la

preposition. before; than

laurundo

masculine name. Laurundo

Qenya cognate of Glorund in the earliest Lost Tales (LT2/84). Its initial element is clearly laure “gold”. Its second element may be a cognate of G. gunn, which was glossed “dragon” in an Early Noldorin word list (PE13/144). In one place it appeared with the elements reversed (LT2/84).

laurifindl

masculine name. Laurifindl

lapta-

verb. ?to relax, loosen

An untranslated verb in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/58), perhaps the equivalent of G. laptha- “to relax, loosen” (GL/52).

lat

noun. flap, small hinged door, lid

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lat (latt-) “flap, small hinged door, lid” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, which Tolkien considered deriving from the early root ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I think this word can be salvaged as ᴺQ. lat (latt-) derived from the later root √LAT “open”, perhaps from primitive lattă with an original sense “opening”.

lar

noun. region, place

lambe

noun. tongue of body but also occasionally of land or even = speech

lauke

noun. vegetable, plant (species)

lausiva

adjective. living (of plants)

laulemuine

noun. people of the neighborhood, population

laire

noun. meadow

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “meadow” and derived from the root ᴱ√LAẎA (QL/50). It also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the same gloss (PME/50), and in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as a cognate of G. glair “meadow” (GL/39).

larma

noun. area, space, room

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. larma “area, space, room” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LAŘA (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. latsë “area, space, room” coined by Tamas Ferencz based on the root √LAT “open”. The word latsë means “room” only in the sense of “having room”; a room in a building would be [ᴹQ.] sambe.

lá

noun. moor, heath, open space

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as lā “open space, moor, heath” and derived from the root ᴱ√LAHA (QL/50). It also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “moor, heath” (PME/50).

laiqa ondolissen

on the green rocks

The thirtieth line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the adjective laiqa “green” followed by the locative plural form of the noun ondo “rock”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> laiqa ondo-li-ssen = “✱green rock-(plural)-on”

laira-

verb. to wear out, break up

A verb mentioned in the Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s with the gloss “to wear out, break up” derived from primitive ᴱ✶dagd- (PE14/66).

laivar

noun. ocean

A word glossed “ocean” in notes associated with drafts of the Oilima Markirya from around 1930 (PE16/77). This word did not appear in the final version of the poem. Its etymology is unclear, but Gilson, Welden and Hostetter suggest it might be connected to ᴱQ. laiqa “green”, a colour used to describe the ocean in some drafts of the poem (PE16/78).

laivarisse lúnelinqe talalínen tinwelindon?

*in the blue-flowing sea with sails like stars?

The second phrase (lines 3-4) of the intermediate version of the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/77). The first word is the locative plural of the noun laivar “ocean” followed by the compound lúnelinqe of the words lúne “blue” and linqe “flowing”. This is followed by the instrumental plural of tala “sail” and the adverbial plural form of tinwe “star”: tinwelindon = “like stars”.

The sense of the phrase resembles the third and fourth lines of the English translations of the poem LA2a-LA2b (PE16/68-9): “with/in the flowing sea upon wings like stars”. The locative phrase laivarisse lúnelinqe “✱in sea blue-flowing” is quite close: the English omits only the word “blue”. The instrumental form talalínen “✱with sails” is more loosely translated as “upon wings”; the ship’s sails are equated to wings in other versions of the poem as well.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> laivar-i-sse lúne-linqe tala-lí-nen tinwe-li-ndon = “✱sea-(plural)-in blue-flowing sail-(plural)-with star-(plural)-like”

Conceptual Development: The locative plural for “in seas” was first given as vainolisse, apparently a variant of the noun Vai “(outer) ocean” (PE16/78).

lak

noun. snare

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “snare” under the early root ᴱ√LAQA “catch” (QL/51).

lalta-

verb. to smooth out; stroke

@@@ per editors, uncertain reading, maybe latta-

lanta-ránar

in the moon falling

The eighteenth line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the adjective lanta “falling” followed by an inflected form ránar of Rána “Moon”. Gilson, Welden, and Hostetter suggest it might be an idiomatic use of the dative (PE16/85), but I think it might be a variant form of the locative: the r-locative.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> lanta-rána-r = “✱falling-moon-in”

lantanwa

adjective. *fallen

An unglossed adjective, probably meaning “✱fallen”, appearing in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s based on primitive ᴱ✶lṇ̹ta̜nwa [lṇ́tànwa] (PE12/6).

