a pl.

arthor

noun. realm

dôr

noun. land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land

dûn

noun. west

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

ardh

realm

ardh (region), pl. erdh

arnediad

numberless

arnediad (unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).Ó

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

crûm

left hand

crûm (i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also *hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). PALM (or

crûm

left hand

crûm (i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath.

círbann

haven

círbann (i gírbann, o chírbann, construct círban), pl. círbain (i chírbain).

dannas

autumn

(noun) dannas (i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais), also dant (i dhant) (fall, falling), pl. daint (i naint). (PM:135)

dorn

tough

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tara (also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

draug

wolf

1) draug (i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath; 2) garaf (i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n**garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath**, 3)

dôr

land

1) dôr (i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413), 2) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

faeg

bad

*faeg (poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

gar

possess

gar- (i **âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant**. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gwaith

people

gwaith (i **waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith**).

hav

sit

hav- (i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”I sat”) or havant. (VT45:20)

heryn

lady

1) heryn (i cheryn, o cheryn), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cheryn), 2) hiril (i chiril, o chiril), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chiril), coll. pl. hirillath. 3) brennil (i vrennil), pl. same as sg. except with article: i mrennil. Coll. pl. brenillath. 4) bassoneth (bread-giver) (i massoneth, o mbassoneth), pl. bassonith (i mbassonith). Archaic *bassauneth. 5) dî (i nî, o ndi) (bride), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndî).

hîl

heir

1) #hîl (i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350). 2) rêd (construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

hîth

mist

hîth (i chîth) (fog), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîth).

iavas

autumn

1) iavas, pl. iavais, coll. pl. iavassath; 2)

imrad

path

(between mountains, hills or through trackless forest) imrad (pass), pl. imraid.

ist

knowledge

ist (lore); no distinct pl. form.

lasbelin

autumn

lasbelin (”leaf-withering”), no distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. lasbeliniath.

lasta

listen

lasta- (i lasta, i lastar),

mîr

treasure

mîr (i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, jewel), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath.

na

near

(as preposition, = ”at, by”) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

nev

near

(adj. pref.) nev- (hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nên

water

nên (lake, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn. FLOOD-WATER (or ”wash”) iôl (pl. ŷl) (RC:334, VT48:33).

râd

path

râd (track), construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh).

um

bad

um (evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. (According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

amdir

noun. hope based on reason

amin

masculine name. Hope

A rejected name for Aragorn, changed to Estel (PM/269). It is probably a variant of amdir (MR/320).

annûn

noun. west, sunset

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

arthor

realm

_n. _realm.

baw

interjection. no, don't!

castol

noun. helmet

círbann

noun. haven

dern

tough

_ adj. _tough. >> dír-

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dorn

adjective. stiff, tough

draug

noun. wolf

draug

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf”, most notably appearing as an element in the name of the great werewolf S. Draugluin. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. draug “wolf” was derived from the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK).

dír-

prefix. tough

_ pref. _tough. >> dern, dirbedui

dôr

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dûn

noun. west

dûn

noun. west

_n. _west. Q. nū-. >> annûn

estel

noun. hope, trust, a temper of mind, steady fixed in purpose, and difficult to dissuade and unlikely to fall into despair or abandon its purpose

estel

noun. hope

n. hope. ónen i·Estel Edain 'I gave the "Hope" (to) Men'.

estel

masculine name. Hope

A name for Aragorn (LotR/1061), it is simply the noun estel “hope” used as a name (PE17/117).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices, this name first appeared as S. Amin (PM/269).

gaurwaith

noun. wolf-men

gûl

noun. knowledge

n. knowledge, deep knowledge not 'occult' in modern sense, but applied to the deper knowledge of the 'wise' or skilled persons, not kept secret (as [?among the] Elves) but not attainable by all. Q. ñōle, B.S. gûl phantom, shadow of dark magic, necromancer, slave, servant?. The B.S. word gûl was prob. derived from ngōl-.

