hwesta-

to puff

hwesta- (2) vb. "to puff" (SWES)

ú-

prefix. bad, uneasy, hard

urra

adjective. bad

Changes

• unca → urra “bad” ✧ PE22/168

Derivations

• √UG “dislike”

Element in

• Q. umbë nin i hríve nauva urra (si loa) “I have a feeling that winter will be bad (this year)” ✧ PE22/168

Variations

• unca ✧ PE22/168 (unca)

thu

bad

_adj. _bad. >> thugar. This gloss was rejected.

thû

masculine name. Sauron; Manwë?

Another name for Sauron in notes from the 1960s, a derivative of the root √ÞOWO (√THOW) “stink” (PE17/68, 99).

Conceptual Development: The name ᴱN. Thû was the earliest name of Sauron after the character transitioned into his later conception as the Lord of Werewolves, first appearing in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/16, 146). The name N. Thû appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s and also in The Etymologies as a derivative of the root √THUS “stench” (LR/29, Ety/THUS) but it was gradually replaced by his Quenya name ᴹQ. Sauron (SM/120, LR/283). The notes mentioned above seems to be a late remnant of his earlier name; Thû did not appear in the Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s.

In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, Tolkien considered using Thû as a name of Manwë from the root √THŪ “blow” (PE17/124), but this seems to have been a transient idea.

Cognates

• Q. Súlimo “Lord of the Breath of Arda, (lit.) Breather” ✧ PE17/124

Derivations

• √THOW “stink” ✧ PE17/068
• ✶thowō ✧ PE17/099
  • √THOW “stink”
• √THŪ “blow, cause an air movement, blow, cause an air movement, [ᴹ√] puff” ✧ PE17/124

Elements

Word	Gloss
thû	“stench”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ÞOWO > Þou... > Thuon	[tʰouson] > [θouson] > [θūson] > [θūhon] > [θūon] > [θuon]	✧ PE17/068
✶thowō > thow > Thû	[tʰowō] > [tʰouō] > [θouo] > [θūo] > [θū]	✧ PE17/099
√THŪ > Thū	[tʰū] > [θū]	✧ PE17/124

Variations

• Thuon ✧ PE17/068
• Thū ✧ PE17/124

faeg

bad

*faeg (poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

faeg

bad

(poor, mean). No distinct pl. form. (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” foeg.)

ogol

bad

_ adj. _bad, evil, wrong. Q. olca bad, wicked. oklā << ōklā. >> oew, ogron

um

bad

um (evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. (According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)

um

bad

(evil), pl. ym. David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. *(According to VT46:20, it may be that um is intended as a base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word.)*

hwest

puff

(i chwest, o chwest) (breath, breeze), pl. hwist (i chwist)

zigûr

masculine name. Sauron

The Adûnaic name (or title) for Sauron (SD/250). It simply the word zigûr “wizard” used as a name.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Sauron ✧ SD/250; SDI2/Sauron; SDI2/Zigûr

Element in

• Ad. kadô Zigûrun zabathân unakkha “and so [Sauron] he came humbled” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. Kadō zigūrun zabathān {hunekkū >>} unekkū “and so ‽ humbled he-came” ✧ SD/311

Elements

Word	Gloss
zigûr	“wizard”

Variations

• Zigūr ✧ SD/250; SD/345

thū

root. blow, cause an air movement, blow, cause an air movement, [ᴹ√] puff

Tolkien used a variety of related roots for “wind” and “breath”, intermingled with the name Q. Súlimo, surname of Manwë. The earliest of these roots was ᴱ√SUHYU “air, breath, exhale, puff” with variants ᴱ√SUHU and ᴱ√SUFU from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, having derivatives like ᴱQ. sú “noise of wind”, ᴱQ. súma “nostril”, and ᴱQ. †súye “air, breezes, winds” (QL/86). Related forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon confirm that the root began with S-, such as: G. saul “a great wind”, G. sû, G. and sûtha- “blow (of wind)” (GL/67-68). In Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s Tolkien twice mentioned ᴱ√suru “(to) blow” as the basis for ᴱN. huiriaith “gale” (PE13/148, 163).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien instead had ᴹ√THŪ “puff, blow” with derivatives like ᴹQ. súle/N. thûl “breath” and ᴹQ. súya-/N. thuia- “breathe” (Ety/THŪ). A document grouped with Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 had an extensive discussion of Q. súlë “spirit; breath” where he gave the root as √THŪ with variant √SŪ (PE17/124). In notes on spirit from 1957, however, Tolkien indicated that √THŪ and √SŪ were similar distinct roots, the former being “blow, cause an air movement” and the latter “blow, move with audible sound (of air)” (NM/237), that is the distinction being the absence or presense of sound. These notes also noted various extensions to these base roots such as √THUS and √SUR of similar meaning (NM/237).

The root √SŪ was mentioned in Notes on Galdriel’s Song (NGS) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, along with extended form √SUR(U) serving as the basis for Q. súrë “wind” (PE17/62). In notes from the late 1960s, ✶sū was mentioned a couple times as an example of an ancient monosyllabic noun with the meaning “(noise of) wind” (VT47/12, 35). In one of these documents Tolkien clarified that base form ✶sū was “used only of the sound of wind; as noun [for actual ‘wind’] + r/l: suli, sur(i)” (VT47/12). Compare Q. súrë above as well as S. sûl “wind” (PE17/15; RC/778).

Thus it seems clear that Tolkien’s later writings, he had two distinct but related roots having to do with the movement of air: √THŪ “blow without sound, breath” and √SŪ “blow with sound, (noise of) wind”.

Derivatives

• √THUS “evil mist, fog, darkness; blow, cause an air movement, blow, cause an air movement; [ᴹ√] *smell, stench; [√] evil mist, fog, darkness”
  • ✶thūsē “horrible darkness, black mist” ✧ PE17/183
  • S. thû “horrible darkness, black mist, [N.] stench; [S.] black mist, horrible darkness” ✧ PE17/183
  • ✶thusta- “to send on [a gust of air]”
  • Q. susta- “to blow (tr.)” ✧ NM/239
  • ✶thusya- “to go forth (as an emission)”
  • Q. surya- “to blow (intr.)” ✧ NM/239
  • Q. sussë “puff (of air)” ✧ NM/237
  • ᴺQ. susta- “to stink”
  • S. thos “puff (of air)” ✧ NM/237
  • S. thû “movement of spirit” ✧ NM/237
• ✶thūta- “to send on [a gust of air]”
  • Q. súta- “to blow (tr.)” ✧ NM/239
• ✶thū́lē “blowing forth” ✧ PE17/124
  • Q. súlë “breath; (movement of) spirit, emission of power (of will or desire)” ✧ PE17/124
• Q. súlë “breath; (movement of) spirit, emission of power (of will or desire)” ✧ NM/237
• ᴺQ. súna- “to be spiritually affected, inspired”
• S. Thû “Sauron; Manwë?” ✧ PE17/124
• ᴺS. thúna- “to be spiritually affected, inspired”

Element in

• Q. Súlimo “Lord of the Breath of Arda, (lit.) Breather” ✧ NM/237; PE17/124

Variations

• thū ✧ NM/237

um

adjective. bad, evil