Neo-Quenya: Both the verb lanta- and the passive/perfective suffix -nwa survive in Tolkien’s later writings, so ᴺQ. lantanwa is still viable as a (Neo) Quenya word.

lante no lanta-mindon

falling upon fallen towers

The twenty eighth line of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/214). The first word is the aorist tense of the verb lant- “to fall”, its subject being the “old darkness” (aire móre) of the previous phrase. This is followed by the preposition no “upon” with a compound of the adjective lanta “fallen” with the noun mindon “tower”, loosely translated as plural “towers” in the English.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> lant-e no lanta-mindon = “✱fall-(aorist) upon fallen-tower”

lapa-

verb. to wrap, swathe, wind

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. lapa- “wrap, swathe, wind” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: The root √LAP reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings with similar glosses “fold, bend” (VT47/35), so I would retain ᴺQ. lapa- “to wrap, swathe, wind” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. In 2024 at the suggestion of Arael and Luinyelle, I adjusted the “neo-form” of this verb from basic verb ᴺQ. lap- to a-verb ᴺQ. lapa- to avoid conflict with their neologism ᴺQ. lap- “fold”.

lapil

noun. swathe, flowing cloth

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lapil “a swathe, a flowing cloth” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: The root √LAP “fold, bend” reappears in Tolkien’s later writings, so I’d retain ᴺQ. lapil “swathe, flowing cloth” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, used of both a broad area of some covering or crop (“swathe”) as well as a large piece of loose cloth.

laqa-

verb. to catch, seize, snare

A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “catch, seize, snare” under the early root ᴱ√LAQA “catch” (QL/51).

larmea

adjective. roomy, spacious

A word appearing as ᴱQ. larmea or larmavoite “roomy, spacious” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. larma “area, space, room” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. latsëa “roomy, spacious”, an adjectival form of ᴺQ. latsë which is the word I use to replace ᴱQ. larma.

laru

noun. fat, grease

A word appearing as ᴱQ. laru “fat, grease” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LARA whose derivatives had to do with fat (QL/51). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien instead had ᴱQ. lise {“greasy” >>} “grease”, with an accusative form lisya- indicating a stem lisy- (PE16/141). In Qenya Declensions also from the 1920s, its partitive form lisihta was glossed “of butter” (PE16/115).

Neo-Quenya: The root ᴹ√LAR “fat, grease” from The Etymologies of the 1930s seems to indicate that lisy- was a transient idea, so I would retain ᴺQ. laru for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but would use it only for “grease”. For “fat” I would instead use ᴹQ. larma (Ety/LAR). Note that Tolkien also had the adjective Q. (h)lúvo “greasy, fat” in notes from the early 1950s (PE21/82) but gave no noun form.

larúva

adjective. greasy

A word appearing as ᴱQ. larúva “greasy”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. laru “fat, grease” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LARA (QL/51). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien instead had ᴱQ. lisiva “greasy” as the adjectival form of ᴱQ. lise (lisy-) “grease” (PE16/141).

Neo-Quenya: The root ᴹ√LAR “fat, grease” from The Etymologies of the 1930s seems to indicate that lisy- was a transient idea, so I would retain ᴺQ. larúva “greasy” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Note that Tolkien also had a different adjective Q. (h)lúvo “greasy, fat” in notes from the early 1950s (PE21/82), but I think the two can coexist.

lassea

adjective. with leaves, leafy

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “with leaves, leafy”, an adjective form of ᴱQ. lasse “leaf” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: Since both lassë “leaf” and the adjective suffix -ëa survived in Tolkien’s later writing, I would retain ᴺQ. lassëa “with leaves, leafy” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. It also appeared in Q. lillassëa “having mean leaves” from the 1960s (MC/223).

lattin

noun. window

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lattin or lattulis “window” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. lat (latt-) “flap, small hinged door, lid” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. lat (latt-) as a derivative of the later root √LAT “open”, I would retain ᴺQ. lattin “window” as well, a word also used in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

latúken

noun. tin

A word appearing as ᴱQ. latúken “tin” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (QL/51; PME/51). It was also identified as the source of the first l in the name of the magical metal ᴱQ. Tilkal (LT1/100).

Neo-Quenya: I retain ᴺQ. latúcen “tin [metal]” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as there are no better alternatives in Tolkien’s later writings.

laule

noun. life, mode of life

A noun appearing as {laume >>} ᴱQ. lauste “life, mode of life” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LAWA “✱life (of plants)” (QL/52). Tolkien also gave laule = laume, so presumably this was also equivalent to lauste. The word laume “life” also appeared (undeleted) in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/52).

Neo-Quenya: Since √LAW had a similar meaning in Tolkien’s later writings, I’d retain ᴺQ. laulë “mode of life” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, along with other words derived from it. In the “Neologism of the Day” (NotD) series on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) posted at 2023-06-18, Valerie suggested this word might mean “✱lifestyle” as well.

laulemo

noun. inhabitant

A word appearing as ᴱQ. laulemo “inhabitant” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an agental form of ᴱQ. laule “(mode of) life” under the early root ᴱ√LAWA (QL/52).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. laulë “(mode of) life” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. laulemo “inhabitant” as well.

laulesta

noun. livelihood

A noun appearing as {laumesta >>} ᴱQ. laulesta “livelihood” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. laule “mode of life” (QL/52).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. laulë, I’d also retain ᴺQ. laulesta for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

laulesta-

verb. to lead a life, gain a living

A verb appearing as {laumeta- or laumesta- >>} ᴱQ. lausta- or laulesta- “lead a life, gain a living” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. laule “mode of life” (QL/52).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. laulë, I’d also retain ᴺQ. laulesta- for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

laume

noun. storm, overcast sky

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a storm, overcast sky” (QL/51). It was derived from a form loum- based on the early root ᴱ√LOMO, since ou became au in Early Qenya.

