am-

prefix. up

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampan- “to build”
• ᴹQ. ampende “upward slope”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > am-	[am-]	✧ Ety/AM²

ama

adverb. up

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√A > an	[an-]	✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um	[ṃb-] > [umb-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > iñ	[ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > nǝ > ṇ > an	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ PE19/055

Variations

• an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• añ ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
• um ✧ EtyAC/N
• iñ ✧ EtyAC/N
• aŋ ✧ PE18/042

amba

adverb. up(wards)

Cognates

• N. am “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ✶amba- ✧ Ety/AM²
  • ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²
• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/UNU

Element in

• ᴹQ. amatikse “dot or point placed above the line of writing” ✧ Ety/UNU (amatekse)
• ᴹQ. am(ba)penda “uphill, uphill, *sloping up; [ᴱQ.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• ᴹQ. ambaróne “uprising, sunrise, Orient” ✧ Ety/AM²

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶amba- > amba	[amba]	✧ Ety/AM²
ᴹ√AM² > ama	[ama]	✧ Ety/UNU

Variations

• ama ✧ Ety/UNU

lai

adverb. very

Cognates

• N. dae “very” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Derivations

• ᴹ√DAƷ “great” ✧ EtyAC/DAƷ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√DAƷ > lai	[dai] > [lai]	✧ EtyAC/DAƷ