ró

adverb. the[?] [?next]

Derivations

• √ROÑ “*soon”

Variations

• rō ✧ PE22/132

oro-

rise

oro- (2) vb. "rise" (LT1:256; Tolkien's later Quenya has orta-, but cf. oro #1)

rauro

noun. lion

lion

rauro

noun. lion

The common Quenya word for “lion” (more literally “roarer”) appearing in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s, as opposed to archaic Q. †rá (PE19/99, 104); see that entry for further discussion of its conceptual development.

Derivations

• ✶rāw “lion” ✧ PE19/099
  • ᴹ√RAW “*roar”
• ✶raurō “roarer” ✧ PE19/104
  • ᴹ√RAW “*roar”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶rāw > raurō	[rauro]	✧ PE19/099
✶rau̯rō > rauro	[raurō] > [rauro]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• raurō ✧ PE19/099

apa

on

apa (2) prep. denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall). Apa is said to have this meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts (VT44:26), but apa is also used for "after" (see apa #1 above), and the two were probably never meant to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The clash may be avoided by consistently using the variants pá, pa (q.v.) mentioned by Tolkien in the sense of apa #2. Another variant gives apa, pá "on (above but touching)" (VT49:18).

or

preposition. above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on

Cognates

• N. or “above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on”

Element in

• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• ᴺQ. oranar “noon, (lit.) above Sun”
• ᴺQ. orolanda “upland, plateau”
• ᴺQ. ortirmo “overseer”
• ᴺQ. ortur- “to overpower, conquer, prevail”

pá

on

pá, pa (1) prep. "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall); also used = "touching, as regards, concerning" (VT44:26). Another variant gives pá (and apa) with the meaning "on (above but touching)". (2) Variants of apa "after" (VT44:36), which preposition is in one source also ascribed the first meaning here discussed. For Neo-Quenya purposes, pá and pa may be used for "on" or "concerning", whereas apa is used for "after" (see entries for apa #1 and #2), or pa may also be seen as a shorter form of apa "after", as in the phrase yéni pa yéni *"years upon years" (VT44:36)

rau

lion

rau (pl. rávi) noun "lion" (LT1:260; the pl. of this "Qenya" form is valid in Tolkien's later Quenya as well, but the sg. he changed to rá, q.v.)

rá

lion

rá (2) noun "lion", stem #ráv- as in the pl. rávi (RAW). Compare rau.

rá

noun. lion

An archaic word for “lion” mentioned in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s, versus more common Q. rauro (PE19/99, 104).

Conceptual Development: This word has a lengthy history in Tolkien’s conception of Elvish, dating all the way back to ᴱQ. rau “lion” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a derivative of the early root ᴱ√RAVA (QL/79). In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s, Tolkien had rú “lion” (PE21/40). It appeared in The Etymologies from later in the 1930s as ᴹQ. rá “lion” derived from primitive ᴹ✶rāu [rāw] under the root ᴹ√RAW, with plural form rávi (Ety/RAW).

In the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from this period Tolkien had (unglossed) rāva < rāwa (PE19/62), but in Notes for Qenya Declensions from the 1940s Tolkien had (unglossed) rāu < rắwă (PE21/69). The last clear mention in currently published materials is in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s, as discussed above.

Cognates

• ᴺS. raw “lion”

Derivations

• ✶rāw “lion” ✧ PE19/099; PE19/104
  • ᴹ√RAW “*roar”

Element in

• ᴺQ. ëarra “seal, sea lion”
• ᴺQ. picara “leopard”
• ᴺQ. rimpira “tiger, (lit.) stripe-lion”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶rāw > rá	[rāw] > [rā]	✧ PE19/099
✶rāw > rá	[rāw] > [rā]	✧ PE19/104

Variations

• rá ✧ PE19/099 (rá); PE19/104

rá†

noun. lion

lion

orta-

rise

orta- vb. "rise", also transitive "raise, lift up", pa.t. ortanë (Nam, RGEO:67, ORO; misreading "ortani" in Letters:426). According to PE17:63-64, this pa.t. form ortanë is only transitive ("raised"), whereas the intransitive pa.t. ("rose") is orontë. Cf. orya-.

orta/orya

verb. rise

orya-

rise

orya- vb. "rise" (intrasitive only, contrast orta-), pa.t. oronyë (PE17:64)

amba

adverb. up(wards)

Cognates

• S. am “up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above”