laupe

noun. tunic, shirt

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. laupe, glossed “shirt, tunic” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/51) and glossed “tunic” in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/51). The word was not tied to any root, but could have been based on ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain ᴺQ. laupë “tunic, shirt” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

lausta-

verb. to roar, rush [making a rushing sound]

A verb appearing in several Early Qenya poems from around 1930, glossed “roar” (MC/213) or “rush” (MC/220), or in one place “lausted (made a windy noise)” (MC/216). Its etymology is very unclear, but it could be related to the early root ᴱ√RAVA with various derived “lion” words (QL/79), and so meaning “roar” by analogy with that animal with l/r variation in the initial letter. See also Q. rávëa “roaring” from versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s.

lausto

adverb. *noisily

Apparently an adverbial form of ᴱQ. lausta- “to roar, rush” in drafts of the Oilima Markirya from around 1930 (PE16/57, 60), in context perhaps meaning “✱noisily” as suggested by Gilson, Welden and Hostetter (PE16/59).

loa

noun. life

A noun for “life” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LAWA, apparently an alternate name of ᴱQ. Vána (QL/52).

lailekse

noun. willow

A word for a “willow” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, appearing beside the more usual “willow” word ᴱQ. tassarin (PE16/139). There is no sign of lailekse outside of this 1920s document.

lamandar

noun. herdsman, shepherd

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “herdsman”, based on ᴱQ. lama “head of cattle or sheep” (QL/50). It also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “(shep)herd”.

lamáre

noun. flock

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “flock” with variants lāmáre and lamárin, based on ᴱQ. lama “head of cattle or sheep” (QL/50). It was first written as lāma, then amended to lāmáre, -in with lámarin written after it. The editors (Gilson, Hostetter, Wynne and Smith) suggested that this likely indicated two forms: lamáre and lámarin.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. lamnarë “flock, ✱herd”, based on the later word Q. laman (lamn-) “[tame] animal”, with the same suffix -re. This suggestion came from Röandil in a Discord chat from 2022-03-18.

lapatl

noun. leveret

A word for a “leveret” (young hare) in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, based on ᴱQ. lapatte “rabbit” (QL/51).

latukenda

adjective. of tin

A word appearing as ᴱQ. latukenda “of tin”, an adjectival form of Q. latúken “tin” (QL/51).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. latúcen “tin [metal]” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. latucenda “of tin” as well.

laukien

noun. vegetable or kitchen garden

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “vegetable or kitchen garden”, an elaboration of ᴱQ. lauke “vegetable” (QL/52).

laulema

adjective. inhabiting

A word appearing as ᴱQ. laulema “inhabiting” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently an adjectival form of ᴱQ. laulemo “inhabitant” (QL/52).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. laulemo “inhabitant” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. laulema “inhabiting” as well.

laumea

adjective. dark, stormy

A word for “dark, stormy” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. laume “storm, overcast sky” (QL/51). The second gloss is unclear and may be “shady”.

lausimatl

noun. vegetable food

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lausimatl “vegetable food” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. laute (lausi-) “living thing, (esp.) vegetable” and ᴱQ. matl “food” (QL/52, 59).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would update this word to ᴺQ. laimamatta “vegetable food, (lit.) plant food”, a combination of the later elements Q. laima “plant” and Q. matta “food”.

lausimatwa

adjective. vegetarian

A word appearing as ᴱQ. lausimatwa “vegetarian” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. laute (lausi-) “living thing, (esp.) vegetable” and the suffix ᴱQ. -matwa “✱eating” (QL/52, 59).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would update this word to ᴺQ. laimamatya “herbivorous, vegetarian, (lit.) plant-eating”, a combination of the later elements Q. laima “plant” and Q. -matya “eating”.

laiqa

adjective. green

laisi

noun. youth, vigour, new life

landa

adjective. wide, broad

lanq-

verb. to get by lot or luck, find

lanqa

noun. piece of fortune, lot, luck, happen, hap

lava-

verb. to lick

laiqalasse

masculine name. Green-leaf

laiqasse

noun. greenness

laure

noun. (mystic name of) gold

laurelin

proper name. Singing-gold

laurina

adjective. golden

lahta-

verb. ‽

laika

adjective. keen, sharp

laiwa

adjective. pale

laktu

preposition. among

lala-

verb. to chatter, babble

lalar

noun. babbler

lama

noun. animal, beast; head of cattle or sheep

laminya

adjective. animal-like, beastly, stupid

lampa-

verb. to beat, hit

lango

noun. neck, throat

langon veakiryo kírier

the throat of the sea-ship clove

lant-

verb. to fall, drop

lanta

noun/adjective. fall, falling; fallen, falling

lapatte

noun. rabbit

lappa

noun. loose-end, end of rope, hem of robe

lapumba

noun. drum

laruke

adjective. fat, rich

las

noun. [unglossed]

lasse

noun. leaf; petal

lasselanta

noun. the Fall, Autumn

lasta

noun. sight

lastalaike

adjective. sharpsighted

lata-

verb. to be able to (used of opportunity, permission)

latsina

adjective. level, smooth

latwa

adjective. smooth, glossy

laute

noun. living thing, (esp.) vegetable

lá

noun. day

laika

adjective. green

laikelastea

adjective. sharpsighted

laisifalle

noun. [unglossed]

laito

noun. youth, vigour, new life

laksa

noun. tress

lalla-

verb. to chatter, babble

lalta

noun. dance

lamanwa

adjective. animal-like, beastly, stupid

lama rausima

things preyed on, game, vermin

lama raustea

beast of prey

lanta-

verb. to fall

larmavoite

adjective. roomy, spacious

lattulis

noun. window

laume

noun. life

laurea

adjective. golden

lausta-

verb. to lead a life, gain a living

lauste

noun. life, mode of life

alalminóre

place name. Land of (Many) Elms

A region in Tol Eressëa in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/16). It is a compound of alalme “elm” and nóre “land” (QL/29, 66).

