ríma

edge, hem, border

ríma noun "edge, hem, border" (RĪ)

réna

edge, border, margin

réna noun "edge, border, margin" (REG)

yonwa

fence, border, boundary

yonwa noun "fence, border, boundary" (PE17:43)

yonwa

noun. fence, border, boundary

Derivations

• √YOD “fence, enclose” ✧ PE17/043

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√YOD > yonwa	[jodma] > [jonma] > [jonwa]	✧ PE17/043

ailinë

shore, beach

#ailinë (nominative uncertain) noun "shore, beach" (in Tolkien's later Quenya rather hresta). Only attested in inflected forms: sg. ablative ailinello "shore-from" (MC:213), sg. locative ailinisse "on shore" (MC:221), pl. locative ailissen "on beaches" (for *ailinissen?) (MC:221)

falas

shore, beach

falas (falass-), falassë noun "shore, beach" (LT1:253, LT2:339); falassë "shore, line of surf" (SA:falas), "shore especially one exposed to great waves and breakers" (VT42:15), "beach" (PHAL/PHÁLAS); Falassë Númëa place-name "Western Surf" (LT1:253), Andafalassë "Langstrand" (PE17:135)

hresta

shore, beach

hresta noun "shore, beach", ablative hrestallo *"from (the) shore" in Markirya

lenu-

stretch

lenu- vb. "stretch" (LT2:341)

pelma

noun. border, fringe, edge, limiting device, border, fringe, edge, limiting device; [ᴱQ.] pen

Derivations

• √PEL “fence, border, edge; bound, limit; go round, encircle, fence, border, edge; bound, limit; go round, encircle; [ᴹ√] revolve on fixed point” ✧ PE17/065

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PEL > pelma	[pelma]	✧ PE17/065

panda

enclosure

panda noun "enclosure" (PAD)

cimba

noun. edge, brink

lane

noun. hem

Cognates

• S. glân “hem, border” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glana “edge, rim” ✧ VT42/08

Derivations

• √(G)LAN “rim, edge, border, boundary” ✧ VT42/08

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(G)LAN > lane	[lani] > [lane]	✧ VT42/08

lanë

hem

lanë (lani-) noun "hem" (VT42:8)

hahta

noun. fence

fence, hedge

hríma

noun. edge, hem, border

Derivations

• ᴹ√SRI “*edge, border”

tastë

noun. fringe

Cognates

• ᴺS. tast “border, fringe”

Derivations

• ᴺ✶. TATH “fringe”

edrain

noun. border

rain

noun. border

glân

noun. hem, border

Cognates

• Q. lane “hem” ✧ VT42/08

Derivations

• √(G)LAN “rim, edge, border, boundary” ✧ VT42/08

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√(G)LAN > glân	[glane] > [glan] > [glân]	✧ VT42/08

Variations

• glân ✧ VT42/08

rîw

noun. edge, hem, border

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

cerin

noun. mound

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

lîr

noun. line, line, [N.] row

Derivations

• ᴹ√LIR “*row”

Element in

• S. aeglir “line of peaks, line of peaks, [N.] range of mountain peaks; [ᴱN.] peak, mountain top” ✧ RC/011

Variations

• lir ✧ RC/011 (lir)

cail

noun. fence or palisade of spikes and sharp stakes

glân

noun. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things)

cai

noun. hedge

cai

noun. hedge

Cognates

• Q. cëa “*hedge” ✧ PE17/101

Derivations

• √KAY “lie, lie, [ᴹ√] lie down; [ᴱ√] rest, dwell” ✧ PE17/101
• ✶kegyā “hedge” ✧ UT/282
  • ✶KEG “snag, barb” ✧ UT/282

Element in

• S. Morgai “Black Fence” ✧ PE17/101; UT/282

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KAYA > gai	[kaja] > [kaia] > [kai]	✧ PE17/101
✶kegyā > cai	[kegjā] > [kegja] > [keɣja] > [keɣia] > [keɣi] > [keiɣ] > [kei] > [kai]	✧ UT/282