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up” ✧ PE17/157

Element in

• ᴺQ. ambahep- “to maintain, (lit.) upkeep”
• ᴺQ. ambalasar “stalagmite, (lit.) up-growing stone”
• Q. ambalotsë “uprising-flower”
• Q. Ambaráto “*High Champion”
• Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/082; PE17/091; RC/385
• Q. ambarónë “dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient”
• Q. Ambarto “*High and Lofty” ✧ PM/354
• Q. Ambarussa “Top-russet” ✧ PM/354

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AMA > amba	[amba]	✧ PE17/091
√AM > amba-	[amba]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• amba- ✧ PE17/082; PE17/157
• amba ✧ PE17/091; PM/354; RC/385; UT/255

amba

up, upwards

amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM2, PE17:157). Apparently also ama (UNU).

amu

up, upwards

amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)

am-

prefix. up, up, [ᴱQ.] upwards

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Element in

• ᴺQ. amacarastië “upbuilding”
• Q. Amanar “Yule”
• ᴺQ. amaquat- “to fulfill, (lit.) up fill”
• Q. amaurë “dawn, early day, morning” ✧ MC/223
• ᴺQ. amavil- “to fly up, soar”
• Q. amorta- “to heave”

am-

up

am- (1) prefix "up" (AM2)

ama

up

ama adv.? element not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an alternative form of amba (UNU)

amba

adverb. up

bo

preposition. on

bo

preposition. *on

Element in

• S. bo Ceven sui vi Menel “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/26

raw

noun. lion

erin

preposition. on the

am

adverb. up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above

Cognates

• Q. amba “up(wards)”

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Element in

• S. amdir “hope [based on reason], (lit.) looking up, hope [based on reason], *expectation, (lit.) looking up” ✧ MR/320
• S. Amlaith
• S. amloth “helm crest, (orig.) uprising flower”
• ᴺS. amor “morning, early day”
• S. Amras “Top-russet”
• S. Amrod “*High and Lofty”
• S. Amroth “Up-climber, High Climber”
• S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”

Variations

• Am ✧ MR/320 (Am)

or

on

(prep.) 1) or (above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin. 2)

or

on

(above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(adj. pref.) or- (over, high)

or

above

(prep.) or (om), with article erin ”above the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(over, high)

po

on

po (lenited bo) (VT44:23)

po

on

(lenited bo) (VT44:23)

raw

lion

*raw (pl. roe, idh roe). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhaw, pl rhui. Homophones mean ”bank” (of river) and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

raw

noun. lion

Cognates

• Q. rá “lion”

raw

lion

(pl. roe, idh roe). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhaw, pl rhui. Homophones mean ”bank” (of river) and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

eria

rise

eria- (arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. erias (VT46:7)

eria

rise

(arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. **erias **(VT46:7)

-ró

suffix. future suffix

Derivations

• ✶roño “soon, anon” ✧ PE22/132
  • √ROÑ “*soon”

Variations

• rō ✧ PE22/132

-nud Reconstructed

preposition. on

A preposition attested only in the phrase “on us” in the Lament of Akallabêth, changing through the drafts as nēnum >> nēnu >> nēnud (SD/247, 312). Most authors identify -nud as the prepositional element (AAD/20, LGtAG, NBA/14), perhaps related to Q. nu “under”. If so, it may be a derivative of the Elvish roots √NŪ/UNU “under” or √NDU “down”, with a semantic shift to the meaning “on”.

Cognates

• Q. nu “under, beneath”

Derivations

• √NDU “down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, [ᴹ√] set (of Sun)”

Element in

• Ad. agannâlô burôda nênud “[the] death-shadow [is] heavy on us” ✧ SD/247; SD/312
• Ad. agannūlo burudan nēnum “death-shade heavy-is on-us” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. zâira nênud “longing (is) on us” ✧ SD/247

Variations

• -num ✧ SD/312
• -nu ✧ SD/312

oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount

rāw

noun. lion

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAW “*roar”

Derivatives

• Q. rá “lion” ✧ PE19/099; PE19/104
• Q. rauro “lion” ✧ PE19/099

rō/oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising

This invertible root had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. Its earliest iteration was in a pair of roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√OŘO [OÐO] with derivatives having to do with the “dawn”, and ᴱ√ORO “steepness, rising” with which it was much confused (QL/70). The latter had derivatives like ᴱQ. orme “summit, crest, hilltop” and ᴱQ. orto- “raise” (QL/70), and Tolkien mentioned an inverted variant ᴱ√RŌ or ᴱ√ROHO with derivatives like ᴱQ. róna- “arise, rise, ascend” (QL/80). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon also gave it as in an invertible root ᴱ√rō-, oro with derivatives like G. oros “rising” and G. ront “high, steep” (GL/63, 66).