lirilla

noun. lay, song

palante

noun. plain

tári-laisi

feminine name. Mistress of Life

Another name for Vána as the “Mistress of Life” in the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/67), a combination of tári “queen” and laisi “(new) life”.

Conceptual Development: In a very early name list of the Valar, the name was first given as Koiretári (PE14/14) using koire for “life” instead.

falqalaure

place name. Golden Cleft

Qenya name for G. Glorfalc from early name lists (PE13/101), a compound of falqa “cleft” and laure “gold”. It also appeared as (rejected) Laurefalqa and Kulufalqa, the latter with kulu “gold”, instead.

kilapi

noun. robin

A word for “robin” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a variant [kilap]ink, related to the verb ᴱQ. kilapitya- “to chirp” (QL/46) and G. cilobinc “robin” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/26).

palastor

noun. surf

A word for “surf” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from ᴱ√Palas (QL/72).

tantila-

verb. to hop

A verb for “hop” appearing in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, likely based on primitive ✶tṇt- {“dance” >>} “bounce” (PE14/58). Immediately below it was a related but untranslated verb ᴱQ. tantilta-.

alanda

adjective. wide, broad

alapumba

noun. drum

kilapink

noun. robin

ola-

prefix. many

talarin

adjective. [unglossed]

lalle

noun. pebble

A word for “pebble” the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing under the root ᴱ√LALA, though Tolkien marked it with a “?” and other derivatives of the root had to do with “babble” (QL/50). This word was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/50).

latta

noun. year

ailuvin

feminine name. Lake Foam

A Qenya equivalent of G. Elwing, more obviously related to the archaic form of that name G. †Ailwing, appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/17). Tolkien indicated that its stem form as Ailuving-. Assuming it has the same meaning as its Gnomish equivalent, it is probably a compound of ailo “lake” and some form of winge “foam”. The Quenya form of this name did not appear in later writings.

artanor

place name. Land Beyond

The Qenya equivalent to the precursor of Doriath: G. Dor Athro “Land Beyond” (LT1/196, LT2A/Artanor). It is a compound of arta “across” and nóre “land”.

eule

noun. lamb

The word ᴱQ. eule “lamb” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√EWE (QL/36). Unglossed ᴱQ. eulitse seems to be a diminutive form = “✱little lamb”

Neo-Quenya: I would retain this word as ᴺQ. eulë for purposes of Neo-Quenya; Helge Fausganger used this word for “lamb” in his Neo-Quenya New Testament (NQNT).

fairinor

place name. Land of Release

Qenya cognate of G. Dor Faidwen in an early name list (PE15/7), likely a combination of faire (fairi-) “free” and nóre “land”.

hisinan

place name. Land of Twilight

Possibly a precursor to Hisilóme appearing in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/40, PME/40), although there it was said that it was “also used indefinitely of the West”. It is apparently a combination of híse “dusk” and nan “land”.

kamillo

noun. large poppy

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s glossed “large poppy” derived from the early root ᴱ√KAMA having to do with red flowers (QL/44; PME/44). The word kamillo was the proper name of a ᴱQ. fumella valinōrea, a “✱Valinorean poppy”.

mange

noun. lack, want, shortage

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “lack, want, shortage” under the early root ᴱ√MANGA “lacking” (QL/59).

nindon

noun. lapis lazuli

A word in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s glossed “lapis lazuli” as a combination of ᴱQ. nin (nind-) “blue” and ᴱQ. ondo “stone” (QL/66; PME/66). In the Qenya Lexicon ningon was written below it and a faint line was drawn through the first part of nindon, possibly indicating a replacement as suggested by the editors.

qinqele

noun. languor

A word appearing as ᴱQ. qinqele “languor” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of ᴱQ. qinqa “languid” (QL/77).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain this word as ᴺQ. quinquelë “languor, ✱relaxation” based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIK(W).

walien

place name. land of the brown men, tropics

Name for the tropics appearing only in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/103), where it was derived from the root ᴱ√GWALA.

karkasarma

noun. large saw

A word appearing as ᴱQ. karkasarma “a large saw” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. karka “fang” and ᴱQ. sarma “saw” (QL/48).

Neo-Quenya: Since Q. carca “fang” appears in Tolkien’s later writings and I retain ᴺQ. sarma “saw” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. carcasarma “large saw” as well.

lindelokte

noun. laburnum, (lit.) singing cluster

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as ᴱQ. lindelokte “singing-cluster, laburnum”, a combination of ᴱQ. lin (lind-) “musical voice” and ᴱQ. lokte “flower cluster” (QL/55). ᴱQ. Lindelokte was also an earlier name for Q. Laurelin, one of the Two Trees (LT1/22).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this word to ᴺQ. lindelos (lindelós-) “laburnum, (lit.) singing cluster”, using the later elements lindë “singing” and lós [þ] “mass of flowers”. I think this word can coexist with culumalda which Tolkien said also might refer to a laburnum (RC/626).

pimpevinne

noun. larch

A word for “larch” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. pimp- “tail” and (perhaps) some variant of ᴱQ. fine “larch” (QL/74; PME/74).

poimine

noun. lather, foam; mermaid

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. poimine “lather” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. poime “soap” (QL/75). In the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa it was glossed “lather, foam; a mermaid” (PME/75).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I’d update this word to ᴺQ. lipsanë, an elaboration of the later word ᴹQ. lipsa for “soap”.

qinqelea

adjective. languorous

A word appearing as ᴱQ. qinqelea “languorous” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of ᴱQ. qinqele “languor” (QL/77).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain this word as ᴺQ. quinquelëa “languorous, ✱relaxing” based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIK(W).

terendl

noun. lathe

A word appearing as ᴱQ. terendl “lathe” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√TEŘE “pierce” and similar in form to ᴱQ. teren “lissom, lithe” from the same root (QL/91; PME/91). Tolkien marked both these Early Qenya words with a “?”.

Neo-Quenya: The root √TER “pierce” appeared in Tolkien’s later writings along with a derived adjective [ᴹQ.] teren(e) “slender”, so I think this early “lathe” word can be salvaged For purposes of Neo-Quenya. I would update it to ᴺQ. terendel “lathe” to be consistent with the later Quenya rules for the syllabification of l.

ailin

noun. lake, pool

ailo

noun. lake, pool

heri

noun. lady

valinor

place name. Land of the Gods

-issa

suffix. language

-qet(se)

suffix. language

ambarin

noun. lark

eldaqet

noun. language of the Eldar

eldarissa

noun. Language of the Eldar

falqan

noun. large sword

fine

noun. larch

fé

noun. last hour, last breath, (act of) death

heruni

noun. lady

kalumet

noun. lamp

kankale

noun. laughter

noldorissa

noun. Language of the Noldoli

oilima

adjective. last

tasarinan

place name. Land of Willows

telwa

adjective. last, late

yanta

adjective. large

úmea

adjective. large

kalonga

noun. large bell

ningon

noun. lapis lazuli

nyenyele

noun. lament, lamentation, weeping

nyenyesse

noun. lament, lamentation, weeping

kanu

noun. lead

A word appearing as ᴱQ. kanu “lead” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√KANA (QL/44). It was also identified as the source of the k in the name of the magical metal ᴱQ. Tilkal (LT1/100).

Neo-Quenya: I retain ᴺQ. canu “lead [metal]” for purposes of Neo-Quenya as there are no better alternatives in Tolkien’s later writings.

núle

noun. lead

A word appearing as ᴱQ. NÛLE (núli-) “lead” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√NULU (NULU).

kemi

noun. earth, soil, land

An Early Qenya word derived from the root ᴱ√KEME and translated “earth, soil, land” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/46) and as “earth, soil” in Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from this same period (PME/46). While this form and derivation are compatible with Tolkien later notions of the Elvish languages, I think it is better to use the later terms cemen for “earth, soil” and nór for “land”.

nes

noun. mead, valley, land

A noun given as archaic ᴱQ. †nes (ness-) “mead, valley, land” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the root ᴱ√NEŘE [NEÐE], but Tolkien indicated it should be transferred to ᴱ√NESE, which is a much more plausible root for this word (QL/66).

palis(te)

noun. sward, green, lawn

A word appearing as ᴱQ. palis (palist-) or paliste “sward, green, lawn” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√PALA (QL/71).

Neo-Quenya: Since the root √PAL survived in Tolkien’s later writings with a similar sense, I think ᴺQ. palis (palist-) “sward, green, lawn” can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya. Boris Shapiro instead suggested the neologism ᴺQ. paswa “sward” in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, derived from ᴹ✶pathmā, but I prefer to use an attested word.

qinqa

adjective. drooping, languid

A word appearing as ᴱQ. qinqa “drooping, languid” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√QIQI (QL/77).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I’d retain this word as ᴺQ. quinqua based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIK(W), but only with the sense “languid”; for “drooping” I’d use later nimpa. I’d use also quinqua for “✱lazy” but not necessarily in a negative sense, so also meaning “✱relaxed”.

siqilisse

noun. weeping willow; lamentation

A word appearing as ᴱQ. siqilisse “weeping willow” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. siqile “sighing, lament” based on the early root ᴱ√SIQI “sigh, say alas” (QL/84; PME/84). In the Qenya Lexicon the word siqilisse also had the sense “lamentation” (QL/84).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. siquilissë for “weeping willow” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but for “lament(ation)” I would use nainië (RGEO/58).

tavas

noun. woodland

A noun given as ᴱQ. tavas (tavast-) “woodland” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with longer variant tavasta, derived from the root ᴱ√TAVA “beam” (QL/90).