heruin

noun. lady

n. lady. >> heryn, Rocheruin

heruin

noun. lady

heryn

noun. lady

heryn

noun. lady

n. lady. >> heruin, Rocheryn

heryn

noun. lady

hiril

noun. lady, lady; [G.] princess, †queen

hithlain

noun. mist-thread (a substance used by the Elves of Lothlórien to make strong ropes)

hîl

noun. heir

hîl

noun. heir

A word for “heir” appearing only as an element in Eluchíl “Thingol’s Heir” (S/188; PM/369). It is clearly the Sindarin equivalent of Q. hildë “heir”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hilmir “heir (m. or f.)” based on G. hilm “posterity, descendants, progeny” (GL/49).

hîth

noun. mist, fog

hîth

noun. mist

The Sindarin word for “mist”, an element in many names, derived from the root √KHITH of the same meaning (SA/hîth; PE17/73).

Conceptual Development: N. hîth “mist” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the derivation given above (Ety/KHIS), though when Tolkien first defined the word, he first wrote (and then deleted) the gloss “fog” (EtyAC/KHIS). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien wrote hith (LR/364), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne confirmed that the actual form was hîth in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/22).

lasta-

verb. to listen

lasta-

verb. listen

_ v. _listen, give ear. Q. lasta-. >> lasto

lasto

verb. listen!

lathra-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lathrada-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lond

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lonnath

noun. havens

lorn

noun. quiet water

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nen

noun. waterland

nen

water

{ĕ}_ n. _water, lake. Q. nén. >> nîn

ogol

bad

_ adj. _bad, evil, wrong. Q. olca bad, wicked. oklā << ōklā. >> oew, ogron

oroth

noun. rage

_n. _rage, anger. rage, anger << wrath. Q. _ursa _rage. >> rûth, ruthra-

rodel

lady

1a _n._lady, high lady. >> Nimrodel

tarch

adjective. stiff, tough

ten

pronoun. (?) it (as object)

thu

bad

_adj. _bad. >> thugar. This gloss was rejected.

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

amdir

hope

(no distinct pl. form). Literally an "up-looking".

annûn

west

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

ardh

realm

(region), pl. erdh

arnediad

numberless

(unnumbered, without reckoning), pl. ?arnediaid. Since the word literally means ”without reckoning” (ar + nediad) it is unclear whether it would pluralize as a common adjective. – Alternative form arneidiad (VT46:6).

bassoneth

lady

(bread-giver) (i massoneth, o mbassoneth), pl. bassonith (i mbassonith). Archaic ✱bassauneth.

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

brennil

lady

(i vrennil), pl. same as sg. except with article: i mrennil. Coll. pl. brenillath.

bâd

pathway

(i vâd, construct bad) (beaten track), pl. baid (i maid).

bâr

land

(dwelling, house, home, family; earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

caeda-

verb. sit

crom

left

(lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

crumguru

having a cunning left hand

lenited grumguru, pl. crumgyry (or crymgyry if the entire word is umlauted, but this may be unlikely) (VT45:24)

círbann

haven

(i gírbann, o chírbann, construct círban), pl. círbain (i chírbain).

dannas

autumn

(i dhannas), pl. dannais (i nannais), also dant (i dhant) (fall, falling), pl. daint (i naint). (PM:135)

denwaith

people of denwe

(WJ:385);

dorn

stiff

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

draug

wolf

(i dhraug), pl. droeg (in droeg), coll. pl. drogath

dî

lady

(i nî, o ndi) (bride), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndî).

dôr

land

(i nôr, construct dor) (dwelling place, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr), coll. pl. dorath (WJ:413)

dúnedhel

west-elf

(i Núnedhel), pl. *Dúnedhil*** (i Ndúnedhil*). (WJ:378, 386)*

estel

hope

(trust, steady purpose), pl. estil

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

faeg

bad

(poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

fû Speculative

noun. path

A noun appearing only it is plural form fui “paths” in the name Fui ’Ngorthrim “Paths of the Dead” (RC/526). The most plausible singular form is ✱fû “path”.