The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” and ᴹ√RŌ “rise” (Ety/ORO, RŌ). The root was mentioned very frequently in his writings from the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s, generally glossed “rise” or “up(wards)”. Thus the root was very well established in Tolkien’s mind.

Derivatives

• ✶ōre “arising”
• ✶ornā “uprising, tall” ✧ PE17/112
  • Q. orwa “high, lofty”
• ✶ornē “(straight) tree” ✧ Let/426
  • Q. ornë “(tall) tree, (tall) tree, [ᴹQ.] high isolated tree” ✧ Let/426
  • S. eryn “wood, forest (of trees)” ✧ PE17/033; PE17/119
  • S. orn “(tall straight) tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/349; UT/266
• ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE18/106; PE22/134
• ✶ortā- “to raise” ✧ PE18/089; PE18/106
  • Q. orta- “to raise, cause to rise, lift (up)” ✧ PE22/159
• ✶orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/134
  • Q. orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/157
• ᴺQ. oricon “heather”
• Q. oro “mount, mountain, hill” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺQ. orosta “ascension”
• ᴺQ. orsa “upper, above”
• Q. orta- “to raise, cause to rise, lift (up)” ✧ Let/426; PE17/063; PE22/156
• Q. orta- “to rise” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. orto “mount, mountain, hill, [ᴹQ.] mountain-top; [Q.] mount, mountain” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. orya- “to rise” ✧ PE17/063; PE22/156; PE22/163
• S. orod “mountain” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺS. orth “upper”

Element in

• ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE22/129
• √(S)RŌ “east”
• Q. oromar “lofty hall, high-mansion, high (lofty) dwelling” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺQ. oroparmen “high school, university”
• ᴺQ. orpano “ridgepole”
• Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ PE17/063

Variations

• OR/RO ✧ Let/426; NM/176; PE22/134
• OR/ORO ✧ PE17/063
• RŌ ✧ PE17/063; PE17/182
• OR/RŌ ✧ PE17/064; PE17/112; PE22/133
• OR/ORO/RŌ ✧ PE17/171
• or/ro ✧ PE18/088; VT48/25
• OR ✧ PE18/089; PE18/106; PE22/129; PE22/156; VT41/11; VT48/31 (OR)
• oro/ro ✧ PE22/163
• or- ✧ VT41/13

or

preposition. above, over

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

Cognates

• Q. or “above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on”

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. Orfalas
• S. Orfalch Echor “*High Cleft of the Outer Circle”
• N. orthel- “to roof, screen above”
• ᴺS. orvel- “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > or	[oro] > [or]	✧ Ety/ORO

or-

prefix. above, over

rhaw

noun. lion

rhaw

noun. lion

A noun appearing as N. rhaw “lion” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶rāu [rāw] under the root ᴹ√RAW (Ety/RAW), where the initial r was unvoiced to rh as was generally the case in Noldorin. It had a Noldorin plural form of rhui.

Conceptual Development: G. rau “lion” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/65), probably a derivative of the early root ᴱ√RAVA like its cognate ᴱQ. rau “lion” (QL/79).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the unvoicing of initial liquids did not occur in Sindarin, many people adapt this word as ᴺS. raw “lion” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD). Its Sindarin-style plural is more likely to be roe(w) rather than ✱✱rui: compare Sindarin plural S. noeg of naug “dwarf” (UT/100) vs. its Noldorin plural N. nuig (EtyAC/NAUK).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rá “lion” ✧ Ety/RAW

Derivations

• On. rō “lion” ✧ Ety/RAW; Ety/RAW
  • ᴹ✶rāu “lion” ✧ Ety/RAW
  • ᴹ√RAW “*roar” ✧ Ety/RAW

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. rō > rhaw	[rǭ] > [rou] > [rau] > [r̥au]	✧ Ety/RAW
On. rōwi > rhui	[rǭwi] > [rouwi] > [rauwi] > [ruiw] > [r̥uiw] > [r̥ui]	✧ Ety/RAW

Variations

• rhaw ✧ Ety/RAW

eria-

verb. to rise

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

am

adverb. up

Cognates

• ᴹQ. amba “up(wards)” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• N. Amroth
• N. Ammalas
• N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/AM²; PE22/035

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > am	[amba] > [amb] > [amb] > [amm] > [am]	✧ Ety/AM²

Variations

• amb ✧ PE22/035 (amb)