Neo-Quenya: I think ᴺQ. tavas remains viable for purposes of Neo-Quenya as a derivative of √TAW “wood”.

velka

noun. flame

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a flame” derived from the early root ᴱ√(M)BELEKE (GL/22).

kankale-malina

noun. daffodil, (lit.) yellow laughter

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. kankale-malina “daffodil” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. kankale “laughter” and ᴱQ. malina “yellow” (QL/44; PME/44).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this word to ᴺQ. lalië-malina “daffodil, (lit.) yellow laughter” using a later form [ᴺQ.] lalië for “laughter”.

papta

noun. *leaf

tári

noun. queen, mistress, lady

-(n)dóre

suffix. -illion, *large number suffix

fauka

adjective. fat, large

kaka-

verb. to laugh

kalon

noun. (large) bell

kamu-

verb. to lay down, bend down, reduce

kantl

noun. (large) harp

@@@ probably inspired by Finnish “kantele” as suggested by Draug in Discord, 2021-12-30

kumba

adjective. burdened, laden

lirit(ta)

noun. poem, lay, written poem

nan

noun. woodland, *land

nyéna-

verb. to lament

oilimaite

adjective. final, ultimate, last

oito-

verb. to lack

palume

noun. plain

pere-

verb. to go through, pass, pierce; to endure, undergo, experience; to penetrate, get to understand; to last

peren

adjective. enduring, patient, lasting

siqile

noun. sighing, lament

talta-

verb. to lade, burden, load charge; to enjoin; to oppress, weigh down

tyulusse

noun. poplar

velike

adjective. great, large

vorima

adjective. everlasting

kóleta-

verb. to endure, last

oilin

adjective. *last

tavasta

noun. woodland

telúmea

adjective. final, conclusive, end; last; extreme

ailin

noun. shore

A word for “shore” in the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem and its draft of the late 1920s (MC/213, 221), in one place given an archaic form aile and a translation “beach” (PE16/75). In the version of the Markirya poem from the 1960s, this word became Q. hresta (MC/221-222), whereas Q. ailin itself usually meant “lake” in later writings.

lávear

noun. glutton

A noun for “glutton” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√LAVA “lick”, with a stem form of láveard- (QL/52).

Neo-Quenya: I think this word can be salvaged for purposes of Neo-Quenya as an atypical agental formation from the later version of the root: √LAB “lick”. If the final r is from the agental suffix ✶-ro however, it probably no longer has a specialized stem form.

akairis

feminine name. Bride

Another name for Erinti appearing in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/36). It is simply akairis “bride” used as a name.

aksa

noun. waterfall

A word for “waterfall” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the root ᴱ√ASAKA (QL/29). It also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as a cognate of G. acha of the same meaning (GL/17).

anai

noun. woman

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s form “woman” with variants anai and anî, a feminine form ᴱQ. anu “a male” (QL/31).

ausie

noun. wealth

A word appearing as ᴱQ. ausie “wealth” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√AW̯A having to do with riches and property (QL/33).

Neo-Quenya: The root √AW “possess, own, keep” resurfaced in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, along with a derivative aura “possession, thing owned”. As such I would adapted this Early Qenya word as ᴺQ. aurië “wealth” as an abundance of possessions, an abstract noun based on aura.

aute

adjective. rich

An adjective for “rich” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√AW̯A (QL/33). The same root also had ᴱQ. avarna “very rich”, but this form was deleted.

auvar

masculine name. Wealth

A Qenya name for G. Ausir in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/33), also appearing as Autar and replacing rejected Avar/Avas.

enga

noun. mead

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “mead” in the sense “✱meadow”, a derivative of ᴱ√EŊE (QL/36).

ere-

verb. to go

A deleted verb in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with present form ere “goes” and past tense erne “went”, perhaps based on the early root ᴱ√ERE [EÐE] “out” as suggested by the editors (PE16/133).

falmasan

proper name. Friday

Name of the first Friday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of the name of the god Falman (Osse) and sana “day”.

hampa-

verb. to hop

A verb glossed “hop” appearing in the Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s, derived from a variant skamp- of ᴱ√kapa- “leap” (PE14/66).

ilma

noun. air

A word for “air” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/142), probably based on the early root ᴱ√ILU “ether”. Later ᴹQ. Ilma was used for “Starlight” (Ety/GIL; LR/205).

lenu-

verb. to stretch

A verb glossed “stretch” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LENE “long” (QL/53).

lep-

verb. to take

A verb appearing in Qenya Verb Forms from the 1910s as ᴱQ. lep- “take” (PE14/28), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LEPE having to do with fingers (QL/53).

Neo-Quenya: This root was still the basis for finger-words in Tolkien’s later writings, and in notes from the late 1960s, √LEP was glossed “pick (up/out) with the fingers” (VT47/24). As such I would retain this as the verb for “take”, but more specifically “take (with fingers)” so closer in meaning to “✱pick, pluck”.

lilt

noun. dance

A noun appearing in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s as ᴱQ. lilt “a dance” based on the early root ᴱ√LḶTḶ (QL/55), where [[eq|short syllabic [ḷ] became [il]]] (PE12/11). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, the noun form was lalta, probably with [[eq|long syllabic [ḹ] becoming [al]]] (PE15/71).