galadhrim

people of the trees

(Elves of Lórien)

gar

possess

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

garaf

wolf

(i ngaraf = i ñaraf, o n’garaf = o ñgaraf), pl. geraif (in geraif = i ñgeraif), coll. pl. garavath

gaur

wolf

(i ngaur = i ñaur), pl. goer (in goer = i ñgoer), coll. pl. gaurhoth (attested in lenited form: i ngaurhoth = i ñaurhoth).

gwaith

people

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwathuirim

people of dunland

(”shadowy people”) (PM:330);

gú

no, not

also ú

gûr

noun. wolf

A neologism for “wolf” coined by Elaran posted on 2025-03-07 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from primitive ✶ñgūr in notes from the early 1950s (PE21/82). This derivation is perfectly viable, but I personally think we already have enough “wolf” words from Tolkien, and would stick with existing words like draug.

hav

sit

(i châf, i chevir), pa.t. hamp (with endings hemmi-, as in hemmin ”

heryn

lady

(i cheryn, o cheryn), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i cheryn)

hiril

lady

(i chiril, o chiril), no distinct pl. form even with article (i chiril), coll. pl. hirillath.

hithlain

mist-thread

name of a fiber made in Lórien.

hîl

heir

(i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350).

hîth

mist

(i chîth) (fog), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîth).

iathrim

people of doriath

(”Fence-people”) (WJ:378);

iavas

autumn

pl. iavais, coll. pl. iavassath

ilphen

 noun. everyone

il- (every/all) + pen (someone/somebody).

imrad

path

(pass), pl. imraid.

ist

knowledge

(lore); no distinct pl. form.

ista

have knowledge

(i ista, in istar), pa.t. sint or istas (VT45:18).

l

autumn

asbelin (”leaf-withering”), no distinct pl. form. Coll. pl. l**asbeliniath**.

lasta

listen

(i lasta, i lastar)

lathra

listen in

(eavesdrop) (i lathra, i lathrar), also lathrada (i lathrada, i lathradar)

maeras

noun. goodness

@@@ Discord 2022-04-24

mith

wet mist

(i vith) (white fog), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mith). David Salo would read mîth with a long vowel. Note: a homophone is the adjective ”pale grey”. ✱

mîr

treasure

(i vîr, construct mir) (precious thing, jewel), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mîr), coll. pl. míriath.

na

near

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

nand

wide grassland

(construct nan) (valley), pl. naind, coll. pl. **nannath **(VT45:36);

nev

near

(hither, on this side). Also used as a preposition nef ”on this side of”.

nên

water

(lake, pool, stream, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn.

pada

walk

(i bada, i phadar)

rohirrim

people of rohan

(Gondorian pronunciation of Rochirrim; see

râd

path

(track), construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh).

rêd

heir

(construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

tarlanc

stiff-necked

(obstinate), lenited darlanc, pl. terlainc.

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

um

bad

(evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. *(According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)*

harn

adjective. wounded

An adjective for “wounded” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarnā under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱN. hardh “wounded” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/147).

harw

noun. wound

A noun appearing as N. harw “wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarwē under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱN. harw “wound” also appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, likewise derived from primitive ᴱ✶skar-wé (PE13/147).

Neo-Sindarin: Many Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. haru to better fit Sindarin orthography, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

harn

noun. helmet

harn

adjective. southern

harad

noun. south

haradren

adjective. southern

harthad

noun. hope

ha

pronoun. it

ha

pronoun. it

harad

noun. south

haradren

adjective. southern

hargam

noun. left-handed

harn

adjective. wounded

harn

noun. helmet

harn

adjective. southern

harna-

verb. to wound

harw

noun. wound

hobas

noun. harbourage

A noun appearing as {hoban >>} hobas “harbourage” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” (Ety/KHOP).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. gobos “haven” equated to ᴱQ. kôpa or kôpas (GL/40).

talagand

masculine name. Harper

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGAN, TYAL), it is simply talagand “harper” used as a name.

gannel

noun. harp

talagand

noun. harper

gandel

noun. harp

gannel

noun. harp

hobas

noun. harbourage

talagand

noun. harper

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay

lhonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lhorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

lond

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

cobas

place name. Haven

The bay north of Dol Amroth in early maps of Gondor from the 1940s (TI/312, WR/434), unnamed in the maps published in The Lord of the Rings. The name is similar to N. hobas “harbourage” and ᴱQ. kópas “harbour”. It was probably derived from the root ᴹ√KOP, a (rejected) variant of ᴹ√KHOP > hobas from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KOP, Ety/KHOP). See the entry on ᴹ√KHOP for details.

garaf

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to have replaced N. araf or aram derived from the rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM with various glosses like “wolf” or (small or swift) “dog” (Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM). This in turn may be a later iteration of G. harog or harw “wolf” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with feminine variant G. harach “a she-wolf” (GL/48).

ardh

noun. realm

nen

noun. water

al-

prefix. no, not

annûn

noun. west, sunset

annûn

noun. west

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ardh

noun. realm, region

brennil

noun. lady

brennil

noun. lady

cirban

noun. haven

crom

noun. left

crom

adjective. left

crum

noun. left hand

crum

noun. left hand

crumui

adjective. left-handed

dannas

noun. autumn

dantilais

noun. autumn

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

draug

noun. wolf

draug

noun. wolf

dúven

adjective. (?) southern

dûn

noun. west

dûn

noun. west

firith

noun. autumn

garaf

noun. wolf

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

hadh-

verb. sit

haf-

verb. to sit

ham

noun. (?) chair

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

heir

noun/adjective. left (hand)

hiril

noun. lady

hiril

noun. lady

hith

noun. mist, fog

hîth

noun. mist

ista-

verb. to have knowledge

lasbelin

noun. autumn

lhathra-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhathrada-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lhorn

noun. quiet water

lond

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. path

lorn

noun. haven

mû

interjection. no

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nen

noun. waterland

râd

noun. path, track

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

um

adjective. bad, evil

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

kyanat Reconstructed

root. harp

khad

root. sit

The roots √KHAD and √KHAM were in competition for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” for a significant portion of Tolkien’s life. Both roots have antecedants in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but in that early document the root for “sit” was given as ᴱ√ÐORO or ᴱ√SORO (QL/85), replacing rejected ᴱ√SOŘO [ᴱ√SOÐO] and ᴱ√SODO (QL/85). Of these, the true form was clearly ᴱ√ÐORO given Gnomish derivative G. dorn “seat”, G. doros “throne”, G. dortha- “settle” (GL/30). This root seems to have been abandoned in Tolkien’s later writing, though N. dortha- “dwell, stay” was reassigned to ᴹ√NDOR in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/NDOR).

As for √KHAD and √KHAM, their clearest antecedents in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s were ᴱ√HAÐA “cleave, remain” and ᴱ√HAM (QL/39), the latter without gloss but with derivatives having to do with the ground such as ᴱQ. hamba “on the ground” and G. ham “ground” (QL/39; GL/48). Some variant of ᴱ√HAÐA seems to have drifted in the direction of “sit” based on ᴱN. haud “seat” from Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/147, 155).

Tolkien initially used the root ᴹ√KHAD for words having to do with “sit” and “seat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/KHAM), but it was replaced by ᴹ√KHAM “sit” (Ety/KHAM) and this root seems to have survived for some time, since ᴹ√KHAM “sit down” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System from 1948 (PE22/103). However, at some point Tolkien added a new root ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” to The Etymologies, and in this new entry he said “KHAM sit (replacing KHAD, cancelled)” indicating ᴹ√KHAD was restored (EtyAC/KHAM²). This seems to represent an ongoing vacillation between √KHAD and √KHAM in the 1930s and 40s.

