cuita

verb. live

cuita-

verb. to live

A word appearing as Q. kuita “live” in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, most notably in the phrase kuita’r pare “live and learn”, derived from the root √KUY “live” (PE22/154, 156).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to use √KUY for “wake” (NM/274) and √KOY for “live”; see those roots for discussion. As such, I would use Q. coita- for “to live” and would assume ᴺQ. cuita- means to “to waken, rouse”, as did its primitive form from the 1950s: ✶kuitā- (PE22/136). I further assume cuita- “to waken, rouse” is a transative/causative verb (taking a direct object) based on the long ā in this primitive form, with a past tense cuitane “woke, roused”.

Derivations

• √KUY “awake; live, awake; live, [ᴹ√] come to life” ✧ PE22/156

Element in

• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KUY > kuita	[kuita-]	✧ PE22/156

Variations

• kuita ✧ PE22/156

oia-

verb. live, pass one’s days

coita-

verb. live, be alive, have life

coita-

verb. *to live, be alive, have life, [ᴹQ.] to live, be alive, have life

A verb for “to live, be alive, have life” appearing as [ᴹQ.] koita- in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/103, 125). It had a strong past form koine (PE22/103). This strong past appeared (unglossed) in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 hinting at its ongoing validity (PE22/152), although this same set of notes used Q. cuita- for “live” (PE22/154, 156).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin I prefer to use the root √KOY for “live” and √KUY for “awake”, so I’d use coita- for “to live”, and assign cuita- the meaning: “to waken, rouse”.

Derivations

• √KOY “*live, have life, [ᴹ√] live, have life”

mar-

verb. to abide, be settled or fixed, to abide, be settled or fixed, [ᴱQ.] dwell, live

A verb meaning “abide, be settled or fixed” used in Elendil’s Oath (LotR/967; UT/317), clearly derived from the root √MBAR “settle, dwell”. This verb appeared as far back as the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. mara- “dwell, live” was derived from the early root ᴱ√MBARA (QL/63). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use it only intransitively, mostly in the sense “dwell, live (in a place)”.

Cognates

• ᴺS. bar- “to live, dwell, stay”

Derivations

• ✶mbar- “to dwell”
  • √MBAR “settle, dwell; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision, settle; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision; dwell, [ᴹ√] inhabit, [ᴱ√] live” ✧ PE22/131

Element in

• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. termar- “to stand, *endure, last, (lit.) through-abide” ✧ UT/317

har-

verb. dwell, abide, reside permanently

cuina-

verb. to live, be alive

A neologism for the verb “to live, be alive” appearing in ABNW (ABNW) from the early 2000’s based on [ᴹQ.] kuina “alive”. I prefer using attested coita- for this purpose; this verb was published in 2015.

Derivations

• √KUY “awake; live, awake; live, [ᴹ√] come to life”

cuita-

verb. to waken, rouse; to live

Cognates

• ᴺS. echuida- “to wake up (trans.), waken, rouse”

Derivations

• ✶kuitā- “to waken, rouse”
  • √KUY “awake; live, awake; live, [ᴹ√] come to life” ✧ PE22/136

Element in

• ᴺQ. cuitar “alarm, device to waken somebody”

cuio

verb. live!

cuia-

verb. to live

cuia-

verb. to live

A verb for “to live” appearing only in the imperative form cuio in the phrase cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the Halflings” or “may the Halflings live long” (LotR/953; Let/448; PE17/102). It already had this form when it appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (SD/46).

Derivations

• √KOY “*live, have life, [ᴹ√] live, have life”

Element in

• S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102

ónen

noun. I gave

Written onen in some editions of LotR. In the Qenyaqetsa, Qenya anta- is marked as having an irregular past tense áne. Assuming the same sound-shifts as observed in other words, this would indeed lead to onen in Sindarin, see PE/12:31 and TT/14:48-49

noro

verb. run! ride!

Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. A verb nor- is attested in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:61, with the meaning "to run, roll"

falathrim

noun. people of the Falas

avo

verb. don't!

Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro

lâf

verb. (he) licks

anglennatha

verb. (he) will approach

avon

verb. I won't

lôd

verb. (he) floats

pêd

verb. (he) says

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

dagorath

noun. all the battles

anfangrim

noun. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

lammas

noun. account of tongues

Lossoth

noun. the Snowmen

galadhad

noun. the Two Trees of Valinor

drúwaith

noun. the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.)

rochirrim

noun. horse-lords, the people of Rohan

rammas

noun. (great) wall

cuia

live

(i guia, i chuia; the attested form is the imperative cuio). Also cuina (i guina, i chuinar).

cuia

live

#cuia- (i guia, i chuia; the attested form is the imperative cuio). Also cuina (i guina, i chuinar).

iphant

long-lived

(aged,  literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

bar-

verb. to live, dwell, stay

Cognates

• Q. mar- “to abide, be settled or fixed, to abide, be settled or fixed, [ᴱQ.] dwell, live”

Derivations

• √MBAR “settle, dwell; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision, settle; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision; dwell, [ᴹ√] inhabit, [ᴱ√] live”

dortha

dwell

dortha- (i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

dortha

dwell

(i northa, i ndorthar) (stay)

kuy

root. awake; live, awake; live, [ᴹ√] come to life

A root Tolkien used in the 1930s through 1960s, sometimes meaning both “live” and “awake” and sometimes just “awake”.

Derivatives

• ✶etkuinu- “to awake, wake up” ✧ PE22/136
  • ᴺQ. eccuinu- “to awake, wake up”
• ✶kuitā- “to waken, rouse” ✧ PE22/136
  • ᴺQ. cuita- “to waken, rouse; to live”
• Q. cuima “creature, animal”
• Q. cuiva “animal” ✧ NM/274
• ᴺQ. cuina- “to live, be alive”
• Q. cuita- “to live” ✧ PE22/156
• ᴺQ. cuiva “awake”
• ᴺQ. cuiva- “to awake”
• ᴺS. cui(w) “awake, alert, alive”
• S. echui “awakening”

Element in

• ✶etkuinu- “to awake, wake up”
• ᴺQ. cuingolmë “biology”
• ᴺQ. cuilórë “day-dream, (lit.) awake-dream”
• Q. cuivië “awakening”
• ᴺS. echuia- “to awaken, wake up (intr.)”

Variations

• cuy ✧ NM/274
• KUJ ✧ PE22/136

koy

root. *live, have life, [ᴹ√] live, have life

Tolkien regularly used roots like √KOY for “life” words, but they were often in competition with √KUY. The earliest appearance of this root was as ᴱ√KOẎO “have life” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives such as ᴱQ. koire “life” and ᴱQ. koiva “awake” (QL/48). The corresponding Gnomish derivatives such as G. cuib “alive” and G. cuil “life” had the diphthong ui (GL/27) since [[g|[oi] became [ui]]] in Gnomish (PE15/13). But the Gnomish “awake” words had cwiv-, cwib-, or cwip- such as: G. cwiv- “be awake”, G. cwivros “awakening”, and G. cwimp “alert” (GL/28-29). Tolkien said:

> There is confusion between QIV-, QIPI-, KOI̯-(VI) or perhaps original connection. They are more confused in Qenya. Note Qenya confusion between koiva (lively, living), Qîva (awake) and similarly koivie, qîvie, liveliness, awakening, respectively (GL/29).

There are no direct signs of ᴱ√QIVI or ᴱ√QIPI in the Qenya Lexicon, so Tolkien may have introduced or refined this notion in the Gnomish Lexicon.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien gave only the root ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake”, which had both Quenya and Noldorin derivatives connected to both senses “life” and “awakeness” (Ety/KUY). However, in the Quenya Verbal System Tolkien gave ᴹ√KOY [√KOJ] as the basis for “life” words (PE22/125). In the 1940s, 50s and early 60s there were quite a few Quenya “life” words that must have been derived from √KOY:

• ᴹQ. koita- “live, be alive” (PE22/103, 125).