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this noun as ᴺQ. liltë “dance”, based on the later root ᴹ√LILT “dance” (Ety/LILT).

malke

adjective. rich

An adjective for “rich” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MḶKḶ “possess” (QL/62).

mange

noun. grease

A word for “grease” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived the early root ᴱ√MṆGṆ (QL/62), with syllabic ṇ becoming an [aŋ] which was the most common result in Early Qenya (PE12/10).

milkin

noun. wealth

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. milkin “wealth” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MḶKḶ “possess” (QL/62).

Neo-Quenya: Given S. maelig “wealth, abundance” < √MILIK from the 1950s, I think ᴺQ. milcin “wealth” can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

nemba

noun. thread

A noun for “thread” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√NEME having to do with sewing (QL/65).

nienna

feminine name. Nienna

Sobriquet for the female Vala ᴱQ. Fui, at this stage the wife of Mandos (LT1/66). Her name appeared as Nyenna in the Qenya Lexicon, a derivative of either ᴱ√NYE(NE) “bleat” or ᴱ√NYEHE “weep” (QL/68).

onensan

proper name. Friday

Name of the second Friday in the Valinorean fortnight (PE14/22), a combination of the name of the goddess Ónen and sana “day”.

palúrien

proper name. Friday

Name of Friday in the seven-day week of the Elves (otsola) in an early word list (PE14/21). The day was related to the Earth and was possibly derived from Palúrien “Wide Earth”, another name for Yavanna.

poko

noun. bag

A word appearing as ᴱQ. poko “bag” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√POKO “tuck (-away)” (QL/75).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain ᴺQ. poco “bag” for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

qámea

adjective. sick

A word appearing as qāmea “sick” in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjective form of ᴱQ. qáme “sickness, nausea” (QL/76).

Neo-Quenya: Since ᴹQ. qáme “sickness” appears in Tolkien’s later writings (Ety/KWAM), I would retain ᴺQ. quámëa for purposes of Neo-Quenya, but given the meaning of its noun form I would assume its primary meaning is “✱nauseous”, as opposed to generally sick which would be [ᴺQ.] hlaiwa.

sahóra

place name. the South

Name for “the South” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa from the 1910s (QL/81; PME/81), where it appeared under the root ᴱ√SAH(Y)A “be hot” derived from the primitive form ᴱ✶saχ+þōra (QL/81). In the contemporaneous Qenya Phonology, however its primitive form was revised from ᴱ✶þaχþōđa >> ᴱ✶saχsōđa (PE12/18), and ᴱ✶saχ-sōđa was given the gloss “house of fire”.

The primitive forms ᴱ✶þōra, ᴱ✶þōđa and ᴱ✶sōđa would all produce ᴱQ. sóra. The closest equivalent is ᴱQ. sóra “seat”, but that word was derived from the root ᴱ√ÐORO “sit” (QL/85). It is unclear whether Tolkien intended any relationship between the two, but SOŘO (= ✱SOÐO) did appear as a rejected variant of this root (QL/86), hinting that such a relationship is at least a possibility.

@@@ variant forms and their etymologies

sarqa

adjective. fleshy

A word for “fleshy” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. sarko (sarku-) “flesh” (QL/86).

sindi

noun. river

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “river” derived from the root ᴱ√SIŘI [SIÐI] (QL/84). The same word appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/84).

tantare

noun. dance

A word for “dance” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, a noun form of ᴱQ. tanta- “dance” (PE15/71). The same noun appeared various times in the contemporaneous Early Qenya Grammar (PE14/42-44, 71, 73).

tendl

noun. string

A word appearing in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s whose plural tendilli was glossed “pieces of string” (PE12/25). Its root was given as ᴱ√TEME, which elsewhere was glossed “tie” (QL/91).

tie-

verb. to go

A deleted verb in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, probably related to ᴱQ. tie “path” and the early root ᴱ√TEHE as suggested by the editors (PE16/133).

wessa

adjective. rich

This word appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as ’wessa equated to G. gwes “rich”, probably its Qenya cognate.

hyelle

noun. pebble

A word for “pebble” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/138; PE16/144). Its etymology is unclear, and in later writings ᴹQ. hyelle was used as a word for “glass”.

kaitoile

noun. rest

A noun appearing as kaitȯile “rest” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, apparently derived from (deleted) ᴱQ. kaito- “lie quiet” (QL/46). The significance of the marked ȯ is not clear.

nyél

noun. woman

A word for “woman” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with stem form nyel-, as indicated by its accusative nyela (PE16/135). Its etymology is unclear; Patrick Wynne and Christopher Gilson suggested it might be connected to the early root ᴱ√NYEHE “weep” or later root ᴹ√NYEL “ring, sing”, but these both feel like stretches to me.

qelqa

noun. throat

The word ᴱQ. qerka appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as the cognate of G. cwerc “throat” (GL/28). ᴱQ. qerka “throat” appeared again in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/136), but in a list of body parts from this same period it was ᴱQ. qelqa “throat” (PE14/117). There are no signs of these words in Tolkien’s later writings.

sar

noun. earth, soil

A word for “earth, soil” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, but it was marked with an “X” and ᴱQ. kemen (of similar meaning) was written next to it as an alternative (PE16/139).

láta-

verb. to spread, extend, lie (of country)

munta

noun. nothing

kulu

noun. gold

lindelokte

proper name. Singing Cluster

(a)rauka

adjective. swift, rushing

anwe

?. [unglossed]

apte

adjective. open

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “open” under the early root ᴱ√AFA “open, begin” (QL/29).

artan

noun. hammer

arwa

noun. field

aurin

adjective. warm

avesta

noun. summer

ekte

noun. sword

ematte

?. [unglossed]

en(we)

noun. name

faika

adjective. free

faire

adjective. free

furu

noun. lie

halda

adjective. wide, broad

hulin

adjective. naked

hulqa

adjective. naked

húro

noun. storm

ista-

verb. to know

ka

?. [unglossed]

kale

noun. day

kante

noun. edge

katl

noun. chuckle

kaune

noun. grave

koire

noun. life

kuluina

adjective. golden

li(n)-

prefix. many

lia(r)

adjective. many

likinda

noun. trumpet

lilt-

verb. to dance

lilyen

?. [unglossed]

limba

adjective. many

lin

noun. snake

A word for “snake” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with a stem form of {linge- >>} ling- (QL/54).

linqarassea

adjective. [unglossed]

liri-

verb. to sing

loista-

verb. to refresh

loite

adjective. fresh

lossa

adjective. white

lossiattea

?. [unglossed]

lungwe

?. [unglossed]

láwakéle

?. [unglossed]

líse

adjective. sweet

lúme

noun. time

lúto

noun. flood

maite

cardinal. thousand

makse

noun. net

makte

noun. hand

masta

noun. bread

má

noun. hand

narqelion

noun. Autumn

nauto

noun. [unglossed]

nawa-

verb. [unglossed]

nierme

?. [unglossed]

ninqe

adjective. white

nyara

noun. tale

nyúken

?. [unglossed]

níva

adjective. pale

nî

noun. woman

olli

adjective. many

oqi

noun. snake

orne

noun. tree

petl

noun. hammer

pingwe

?. [unglossed]

potsi

adverb. afterwards

pulqe

noun. juice

pyúva

adjective. fat

póya

adjective. [unglossed]

qan

noun. ear

qen

noun. Elf

qerka

noun. throat

saile

noun. [unglossed]

saina

adjective. smooth

saiwa

adjective. hot

sat

noun. hole

sauke

?. [unglossed]

sinqita-

verb. [unglossed]

sivilda

?. [unglossed]

suksa

adjective. sweet

sutya

adjective. sweet

súlimarya

?. [unglossed]

súme

?. [unglossed]

talma

noun. end

tanga-

verb. to beat

tanta

noun. number

tantilta-

verb. [unglossed]

tasarin

noun. willow

tirípti

?. [unglossed]

toron

?. [unglossed]

tuksa kainen

cardinal. thousand

tultárie

adjective. [unglossed]

tunda

noun. hole

turinqi

noun. queen

táne

adjective. [unglossed]

ukárele

noun. [unglossed]

usult

?. [unglossed]

vaita-

verb. to wrap

varkima

adjective. dreadful

varni

noun. queen

varya

adjective. different

vasa

noun. juice

windele

noun. loom

wiste

noun. weft

yu

?. [unglossed]

óma

noun. voice

alle

?. [unglossed]

anaukante

?. [unglossed]

angwe

?. [unglossed]

anqa(r)

noun. ear

anî

noun. woman

aukaine

?. [unglossed]

eant

?. [unglossed]

enqe

preposition. without

findil

noun. tress

fingwe

?. [unglossed]

fui

noun. night

hingwe

?. [unglossed]

hosta

noun. folk

hyanta

?. [unglossed]

hyá-

verb. to stand

intya

?. [unglossed]

kakil

noun. chuckle

kie

noun. path

koi

noun. life

koile

noun. life

kuluksa

adjective. golden

kuluvoite

adjective. golden

lingo

noun. snake

lisiva

adjective. greasy

loita-

verb. to refresh

lámarin

noun. flock

min-

verb. [unglossed]

móri

noun. night

ningwe

?. [unglossed]

oinalis

noun. ointment

olli-

prefix. many

olwa

adjective. much

olya

adverb. much

orme

noun. tree

panta-

verb. to beat

porokoi

?. [unglossed]

pundo

noun. [unglossed]

qende

noun. Elf

ralle

?. [unglossed]

rauka

adjective. swift

saiwali

noun. summer

salistina

adjective. blessed

saqa-

verb. [unglossed]

tartan

noun. hammer

tassarin

noun. willow

tuksainen

cardinal. thousand

turanwen

noun. princess

turille

noun. princess

turqin

noun. queen

turwen

noun. princess

tyanta

?. [unglossed]

tánie

adjective. [unglossed]

túrani

noun. queen

túrea

adjective. mighty

umpai

?. [unglossed]

upaitya-

verb. [unglossed]

valle

?. [unglossed]

vingwe

?. [unglossed]

ó(vo)

noun. mouth