However, √KHAD “sit” appeared in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa written around 1950 (PE18/95), Q. hárar “sit” (not ✱✱hámar) appears in Cirion’s Oath (UT/305), and in late notes on verbs from 1969 Tolkien had ✶khadmā “seat” as the basis for Q. hanw̃a S. haðw (PE22/148). There are no signs of √KHAM “sit” in this period, so it seems Tolkien chose √KHAD for “sit” in the 1950s and 60s.

Neo-Eldarin: I think √KHAD “sit” is the best choice for Neo-Eldarin, since it also lets us use ᴹ√KHAM “call to, summon, name by name” more freely.

kiris

root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split

ndorē

noun. land

ndōro

noun. land

artaurē

noun. Realm

dirnā

adjective. tough

kher

root. possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power

The basic root for rulership was √KHER for most of Tolkien’s life. The root appeared as ᴱ√HERE “rule, have power” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period already had the derivative ᴱQ. heru “lord” and ᴱQ. heri “lady” (QL/40), words that retained the same form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life. Gnomish derivatives from this period include G. herma “protection, lordship, sway”, G. hermon “lord”, G. hîr “care, anxiety; heed”, and G. hiril “queen†, princess” (GL/49).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s these last two Gnomish words became N. hîr “master” and N. hiril “lady” as derivatives of ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess”; the words ᴹQ. heru/ᴹQ. heri reappeared as well (Ety/KHER). All four of these words reappeared frequently in Tolkien’s later writing, though S. hîr was more typically glossed “lord” (PM/210; SD/129; VT41/9; Let/382; UT/318). The root √KHER itself reappeared in a 1954 letter to Naomi Mitchison with the gloss “possess” (Let/178).

kherī

noun. lady

kherūnī

noun. lady

khith

root. mist, mist, [ᴹ√] fog

This root and its variants were the basis for “mist” words for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as ᴱ√HISI with derivatives like ᴱQ. híse “dusk” and ᴱQ. hiswa “dim, fading” (QL/40), and as an element in ᴱQ. Hisilóme which was glossed “Shadowy Twilights” in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/112). Thus the early root might have meant “✱dusk, dimness, shadow”. The root was probably also an element in the Gnomish equivalent Hithlum from this period (GL/20), perhaps the result of the sound change whereby [[g|[s] became [θ] before [l]]] in Gnomish.

The sense “haze” and “mist” for ᴱQ. híse first appeared in drafts of the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/62, 75). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√KHITH with variant ᴹ√KHIS and the gloss “mist, fog”; ᴹ√KHIS was listed first but all the actual derivatives were from ᴹ√KHITH (Ety/KHIS). The root appeared again in Notes on Galadriel’s Song from the late 1950s or early 1960s as √KHIΘ “mist” (NGS, PE17/73).

Tolkien’s continued use of Q. Hísilómë and (Northern) S. Hithlum throughout his life testifies to the enduring nature of this root, though it seems to have shifted in sense from 1910s “✱shadow” to 1930s “mist”, and from s to th.

las

root. listen

This root did not appear as the basis of “listen” words until The Etymologies of the 1930s, where Tolkien gave ᴹ√LAS “listen” as opposed to ᴹ√LAS “leaf” (Ety/LAS¹, LAS²). One of its derivatives was N. lhewig “ear” (from fossilized dual lhaw). Tolkien apparently wanted to retain this form in his later writings after deciding that initial l was no longer unvoiced in Sindarin, so he coined a variant s-fortified root √SLAS “ear” from which it could still be derived (PE17/62, PE17/77). The unfortified root √LAS “listen” continued to appear, however (PE17/46; PE19/101), as indicated by imperative S. lasto “listen” (LotR/307). Tolkien did speculate that the roots √LAS¹ “leaf” and √LAS² “listen” might ultimately be related, probably because of the similarity of the shape of Elvish ears and the leaves of trees:

> lasse “leaf” (S las); pl. lassi (S lais). It is only applied to certain kinds of leaves, especially those of trees, and would not e.g. be used of leaf of a hyacinth (linque). It is thus possibly related to √LAS “listen”, and S-LAS stem of Elvish words for “ear”: Q hlas, dual hlaru. Sindarin dual lhaw, singular lheweg (PE17/62).

A similar notion appeared in The Etymologies: “Some think this [ᴹ√LAS¹ ‘leaf’] is related to the next [ᴹ√LAS² ‘listen’] and ✱lassē ‘ear’. The Quendian ears were more pointed and leaf-shaped than [?human]” (Ety/LAS¹).

nen

root. water, water, [ᴱ√] flow

A root connected to water and (to a lesser extent) rivers for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appearance was as ᴱ√NENE “flow” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, though Tolkien marked both the root and the gloss with a “?”; it had derivatives like ᴱQ. nen “river, †water” and ᴱQ. nēnu “yellow water lily” (QL/65). Under this entry Tolkien noted that “nen water is perhaps different from nen river, which is from neře” (QL/65); elsewhere in QL Tolkien gave ᴱ√NERE² or ᴱ√NEŘE [NEÐE] as the basis for nen (nend-) “river”, a root he said was often confused with ᴱ√NESE “give to feed; feed, pasture; graze” (QL/66). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon he had G. nenn “(1) water, (2) river” and G. nendil “water fay” which were probably a blending of NENE and NEÐE, as well as G. nern “brook” from ✱nere¹ (GL/60), probably corresponding to ᴱ√NERE² from QL.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had unglossed ᴹ√NEN with derivatives like ᴹQ. nén/N. nen “water” and ᴹQ. nelle “brook” (Ety/NEN), whereas ᴱ√NERE² and ᴱ√NEÐE from the 1910s seems to have been abandoned. The primitive form √NEN or nē̆n “water” continued to appear regularly in Tolkien’s writings from the 1940s, 50s and 60s (PE17/52, 167; PE19/102; PE21/64, 79).

nenda

noun. water

nē̆n

noun. water

ringi

adjective. chill

stol

root. helmet

In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave the root √STOL “helmet” with derivatives like S. thôl or Q. castol of the same meaning (PE17/186). In etymological notes from around 1964 (DD) Tolkien instead gave √ÞOL “stand up, top” as the basis for these “helmet” words (PE17/188). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin I assume this root is √STOL to allow the retention of G. thol- “roll” for Neo-Sindarin.

ñgūr

noun. wolf

dóri-

noun. land

Isolated from Lindórinan. The independent form of the word may differ; it is unclear where the i of the compound Lindórinan comes from. In the Etymologies, the Eldarin words for "land" are derived from a stem NDOR "dwell, stay, rest, abide" (LR:376).

No Nandorin word is there listed, but Sindarin dor is derived from primitive ndorê. Notice, however, that Tolkien many years later derived the Eldarin words for "land" from a stem DORO "dried up, hard, unyielding" (WJ:413). However, this later source does confirm that the Primitive Quendian form was ndorê, now thought to be formed by initial enrichment d > nd. This is defined as "the hard, dry land as opposed to water or bog", later developing the meaning "land in general as opposed to sea", and finally also "a land" as a particular region, "with more or less defined bounds".

Whether dóri- actually comes from ndorê is highly doubtful (this would rather yield *dora in Nandorin), but it must be derived from the same set of stems.

thâni

noun. land

A noun translated “land” (SD/435) appearing in the Adûnaic names for the Blessed Realm: Amatthâni and thâni’nAmân. Its Primitive Adûnaic form was also ✶thāni, though its primitive was glossed “realm" (SD/420).

zâyan

noun. land

An Adûnaic word for “land” (SD/423). It has an irregular plural form zâin which is the result of the phonetic change (SD/423): [[pad|medial [w] and [j] vanished before [u] and [i]]]. Thus, the archaic plural changed from †zâyîn > zâîn > zâin.

Conceptual Development: In earlier names this word appeared as zen (SD/378, 385).

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.

durin

masculine name. king