• Q. coirë “spring, stirring” (LotR/1107).

• Q. koive or koivie “life” (PE17/68).

• Q. coimas “life-bread” (PM/404).

• Q. coirëa “living” (PM/399).

In this same period, Tolkien continued to use derivatives of √KUY for words having to do with being “awake”, most notably in Q. Cuiviénen “Water of Awakening” (<< ᴱQ. Koivie-néni). In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s he gave √KOJ as the root for “life” versus √KUJ as the root for “awake” (PE22/135). In notes from 1957 Tolkien said √KUY meant “awake not live” (NM/274).

Later, however, he seems to have changed his mind, and Quenya “life” words again started to show cui-, such as kuivie “life” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s (VT42/8). In Late Notes on Verbs from 1969, Tolkien again gave the root √KUY and the verb Q. kuita- for “live” (PE22/154, 156), and Q. cuima “animal” from these same notes was probably also based on √KUY “life”. To summarize, the conceptual development seems to be 1910s ᴱ√KOẎO “have life” (blended with ᴱ√QIVI and ᴱ√QIPI “awake”) >> 1930s ᴹ√KUY “life, awake” >> 1940s through early 1960s √KOY “life” vs. √KUY “awake” >> late 1960s √KUY “life” (and probably also “awake”).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to retain the distinct √KOY “life” and √KUY “awake”, especially given the appearance of coirë “stirring” in The Lord of the Rings, which must be from √KOY. These late vacillations makes almost no difference in Sindarin, since the roots √KOY and √KUY would have blended in cui- because [[os|[oi] became [ui]]] in Sindarin as it did in Gnomish.

Derivatives

• ✶etkoiru- “to come to life” ✧ PE22/136
  • ᴺS. echuiru- “to come to life”
  • ᴺS. echuira- “to come to life”
• ✶koiru- “to come to life” ✧ PE22/136
• ✶koitā- “to bring to life” ✧ PE22/136
  • ᴺS. cuida- “to bring to life, enliven, energize”
• ᴺQ. coina “alive, living”
• Q. coirë “stirring, early spring, stirring, early spring; [ᴱQ.] life”
• Q. coirëa “living, living, [ᴱQ.] lively, alive”
• Q. coita- “*to live, be alive, have life, [ᴹQ.] to live, be alive, have life”
• ᴺQ. coiva “lively, living; awake”
• Q. coivië “life, life, [ᴱQ.] liveliness; awakening”
• S. cuia- “to live”
• S. cuina- “to be alive”
• ᴺS. cuith “[biological process of] life, the vital principle; living body”

Element in

• Q. coimas “life-bread, lembas”
• Q. coimen “life-year”
• ᴺQ. coingolmë “biology”

Variations

• KOJ ✧ PE22/136

weg

root. live, be active, live, be active; [ᴹ√] (manly) vigour

This root was connected to vigour and masculinity for much of Tolkien’s life. The earliest iteration of this root seems to be primitive ᴱ√gu̯eg- from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that served as the basis for various words such as G. gweg “man”, G. gwectha- “impregnate; generate”, and G. gwionert “deed of valour” (GL/44). Tolkien mentioned a few Qenya cognates like ᴱQ. wie and ᴱQ. wenga, but they were unglossed (GL/44). In the Gnomish Lexicon Slips Tolkien gave {ᴱ√we >>} ᴱ√waik as the primitive form beside {ᴱ✶u̯ē+kĕ >> ᴱ✶u̯ĕ+kĕ >>} ᴱ✶u̯ǝkḗ (PE13/117).

In the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s Tolkien gave ᴱ✶wikā > ᴱN. gweg “man” vs. ᴱQ. vika “valiant”; the Qenya form indicates this 1920s primitive was not specifically masculine, and it also had a primitive feminine variant ᴱ✶wiktā (PE13/162). It was nonetheless related to other words likes ᴱ✶wiqē > ᴱN. gwib “teors”, which is Old English = “penis” (PE13/162). Some similar forms like ᴱQ. via “male” and ᴱQ. vie “teors” appeared in Early Qenya Word-list of the 1920s as well (PE16/135). These 1920s forms seem to be based on primitive ✱ᴱ√WI instead of ᴱ√(g)weg.

In the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s Tolkien gave primitive weʒ- as the basis for N. gwe, ᴹQ. †wé “man, warrior” and the masculine suffix ᴹQ. -we common in names (PE21/1). In The Etymologies of the 1930s this masculine suffix was derived from ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” along with other derivatives like ᴹQ. vea “adult, manly, vigorous”, ᴹQ. vie “manhood, vigour” and N. gweith “manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment” (Ety/WEG; EtyAC/WEG).

In some notes from the late 1950s Tolkien again gave the suffix Q. -wë as masculine and derived it from √WEG or √WEƷ, but then changed his mind and decided it was derived from √WĒ or √WEƷ “person” (PE17/189-190), an idea he seems to have stuck with thereafter; see the entry on √WĒ/EWE for further discussion. In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave {√WEK >>} √WEG as distinct from √WĒ, giving it the gloss “live, be active” where it served as the basis for words like Q. vëo/S. gwê “living creature” and Q. vehtë “life”, though he clarified that this last word was “not Life in general or as a principle, but (a period of) individual activity, as in vehtequentalë ‘biography’ (PE17/189)”.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume this root had to do with vigour and activeness, characteristics that were generally (but not absolutely) attributed as masculine. This allows us to retain the largest array of derivatives of this root from various periods. I also think it is best to assume it remains distinct from √WĒ/EWE “person”, though the two roots may originally have been related.

Derivatives

• ✶wegō “a person of male nature (and fëa); ruler” ✧ PE17/190
  • Q. -wë “ancient name suffix (usually but not always masculine)” ✧ PE17/190; PE21/81
  • S. -we “person, being, individual, person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix” ✧ PE17/190
• ✶wegō(n) “living creature” ✧ PE17/189
  • Q. vëo “living creature, living creature, *living being, [ᴹQ.] man” ✧ PE17/189
  • S. gwê “living creature, living creature, *living being; [N.] man, warrior” ✧ PE17/189
• ✶wegtē “activity, occupation” ✧ PE17/189
  • Q. vehtë “[a span of] life; habitat, haunt” ✧ PE17/189
  • S. gwaith “people; region, people, [ᴱN.] men, folk; [N.] manhood; man-power, troop of able bodied men, host, regiment; [S.] region” ✧ PE17/189
• Q. vecca “active” ✧ PE17/190
• Q. vehtë “[a span of] life; habitat, haunt” ✧ PE17/190
• Q. -wë “ancient name suffix (usually but not always masculine)” ✧ PE17/190
• ᴺS. gwîb “penis”
• S. -we “person, being, individual, person, being, individual; [N.] masculine suffix” ✧ PE17/189; PE17/190
• S. -weg “active in doing”

Variations

• WE’E ✧ PE17/189 (WE’E); PE17/190
• weg- ✧ PE17/190 (weg-)
• WEKE ✧ PE17/190 (WEKE)
• WEK ✧ PE17/190 (WEK)
• WEƷ ✧ PE17/190 (WEƷ)

mbar-

verb. to dwell

Derivations

• √MBAR “settle, dwell; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision, settle; establish, fix, decide, determine, make a decision; dwell, [ᴹ√] inhabit, [ᴱ√] live” ✧ PE22/131

Derivatives

• Q. mar- “to abide, be settled or fixed, to abide, be settled or fixed, [ᴱQ.] dwell, live”

cuia-

verb. to live

Derivations

• ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake”

Element in

• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

thia

verb. it appears

síla

verb. (he) shines white

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers