Quenya 

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

cirissë

slash, gash

cirissë ("k")noun "slash, gash" (KIRIS; the glosses "cleft" and maybe ?"crevasse" occurred in deleted material, VT45:23)

cir-

verb. to cut, to cut, [ᴱQ.] cleave; *to sail

@@@ Helge Fauskanger suggested that it means “sail” in Markirya: (QQ/círa).

Derivations

  • √KIR “cut, cleave, pass swiftly through; shave; skim (surface), slip along, glide quickly”

Element in

  • Q. aucir- “to cut off (and get rid of or lose a portion)” ✧ WJ/365
  • ᴺQ. cirila “cutting”
  • Q. hócir- “to cut off (so as to have or use a required portion)” ✧ WJ/368
  • Q. métima hrestallo círa “leave the last shore” ✧ MC/221
  • ᴺQ. oscir- “to circumcise, (lit.) around-cut”
Quenya [MC/221; WJ/365; WJ/368] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hyar-

cleave

#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.

hyar-

verb. cleave

Quenya [PE 22:102] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

narca-

to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

alaco

rush, rushing flight, wild wind

alaco ("k")noun "rush, rushing flight, wild wind" (VT45:5 cf. ÁLAK)

Sindarin 

rista-

verb. to cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Rest

noun. cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rib

rush

(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

rib

rush

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

criss

slash

criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

criss

slash

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, cleft), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

rista-

verb. to cut; to rend, rip

Element in

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

raw

rush

(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)

raw

rush

(pl. roe, idh roe)

ristannen

adjective. cut

Elements

WordGloss
rista-“to cut; to rend, rip”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

narcha

rend

narcha- (i narcha, in narchar)

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

Primitive elvish

ris

root. cut, cleave, cut, cleave; [ᴹ√] slash, rip

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivative N. risto “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS¹). Tolkien then created a new entry for ᴹ√RIS without deleting the prior entry, with derivatives like ᴹQ. rista/N. rhest “a cut” and ᴹQ. rista-/N. rhista- “cut” (Ety/RIS²); this seems to reflect a conceptual shift of “slash, rip” >> “cut”. Indeed, the root √RIS reappeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the gloss “cut” (PE17/87). Christopher Tolkien gave this root the gloss “cleave” in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ris).

Derivatives

  • ✶rinsa “cleft, cloven, separate” ✧ PE17/087
    • S. riss “cleft, cloven, separate; cleft” ✧ PE17/087
  • ✶rinse “?cleft, ravine” ✧ PE17/087
    • Q. rissë “?cleft, ravine” ✧ PE17/087
  • ✶rista “*cut”
    • S. rest “*cut, [N.] cut” ✧ WJ/365
  • Q. rista “*cut, [ᴹQ.] cut” ✧ PE17/087
  • S. crist “cleaver, cleaver; [N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice” ✧ SA/ris

Element in

  • √KIRIS “cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split” ✧ SA/ris
  • S. Angrist “Iron-cleaver” ✧ SA/ris
  • S. criss “cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine” ✧ PE17/087
  • S. Imladris “Rivendell, (lit.) Deep Dale of the Cleft” ✧ SA/ris

Variations

  • ris ✧ SA/ris
Primitive elvish [PE17/087; PE17/182; SA/ris] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kiris

root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split

Derivatives

  • ✶kirissi “cleft”
    • S. criss “cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine” ✧ PE21/80
  • ᴺS. crisg “sharp [edged]”
  • S. criss “cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine”
  • S. crist “cleaver, cleaver; [N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice”
  • ᴺS. crista- “to slash, cut, slice”

Element in

Variations

  • kris- ✧ SA/ris
Primitive elvish [SA/ris] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rip

root. *strip, stripe, rim

Derivatives

  • ᴺQ. rimpë “stripe, strip”
  • ᴺQ. ripta- “to cut in strips, tear up; to stripe, mark in parallel lines; to flay, flog”
  • ᴺS. raeb “scored, striped”
  • ᴺS. rib “stripe, line; shore; border, fringe”
  • ᴺS. ribin “striped, edged”
  • ᴺS. rimp “shred, slice, sliver”

Noldorin 

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

Derivations

  • On. rista- “rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹
    • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. rista- > risto[rista-]✧ Ety/RIS¹
Noldorin [Ety/RIS¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhista-

verb. to cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhista-

verb. to cut

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. rista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶rista- “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
    • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶rista- > rhisto[rista-] > [r̥ista-]✧ Ety/RIS²
Noldorin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhest

noun. cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhest

noun. cut

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RIS > rhest[rista] > [resta] > [rest] > [r̥est]✧ Ety/RIS²
Noldorin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

Noldorin [Ety/379] Group: SINDICT. Published by

narcha-

verb. to rend

Noldorin [Ety/374] Group: SINDICT. Published by

narcha-

verb. to rend

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. narka- “to rend” ✧ Ety/NÁRAK

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” ✧ Ety/NÁRAK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NÁRAK > narcha-[narka-] > [narkʰa-] > [narxa-]✧ Ety/NÁRAK
Noldorin [Ety/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

rista

noun. cut

Cognates

  • N. rhest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • Ilk. rest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RIS > rista[rista]✧ Ety/RIS²

rista-

verb. to cut

Cognates

  • N. rhista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶rista- “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
    • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶rista- > rista-[rista-]✧ Ety/RIS²

narka-

verb. to rend

Cognates

  • N. narcha- “to rend” ✧ Ety/NÁRAK

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” ✧ Ety/NÁRAK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NÁRAK > narka[narka-]✧ Ety/NÁRAK

Variations

  • narka ✧ Ety/NÁRAK
  • narki ✧ EtyAC/NÁRAK
Qenya [Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

rest

noun. cut

A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✱✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RIS > rest[ristā] > [rista] > [resta] > [rest]✧ Ety/RIS²
Doriathrin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

rista-

verb. rend, rip

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹

Derivatives

  • N. rista- “to rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√RIS > rista-[rista-]✧ Ety/RIS¹
Old Noldorin [Ety/RIS¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

rip

root. rush, fly, fling, hurl

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “rush, fly, fling” with derivatives like ᴹQ. rimpa “rushing, flying” and N. rhib- “to flow like a (?torrent)”, the latter an element in the name N. Rhimdath “Rushdown” (Ety/RIP). This river name appeared in early maps from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (RS/205), but the river was unlabeled in the published version of The Lord of the Rings. As for the root ᴹ√RIP, it reappeared with the gloss “fling, hurl (of something long like an arrow, spear, shaft)” in a rejected list of roots from Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, having a single derivative in the past form ᴹQ. rimpe “hurled” (PE22/127 note #141). In this list ᴹ√RIP appeared immediately above the root ᴹ√KHAT “hurl”, which also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KHAT).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use the better-known root ᴹ√KHAT for “hurl, fling”, which derivatives like Q. hatal “spear” as late as the 1960s. If ᴹ√RIP is used, it is probably best to give it the meaning of its derivatives from The Etymologies: “rush, fly”.

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. rimpa “rushing, flying” ✧ Ety/RIP
  • ᴹQ. rip- “to hurl” ✧ PE22/127
  • N. rhib- “to flow like a (?torrent)” ✧ Ety/RIP
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/RIP; PE22/127] Group: Eldamo. Published by

skel

root. *strip

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. helda/N. hell “naked”, ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell” and N. helf “fur” (Ety/SKEL). The root was initially given as ᴹ√SKAL, and various forms had a >> e after ᴹ√SKAL >> ᴹ√SKEL (EtyAC/SKEL).

Changes

  • SKAL → SKEL ✧ Ety/SKEL

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶skelmā “skin, fell” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
    • ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell, skin, fell, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
    • ᴹQ. halma “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
    • N. helf “fur, fur, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴹ✶skelnā “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
    • ᴹQ. helda “naked, stripped bare” ✧ Ety/SKEL
    • ᴹQ. halla “naked” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
    • On. skhella “naked” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
    • N. hell “naked, naked, *stripped” ✧ Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL
  • ᴹ✶skelta- “to strip” ✧ Ety/SKEL
    • ᴺQ. helta- “to strip, bar, peel; *to despoil, denude”
    • N. heltha- “to strip, to strip, flay, peel skin; to despoil, make bare” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • ᴹQ. helda “naked, stripped bare” ✧ Ety/SKAL¹
  • ᴺQ. helet “fur, fur-coat”
  • N. heleth “fur, fur-coat” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • N. helf “fur, fur, *hide” ✧ Ety/SKEL
  • N. halath “skin, fell” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
  • On. skhalta- “to strip” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL
    • N. heltha- “to strip, to strip, flay, peel skin; to despoil, make bare” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL

Element in

  • N. haldir “fur-hunter” ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (haldir)

Variations

  • SKAL ✧ EtyAC/SKEL (SKAL)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SKAL¹; Ety/SKEL; EtyAC/SKEL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ris

root. slash, rip

Derivatives

  • Ilk. rest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • ᴹ✶risse- “a ravine” ✧ Ety/RIS²
    • N. rhis “ravine” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • ᴹ✶rista- “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
    • ᴹQ. rista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
    • N. rhista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • ᴹQ. rista “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • N. rhest “cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • On. rista- “rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹
    • N. rista- “to rend, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS¹

Element in

  • ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²
  • N. Orchrist ✧ Ety/RIS¹
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS¹; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kiris

root. cut

Changes

  • KIRÍS → KIRÍS “cut, slash” ✧ Ety/KIRIS

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. kirisse “slash, gash” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; EtyAC/KIR
  • N. criss “cleft, cut, slash; pass” ✧ Ety/KIRIS; EtyAC/KIR
  • N. crist “cleaver, sword” ✧ Ety/KIRIS

Elements

WordGloss
KIR“cleave”
RIS“slash, rip”

Variations

  • KIRÍS ✧ Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR (KIRÍS); EtyAC/KIRIS (KIRÍS)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR; EtyAC/KIRIS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rista-

verb. cut

Derivations

  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. rista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • N. rhista- “to cut” ✧ Ety/RIS²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kir

root. cleave

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶kiryā “ship”
    • ᴹQ. kirya “ship, boat” ✧ PE19/060; PE19/060; PE19/060
  • ᴹQ. kirya “ship, boat” ✧ Ety/KIR
  • N. ceir “ship” ✧ Ety/KIR

Element in

  • ᴹ√KIRIK “*reap”
  • ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” ✧ EtyAC/KIR (KIRÍS)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIR; EtyAC/KIR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

fagin

adjective. cut

fag-

verb. to cut

Derivations

  • ᴱ√FAKA “cut”

Element in

  • G. fagin “cut” ✧ GL/33

fanc

noun. cut

Derivations

  • ᴱ√FAKA “cut”

Early Primitive Elvish

ḷqḷ

root. rend

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ and glossed “rend”, having what appears to be unglossed verb forms ᴱQ. ulqin “✱I rend” and alqe “✱rended [past]” as derivatives (QL/97). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Derivatives

  • Eq. ulqu- “*to rend” ✧ QL/097

Variations

  • (U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ ✧ QL/097
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

faka Speculative

root. cut

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Derivatives

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

halis

noun. rush

Derivations

  • ᴱ√HALA “*leap” ✧ QL/039

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√HALA > halis[xaliskǝ] > [xalisk] > [halisk] > [haliss] > [halis]✧ QL/039

Variations

  • haliske ✧ QL/039
Early Quenya [QL/039] Group: Eldamo. Published by

haliske

noun. rush

vilki-

verb. to cut

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√VḶKḶ > vilkin[βḷk-] > [vḷk-] > [vilk-]✧ QL/101
ᴱ√VḶKḶ > valke[βḹke-] > [vḹke-] > [valke-]✧ QL/101
Early Quenya [QL/101] Group: Eldamo. Published by

feng-

verb. to cut

Derivations

  • ᴱ√FEŊE “*cut” ✧ QL/038

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√FEŊE > fengin[ɸeŋg-] > [feŋg-]✧ QL/038
Early Quenya [QL/038] Group: Eldamo. Published by