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

iath

noun. fence

iath

noun. fence

Element in

• S. Doriath “Land of the Fence” ✧ SA/iâth; SI/Doriath; UTI/Doriath; WJ/370; WJI/Iathrim
• S. Echoriath “Encircling Mountains, (lit.) Encircling Fence” ✧ SA/echor
• S. Iathrim “*People of the Fence” ✧ WJ/378; WJI/Iathrim

Variations

• iâth ✧ SA/iâth; UTI/Doriath
• Iâth ✧ SI/Doriath; WJ/370; WJI/Iathrim

iâth

noun. fence

iâth

noun. fence

lanc

noun. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)

edrain

border

edrain (no distinct pl. form)

edrain

border

(no distinct pl. form)

glân

border

glân (i **lân, construct glan) (hem), pl. glain (in glain**) (VT42:8) Note: a homophone means ”white, claer”.

glân

border

(i ’lân, construct glan) (hem), pl. glain (in glain) (VT42:8) Note: a homophone means ”white, claer”.

rain

border

(noun) rain; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rain). Note: the adj. ”erratic, wandering” is a homophone of rain.

rain

noun. border

Element in

• ᴺS. edrain “*(outer) border”

rain

border

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rain). Note: the adj. ”erratic, wandering” is a homophone of rain.

rîw

border

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, edge), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

border

(construct riw) (hem, edge), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

tast

noun. border, fringe

Cognates

• ᴺQ. tastë “fringe”

Derivations

• ᴺ✶. TATH “fringe”

falas

shore, foaming shore

(pl. felais) (beach, coast, strand, line of surf; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand) (VT42:15). Adj.

faur

shore

(beach), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

habad

shore

(i chabad, o chabad), pl. hebaid (i chebaid). Archaic pl. hebeid (LR:386).

rhast

shore

(?i thrast or ?i rast – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaist (?idh raist).

taeg

boundary line

(i daeg, o thaeg) (limit, boundary), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaeg).

cerin

circular enclosure

(i gerin, o cherin) (circular raised mound), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).

lanc

brink

1) lanc (sharp edge, sudden end), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”. 2) rhîf (brim), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. rhívath (VT46:11)

lanc

brink

(sharp edge, sudden end), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”.

rhîf

brink

(brim), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. rhívath (VT46:11)

thora

fence

(verb) *thora- (the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

thora

fence

(the curious form ”thoro-” occurs in the primary source, LR:393 s.v. THUR). The passive participle thoren ”fenced, guarded, hidden” is cited (pl. thorin).

rhîf

noun. brink, brim

Derivations

• ᴹ√(S)RI “*edge, border”

rîw

noun. brink, brim

caraes

hedge of spikes

(i garaes, o charaes). No distinct pl. form except with article (i charaes).

falathren

of the shore

(pl. felethrin)

nothlir

family line

(family tree); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.

pêl

enclosure

pêl (i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root __, LR:380).

pêl

enclosure

(i bêl, construct pel) (fence, fenced field, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380).

rib

noun. stripe, line; shore; border, fringe

Derivations

• ᴺ✶. RIP “*strip, stripe, rim”

lanc

sharp edge

(sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”.

falas

line of surf

(pl. felais) (beach, shore, coast, strand, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). *(VT42:15)*****

glân

hem

1) glân (i **lân, construct glan) (border), pl. glain (in glain**) (VT42:8). Note: a homophone means ”white, clear”. 2) *rîw (construct riw) (edge, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

glân

hem

(i ’lân, construct glan) (border), pl. glain (in glain) (VT42:8). Note: a homophone means ”white, clear”.

rîw

hem

(construct riw) (edge, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh** rîw). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” **rhîf.

lest

fence

(girdle, boundary), pl. list

lîr

line

1) lîr (row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath. 2) tê (i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath, 3) tî (i dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thî), coll. pl. tíath.

lîr

line

(row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath.

rîw

edge

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

edge

(construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

tê

line

(i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath

tî

line

(i** dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thî), coll. pl. tíath.

cai

hedge

cai (i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

cai

hedge

(i gai, o chai), pl. cî (i chî);

cail

fence

(i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

ephel

fence

(pl. ephil)

iâd

noun. fence

iâth

fence

(noun) 1) iâth (construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid. 2) lest (girdle, boundary), pl. list, 3) (outer/encircling fence) ephel (pl. ephil), 4) (with spikes and sharp stakes) cail (i gail, o chail) (palisade); no distinct pl. form except with article (i chail).

iâth

fence

(construct iath, pl. iaith) (WJ:370, 378), also ?iâd (construct iad), pl. iaid.

pêl

fence, fenced field

(i bêl, construct pel) (enclosure, garth), pl. peli (i pheli), the latter forms reflecting the stem pele- (root PEL(ES), LR:380)

thangail

shield fence

(shield wall). No distinct pl. form? (UT:281)

tilias

line of peaks

(i** dilias, o thilias), pl. tiliais (i** thiliais), coll. pl. tiliassath.

hacta, hatta

noun. fence

fence, hedge

sakal Reconstructed

noun. shore

This word is attested only in Sakalthôr, whose Quenya name is Falassion (UT/223). The first element of the Quenya name seems to be falassë “shore”, so the first element of his Adûnaic name probably has the same meaning, as suggested by several authors (AAD/22, AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/SAK’L).

Element in

• Ad. Sakalthôr “?Shore-son”

(g)lan

root. rim, edge, border, boundary

A root appearing in Tolkien’s notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, glossed “rim, edge, border, boundary” and with numerous derivatives of similar meaning (VT42/8). Tolkien coined this root to explain the river name S. Glanduin, which he translated as “Border-river” in this context. In these same notes (or perhaps other notes that were close contemporaries) Tolkien also said the Sindarin name of the Mering Stream in Rohan was S. Glanhír “Boundary Stream” (UT/318).

The Sindarin and Telerin derivatives of this root have an initial gl-, with the sole exception of S. lanc/T. lanca “sharp edge, sudden end”. According to Tolkien: “It is debated whether gl- was an initial group in Common Eldarin or was a Telerin-Sindarin innovation (much extended in Sindarin)”. For the purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is probably best to assume the gl- is from Common Eldarin, to keep this root distinct from √LAN which in earlier writing was the basis for various words having to do with threads and weaving (PE17/60; Ety/LAN).

Derivatives

• Q. lanca “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. landa “boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lane “hem” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lanwa “within bounds, limited, finite, (well-)defined” ✧ VT42/08
• Q. lanya- “to bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of” ✧ VT42/08
• S. glân “hem, border” ✧ VT42/08
• S. glan(n) “boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• S. gleina- “to bound, enclose, limit” ✧ VT42/08
• S. lanc “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glana “edge, rim” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glanda “a boundary” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glania- “to bound, limit” ✧ VT42/08
• T. glanna “bounded, limited” ✧ VT42/08
• T. lanca “sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end” ✧ VT42/08

pel

root. fence, border, edge; bound, limit; go round, encircle, fence, border, edge; bound, limit; go round, encircle; [ᴹ√] revolve on fixed point

This root was connected to fences, encirclement and rotation for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as two distinct roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s. The first was ᴱ√PELE “fence in” with derivatives like ᴱQ. pelin “fenced in, pent”, ᴱQ. pelto “hedge, hedged field”, and ᴱQ. pelle “town” (QL/73). It had some clear derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. pel “village”, G. pelu- “fence, enclose”, and G. pless “hedge, fence” (GL/64). The second root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s was unglossed ᴱ√PELE with derivatives like ᴱQ. pelko “leg”, ᴱQ. pelte- “run”, and ᴱQ. peltas “pivot” (QL/73), but the “leg” word in the Gnomish Lexicon was unrelated: G. bactha “a leg” (GL/21).

Indeed, in Quenya the “leg” word was also shifted to a new root by The Etymologies of the 1930s: ᴹ√TELEK > ᴹQ. telko “leg” (Ety/TÉLEK). As for the root ᴹ√PEL, it was given the gloss “revolve on fixed point” in The Etymologies and seems to be a blending of 1910s ᴱ√PELE and ᴱ√PELE, with derivatives like ᴹQ. pel- “go round, revolve, return” and ᴹQ. peltas/N. pelthaes “pivot” (Ety/PEL) but also ᴹQ. peler/N. pêl “fenced field” and ᴹQ. opele/N. gobel “walled house or village, town” by way of extended root ᴹ√PEL(ES) (Ety/PEL(ES)).

The root √PEL appeared a number of times in Tolkien’s later writings with glosses like “edge, bound, fence, limit” (PE17/65), “fence, border” (PE17/90) and “go round, encircle” (SA/pel). Tolkien declared that:

> The basic sense should not be “revolve”; but “edge, bound, fence, limit”. Thus [S.] pelennor = fenced land; ephel, Sindarin < eppel < et­pel = “outer wall or fence”; [Q.] peltakse- (peltas) should mean a fence of fixed stakes etc., or a “pale” and fencing stakes; and pelma a border, fringe, edge, limiting device (PE17/65).

Tolkien reassigned the sense “revolve” to the root √KWER. The most notable derivative of the new sense “boundary” for √PEL was Q. pella “beyond”, more literally “beyond the boundary” (PE17/65, 80); this word was likely Tolkien’s motivation for removing the sense “revolve” from √PEL.

Derivatives

• ✶peles “fence, enclosure”
• ✶peles- “to fence round”
• ✶pelo “a bound” ✧ PE17/065
  • Q. pelo “boundary (fence)” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. pel- “to go round, encircle, to go round, encircle; [ᴱQ.] to surround, fence in, pen in; [ᴹQ.] to revolve, return” ✧ SA/pel
• ᴺQ. pelin “fenced in, pent”
• Q. pelma “border, fringe, edge, limiting device, border, fringe, edge, limiting device; [ᴱQ.] pen” ✧ PE17/065
• Q. pelo “boundary (fence)” ✧ PE17/092
• ᴺQ. pelta- “to roll”
• ᴺQ. pepella- “to circulate, orbit”
• ᴺQ. pelë “revolution”
• S. pêl “*fenced field, [N.] fenced field”
• S. Pelennor “Fenced Land” ✧ PE17/065
• ᴺS. pelu- “to fence, enclose”
• ᴺS. pel- “to fence, enclose”

Element in

• ✶et-pel “outer fence” ✧ PE17/065; SA/pel
• ✶peltakse “fence of fixed stakes, a ‘pale’” ✧ PE17/065
• ᴺQ. pelas “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
• Q. Pelendur “?Servant of the Border”
• Q. pella “beyond (boundary or limit)” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. Pelóri “Mountain Wall, Fencing Heights” ✧ SA/pel
• Q. terpellië “*temptation”
• S. gobel “village, town (enclosure), (walled) village, town (enclosure); [N.] walled house, *manor”
• ᴺS. pela(h) “along, (lit.) by the boundary of”
• S. Pelargir “Garth of Royal Ships” ✧ SA/pel
• S. Pelennor “Fenced Land” ✧ SA/pel

Variations

• PELE ✧ PE17/092; PE17/171
• pel- ✧ SA/pel

teg

root. line

Tolkien used a number of similar roots as the basis for “line” words throughout his life. The earliest of these appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as ᴱ√TEHE [teχe] “pull” (gloss marked with a “?” by Tolkien) with derivatives like ᴱQ. tea “straight”, ᴱQ. telya “attractive; importunate”, and ᴱQ. tie “line, direction, route, road” (QL/90), the last of these surviving more or less unchanged all the way into the published version of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). The early root ᴱ√TEHE also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tê “mark, line; track; path”, G. tî or tion “straight”, and G. tîr “honest; esteem, regard, honour”, originally “straight, upright” (GL/69, 71). Primitive ᴱ✶tegna > ᴱQ. tína/ᴱN. tain “straight” from Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s may represent a shift in the form of the root to ✱ᴱ√TEGE (PE13/153, 165).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root appeared as {ᴹ√TEƷ >>} ᴹ√TEÑ “line, direction” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tie/N. tê “line, way” and ᴹQ. téra/N. tîr “straight, right” (Ety/TEƷ, TEÑ). In the Outline of Phonology Tolkien gave √TEG “line”, whereas √TEÑ was given as the basis for Q. tenna “a thought, notion, idea” and thus clearly with a different meaning; see the entry √TEÑ for further discussion. In any case it is clear that Tolkien considered various ancient velar consonants for the second consonant of this root, all ultimately vanishing in the child languages with similar vocalic effects: 1910s teχ-, 1920s teg-, 1930s {teʒ- >>} teñ- and 1950s teg-.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume this root was √TEƷ in order to preserve the validity of the word téma “series”. This is because Tolkien kept vacillating on the development of gm, but usually had gm &gt; ngw, so that teg-mā > tengwa, not téma.

Derivatives

• ✶tegē “line, road”
  • Q. tië “path, road, way, line, path, road, way, line, [ᴹQ.] course, direction, [ᴱQ.] route” ✧ PE19/071
• ✶tegmā “direct[ion], process” ✧ PE19/097
  • Q. téma “series, series, [ᴹQ.] row, line” ✧ PE18/104; PE19/082; PE19/097

kegyā

noun. hedge

Derivations

• ✶KEG “snag, barb” ✧ UT/282

Derivatives

• S. cai “hedge” ✧ UT/282

tath

root. fringe

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. tastë “fringe”
• ᴺS. tast “border, fringe”

tad

root. enclosure

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. tarwa “garden, enclosure”
• ᴺS. tadhos “hawthorn”
• ᴺS. tódhi “paddock”

edrein

noun. border

rhain

noun. border

rhain

noun. border

Changes

• rhaen → rhain ✧ Ety/REG

Cognates

• ᴹQ. réna “edge, border, margin” ✧ Ety/REG; EtyAC/REG

Derivations

• ᴹ√REG “edge, border, margin” ✧ Ety/REG; EtyAC/REG

Element in

• N. edraenui “?outside, bordering, outer” ✧ EtyAC/REG (edraenui)
• N. edrein “*(outer) border” ✧ Ety/REG
• N. Emyn Rhain “Border Hills” ✧ TI/313
• N. Duil Rain “Border Hills” ✧ TI/268 (Duil Rain)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√REG > rhein > rhain	[regna] > [reŋna] > [reina] > [rein] > [r̥ein] > [r̥ain]	✧ Ety/REG
ᴹ√RAG > rhaen	[ragna] > [raŋna] > [raina] > [rain] > [r̥ain] > [r̥aen]	✧ EtyAC/REG

Variations

• rhain ✧ Ety/REG
• rhaen ✧ EtyAC/REG (rhaen)
• Rhain ✧ TI/313

rhein

noun. border

esgar

noun. shore

rhîf

noun. edge, hem, border

cerin

noun. circular enclosure

cerin

noun. mound

rhîf

noun. brink, brim

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ríma “edge, hem, border” ✧ Ety/RĪ

Derivations

• ᴹ√(S)RI “*edge, border” ✧ Ety/RĪ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RĪ > rhîf	[rīma] > [rīm] > [r̥īm] > [r̥īv]	✧ Ety/RĪ

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

thora-

verb. to fence

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

tî

noun. line, row

tê

noun. line, way

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence