old

noun. torrent, mountain-stream

brûn

adjective. old (has long endured)

gern

adjective. worn, old, decrepit (of things)

iaur

adjective. ancient, old(en)

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

gern

adjective. worn, old, decripit (used of things only)

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

ingem

adjective. old (in mortal sense), suffering from old age, decrepit, (lit.) year-sick

pel

noun. fenced field (= Old English tún)

iaur

adjective. older, former

thêl

noun. sister

A word for “sister” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√THEL or THELES of the same meaning, with an irregular plural thelei (Ety/THEL). It had a more elaborate form muinthel, the equivalent of muindor “(dear) brother”, with an initial element muin “dear”.

Neo-Quenya: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word nethel for “sister” from the root √NETH (VT47/14). However, I think thêl and related words might be retained to mean a “metaphorical sister”, a close female associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as gwathel “[sworn] sister, associate”. In this paradigm, I would assume muinthel still refers to a sister by blood, with an added connotation of strong affection. I think it’s best to assume the irregular Noldorin plural pattern was reformed to the normal Sindarin plural thîl.

thórod

noun. torrent

A noun for “torrent” in The Etymologies of the 1930s based on the root ᴹ√THOR “come swooping down” (Ety/THOR; EtyAC/THOR). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the form as thórod (LR/393), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to thôrod in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/19). However, in normal Sindarin/Noldorin orthography ô is only used for monosyllables, so thórod is the expected form.

palath

noun. surface

dae

adverb. very

dalath

noun. flat surface, plane

dalath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

go-

prefix. together

go-

prefix. together

gwa-

prefix. together

gwathel

noun. sister, associate

mad-

verb. to eat

muinthel

noun. sister

muinthel

noun. sister

oll

noun. torrent, mountain-stream

palath

noun. surface

rîdh

noun. sown field, acre

thêl

noun. sister

thórod

noun. torrent

Yára-noldorin

noun. Old Noldorin

Old Noldorin

aira

old

aira (3) adj. "old" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

enwina

old

enwina adj. "old" (Markirya)

enwina

adjective. old

enwina lúmë

the old darkness

The twenty-eighth line of the Markirya poem (MC/222). The first word is enwina “old” followed by the noun lúmë “darkness”, possibly a variant of more common lómë as suggested by Helge Fauskanger (AL/Markirya).

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> enwina lúmë = “✱old darkness”

Yára-telerin

noun. Old Telerin

Old Telerin (of the days of Bliss)

linyenwa

old, having many years

linyenwa adj. "old, having many years" (YEN)

yerna

old, worn

yerna adj. "old, worn" (GYER)

yára

adjective. old, ancient, old, ancient, [ᴹQ.] belonging to or descending from former times

elainen tárin periandion ar meldenya anyáran

*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend

(Lambengolmor/640)

manaurëa

adjective. how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days

sinaurëa

adjective. this old, this long lasting, (lit.) of this many days

tanaurëa

adjective. that old, that long lasting, (lit.) of that many days

yanaurëa

adjective. as old as, (lit.) of the same days as

-ya

his

-ya (4) pronominal suffix "his" (and probably also "her, its"), said to be used in "colloquial Quenya" (which had redefined the "correct" ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean "their" because it was associated with the plural ending -r). Hence e.g. cambeya ("k") "his hand", yulmaya "his cup" (VT49:17) instead of formally "correct" forms in -rya. The ending -ya was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for "all numbers" in the 3rd person, predating elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya "remained in Quenya" in the case of "old nouns with consonantal stems", Tolkien listing tál "foot", cas "head", nér "man", sír "river" and macil "sword" as examples. He refers to "the continued existence of such forms as talya his foot", that could apparently be used even in "correct" Quenya (VT49:17). In PE17:130, the forms talya "his foot" and macilya ("k") "his (or their) sword" are mentioned.

an-

very

an- (2) intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" (cf. calima "bright"), antara "very high, very lofty" and #anyára "very old" or "oldest" (the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription [VT49:40], there with the dative ending -n). Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca ("k") "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- (though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result). See also un-. (Letters:279, VT45:5, 36) Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- (the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-), as in- (technically iñ-) before c- and g- (the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix), and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead (see am- #2). In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- (whether original or from þ), not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- (so the form #anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the _Elaine inscription). (PE17:92)_

mat-

verb. eat

mat- (1) vb. "eat" (MAT, VT45:32), also given as mata- (VT39:5), pa.t. mantë "ate" (VT39:7). The form matumnë is said to be future-past: "was going to eat", with the "OQ" (Old Quenya?) future-past element umnë (VT48:32; possibly this could function independently as a form of the verb "to be", hence "was to be"). It is not clear if the form matumnë is itself "Old Quenya" as if this is an archaic future-past formation, or it is just umnë (as an independent word) that is archaic. (Note: Tolkien's translation of matumnë is actually "I was going to eat", but the pronoun "I" does not seem to be expressed in the Quenya form.) Adj. or pseudo-participle #matya "eating" in melumatya "honey-eating" (PE17:68)

onórë

sister

onórë noun "sister" (of blood-kin) (THEL/THELES, NŌ; both of these entries in the Etymologies as reproduced in LR have the reading "onóne", but the "Old Noldorin" cognate wanúre listed in the entry THEL/THELES seems to indicate that the Quenya word should be onórë; the letters n and r are easily confused in Tolkien's handwriting. There is no clear evidence for a feminine ending -në in Quenya, but -rë is relatively well attested; cf. for instance ontarë.) A later source gives the word for "sister" as nésa instead.

palúrë

surface, bosom, bosom of earth

palúrë noun "surface, bosom, bosom of Earth" (= Old English folde) (PAL); cf. Palúrien.

yerya-

verb. to wear (out)

yerya- vb. "to wear (out)", also intr. "get old" (GYER)

yára

ancient, belonging to or descending from former times

yára adj. "ancient, belonging to or descending from former times" (YA); evidently it can also simply mean "old", since Tolkien used the intensive/superlative form #anyára to describe Elaine Griffiths as his "oldest" or "very old" friend in a book dedication (see an-).

o-

prefix. together

A prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive √WO (WJ/367). The modern Quenya form of the prefix is the result of the sound change whereby “unstressed wo was often reduced to o with loss of w” (PE19/106). Note that “when stressed the [primitive] sequence wo was usually changed > wa”, so in theory Quenya might have a variant prefix ✱va- “together” that was the result of an ancient stressed prefix, much like Sindarin go- vs. gwa-. However, there is no sign of such a prefix va- in Quenya. Instead, the short o- became ó- in those rare cases where it was stressed (WJ/367).

In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 Tolkien said that o- was “used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units”, as opposed to yo- used for three or more things (WJ/361, 367). In examples elsewhere, though, o- “together” seems to have a more general meaning in words like olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves” or ombari “company, dwellers together” (NM/117). I would therefore assume yo- is only used when plurality was emphasized, and o- “together” was the default choice otherwise.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this suffix appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱQ. ma- “together” derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a (GL/40). This was part of a paradigm in which G. go- was the result of unstressed ᴱ✶ŋu̯a, and gwa- was the normal phonological result. There was also an apparently related suffix ᴱQ. -ngwe in the Narqelion poem in phrases like ómalingwe lir’ amaldar = “✱(together) with voices singing gently”, which could also be derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a. The Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s had ᴱQ. va- as the equivalent of ᴱN. go- “together”, probably reflecting a change to primitive ✱wa- (PE13/162).

The Etymologies of the 1930s had both ᴹQ. ō̆- and N. go- “together” derived from the root ᴹ√WŌ̆ (Ety/WŌ). In this new paradigm, N. gwa- was the result of stressed primitive wó-. In Quenya primitive wō and unstressed wŏ blended to produce o- “together”, which could be either short o or long ó. In the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) of the 1940s, Tolkien seems to hint that stressed (g)wo- > wá- in Quenya as well (PE19/53). But as noted above there are no examples of prefixal wa-/va- “together” in actual Quenya words from Tolkien’s later writings.

yárië

noun. age

nésa

noun. sister

A word for “sister” coined by Tolkien in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, based on the root √NETH of similar meaning (VT47/12, 14). It had a diminutive/affectionate variant nettë used as a play name for the fourth finger in several places in these notes (VT47/12; VT48/6), but I prefer to mainly use nettë for “(little) girl” in Neo-Quenya (VT47/10, 15, 33).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. seler “sister” from the root ᴹ√THEL or THELES (Ety/THEL), and the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. heresse “sister” from the early root ᴱ√HESE (QL/40). See those entries for discussion.

-rya

his, her

-rya 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably "its" (VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67), attested in coivierya *"his/her life", máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369). The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya (VT49:17) and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s "he, she, it". In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for "their" rather than "his/her", because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r,e.g. símaryassen "in their [not his/her] imaginations" (VT49:16, 17). See -ya #4.

-zya

his, her, its

-zya, archaic form of the pronominal ending -rya "his, her, its", q.v. (VT49:17)

ita

very, extremely

ita, íta adv. 2) "very, extremely" (PE17:112). Like #1 above, this element emerged as part of Tolkiens efforts to explain the initial element of the name Idril (Q Itaril), so it is questionable if #1 and #2 were ever meant to coexist in the "same" version of Quenya.

lai

very

[lai adverbial particle "very" (VT45:8)]

mat-

verb. eat

nésa

sister

nésa (Þ) noun "sister" (VT47:14); this form from a late source possibly replaces earlier seler and onórë, q.v.

osellë

sister, [female] associate

osellë (þ) noun "sister, [female] associate" (THEL/THELES, WŌ). Cf. otorno.

palmë

surface

palmë noun "surface" (PAL)

seler

sister

seler (þ) (sell-, as in pl. selli) noun "sister" (THEL/THELES). In a later source, the word nésa (q.v.) appears instead, leaving the conceptual status of seler uncertain.

uo

together

[uo adv. "together" (PE17:191)]

uo

adverb. together

The adverb uo “together” appeared as a derivative of ✶ówō in a rejected page of notes on the etymology about the prefix o- of the same meaning, probably from around 1959 (PE17/191).

Neo-Quenya: Though the page is rejected, the etymology of ᴺQ. uo “together” remains plausible, so I would retain this adverb for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

wa-

prefix. together

lai

adverb. very

uo

adverb. together

iaur

adjective. old, old; [N.] ancient, olden

drúwaith iaur

place name. Old Púkel-land

A Sindarin translation of “Old Púkel-land”, referring to the wilderness once inhabited by the Woses (RC/lxiv, UT/261). It is a combination Drúwaith and iaur “old”, here used in the sense “former” rather than “aged” (UT/384).

iant iaur

place name. Old Bridge

The bridge over the river Esgalduin (S/121). This name is a combination of iant “bridge” and iaur “old” (SA/iant, iaur).

ioreth

feminine name. Old Woman

An old woman from Minas Tirith (LotR/860), her name was translated “Old Woman”, a combination of the prefixal form ior- of iaur “old” and the feminine suffix -eth (RC/579).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Yoreth (WR/386), but this was probably just a variant spelling rather than a real difference in the name.

iarwain

masculine name. Old-young

A title of Tom Bombadil (LotR/1114), translated “Old-young” in an unpublished letter from 1968 (RC/128). This name is a combination of iaur “old” (SA/iant) and the lenited form of gwain “young”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Iaur (the adjective iaur “old” as a name) alongside N. Erion, both translated “Eldest” (TI/125).

Dorgannas Iaur

noun. account of the shapes of the lands of old

(n-)dôr (“land, dwelling place”) + cant (“shape”) + as (#abstract collective suffix) + iaur (“old”) #The suffix -as probably denotes “a complete set of different things of one kind”.

Iant Iaur

noun. old bridge

iant (“bridge”), iaur (“old”)

Iorhael

noun. old-wise (Frodo)

iaur (“ancient, old”) + sael (“wise”)

dorgannas iaur

proper name. [Account of the] Shapes of the Lands of Old

A treatise on the geography of Beleriand, translated “account of the shapes of the lands of old” (WJ/192), its first word a combination dôr “land”, the lenited form gan(n) of cant “shape” and the suffix -as.

iarwain

adjective. old-young (that is old, but yet still very vigorous)

Elvish name of Tom Bombadil, rendered as "oldest" in LotR, which made some people interpret this word as a superlative form (of iaur ). However this theory was later controversed. While no other superlatives in -wain are known, einior , attested in PM/358 (where it is rendered as "eldest"), makes a much better candidate for a superlative construct (conceivably built from the intensive prefix an- and iaur shortened in final position). Moreover, comparing iarwain to narwain , Bertrand Bellet noted in Lambengolmor/642 that iarwain could as well be interpreted as an old compound construct, of the primitive jâra (Q. yára, S. iaur ) and *winjâ (Q. vinya, S. gwain ). He thus suggested that iarwain could actually mean "old-new". This analysis was afterwards confirmed by RC/128, quoting a (yet) unpublished draft letter from Tolkien dated from 1968, which states: "Iarwain = old-young, presumably as far as anybody remembered, he had always looked much the same, old but very vigorous"

maden

old aor

v. old aor.

sennas iaur

place name. Old Guesthouse

Sindarin name of the Old Guesthouse (LotR/768), mentioned only in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/523). This name is a combination of sennas “guesthouse” and iaur “old”.

ioron

noun. old man

-a

suffix. [old] genitive suffix

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

iaur

adjective. ancient, old, original

iphant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

iaur

adjective. older, former

iarwain

noun. the oldest

iaur (“old”) + wain (adj. superlative suffix) #The meaning of the last element is not entirely clear.

iaur

old

1. iaur (ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare ELDER, ELDEST, q.v. 2) brûn (long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

iaur

old

(ior-, iar-) (ancient, former), pl. ioer. Compare

Drúwaith Iaur

place name. Old Púkel land

Drúwaith Iaur is a Sindarin name, consisting of drú ("wild") + waith ("folk, land") and iaur ("old"); it is thus a literal translation of Old Púkel land. On a "scrap of writing", according to Christopher Tolkien, the word Iaur did not mean "original" but "former".

ioras

l7HiD noun. oldness, old age

A theoretical abstract noun from the adj. iaur "old" (cp. hand > hannas).

ingem

suffering from old age

(pl. ingim), literally ”year-sick”

ingem

suffering from old age

ingem (pl. ingim), literally ”year-sick”

Drúwaith Iaur

Drúwaith Iaur

Drúwaith Iaur is a Sindarin name, consisting of drú ("wild") + waith ("folk, land") and iaur ("old"); it is thus a literal translation of Old Púkel land. On a "scrap of writing", according to Christopher Tolkien, the word Iaur did not mean "original" but "former".

Iant Iaur

Iant Iaur

Iant Iaur means "Old Bridge", from iant "bridge" and iaur "old".

Ioreth

Ioreth

Ioreth means "old woman" in Sindarin; iaur "old" plus feminine ending -eth. In draft, Tolkien had spelt her name Yoreth. Like "Gamling", it was specifically chosen to suit the character of the old nurse.

Iorhael

Iorhael

The meaning is "old-wise" and comes from iaur and sael.

gern

worn

gern (old, of things), lenited ern, pl. girn

gern

worn

(old, of things), lenited ’ern, pl. girn

iaur

ancient

iaur (in compounds ior-, iar-) (old, former), pl. ioer

iaur

ancient

(in compounds ior-, iar-) (old, former), pl. ioer

oll

torrent

1. oll (mountain steam), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.) 2) thorod, pl. theryd (archaic thöryd).

oll

torrent

(mountain steam), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)

oll

mountain stream

oll (torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)

oll

mountain stream

oll (torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)

oll

mountain stream

(torrent), pl. yll. (The source also cites the archaic form old.)

andrann

age

andrann (cycle), pl. endrain. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand.

andrann

age

(cycle), pl. endrain. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” anrand.

neth

sister

1. neth (also used = ”girl”). (VT47:14-16, 33; VT48:6), pl. nith. Notice the homophone neth ”young”. Also nîth (no distinct pl. form though the plural article with show pluarlity when the noun is definite: in nîth) (VT47:14). 2) gwathel (i **wathel), pl. gwethil (in gwethil). 3) muinthel (i vuinthel), pl. muinthil (i muinthil), more usual than the shorter form thêl (stem thele-), pl. theli. In “Noldorin”, the pl. was thelei** (LR:392 s.v. THEL).

palath

surface

1. palath (i balath, o phalath), pl. pelaith (i phelaith). 2) (flat surface) talath (i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath_, LR:353 s.v.

talath

surface

(i dalath, o thalath) (plane, flatlands, plain, [wide] valley), pl. telaith (i thelaith). *Tolkien changed this word from ”Noldorin” dalath, LR:353 s.v. DAL. Compare the Talath Dirnen or ”Guarded Plain” mentioned in the *Silmarillion.

tîn

pronoun. his

Non-lenited form suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT31/21).

-deid

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deith, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-deith

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-dyn

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -deith, -ed, [[]]

go-

together

_pref. _together. Q. o-.

neth

noun. sister

neth

noun. girl (in her teens, approaching the adult)

nethel

noun. sister

A word for “sister” coined by Tolkien in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s, based on the root √NETH of similar meaning and replacing the archaic form of the word †nîth (VT47/12, 14). The diminutive/affectionate form nethig “[little] sister” was used as a play name for the fourth finger (VT48/6); Tolkien considered an alternate diminutive netheg (VT47/14, 32) and also considered giving this diminutive an alternate meaning “little girl” (VT47/15, 33); see S. neth for discussion.

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. thêl “sister” from the root ᴹ√THEL or THELES (Ety/THEL), and the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hethir “sister” from the early root ᴱ√HESE [HEÞE] (GL/48; QL/40). See those entries for discussion.

nethig

noun. "litte sister"

First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion

nethig

noun. ring finger (Elvish play-name used by and taught to children)

First given in the manuscript as netheg in VT/47:14-15, but see especially VT/48:17 n. 13 for discussion

nîth

noun. sister

nîth

noun. sister

parth

noun. field, enclosed grassland, sward

talath

noun. flat surface, plane

talath

noun. flat land, plain, (wide) valley

talf

noun. flat field, flat land

thalos

place name. Torrent

One of the seven streams from which Ossiriand got its name (S/123), and is simply thalos “torrent” used as a name (Ety/STAL). Given the river’s location in Ossiriand, this name might be Nandorin instead.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the name Thalos was designated Ilkorin, with the derivation given above (Ety/STAL). Like many of the river names in Ossiriand, Tolkien did not give a new etymology of the name after he abandoned the Ilkorin language.

tîn

adjective. his

în

adjective. his (referring to the subject)

an-

very

(as adverbial prefix) an-, as in:

an-

very

as in:

brûn

elder, eldest

(long endured, long established, long in use), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin. Cf. also

dae

very

dae (exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

dae

adverb. very

dae

very

(exceedingly). Lenited dhae.

go

together

(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

go

together

gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

godref

through together

(AI:92)

iphant

full of years

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

iphant (long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

(long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

mad

eat

mad- (i vâd, i medir). HONEY-EATER, see BEAR

mad

eat

(i vâd, i medir).

palath

surface

(i balath, o phalath), pl. pelaith (i phelaith).

parth

field

1. parth (i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth), 2) (low, flat field, or wetland) talf (i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. _(Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”. 3) sant (i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20)_

parth

field

(i barth, o pharth) (sward, enclosed grassland), pl. perth (i pherth)

rîdh

sown field

(acre);  no distinct pl. form except possibly with article (idh rîdh)

sant

field

(i hant, o sant) (garden, yard, or other privately owned place), pl. saint (i saint) (VT42:20) 

talf

field

(i dalf, o thalf), pl. telf (i thelf), coll. pl. talvath. (Names:195). Note: a homophone means ”palm”.

thalos Speculative

noun. torrent

thorod

torrent

pl. theryd (archaic thöryd).

tín

his

*tín (only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín* is used instead (e.g. i venn sunc i haw ín** ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but *i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody elses) juice”.

tín

his

(only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín is used instead (e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody else’s) juice”.

ín

his

(pronoun referring to the subject, e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his [own] juice”, as opposed to ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his [= another’s] juice”)

sharkû

noun. old man

-il

suffix. old tool and weapon names

-ro

suffix. an old agental formation

wo

root. together

This root was the basis for the prefix Q. o- and S. go- “together”. In the 1910s Gnomish Lexicon, G. go- (unaccented) or gwa- “together” was derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a and the Qenya form was ᴱQ. ma- (GL/40-41). In the 1920s the Early Noldorin form was still ᴱN. go- or gwa- but the Qenya form was ᴱQ. va- (PE13/162), probably from primitive ✱wa-. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WŌ̆ “together” with derivatives ᴹQ. o- and N. go- or stressed gwa- (Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ).

In The Etymologies Tolkien explained the go-/gwa- variation in Noldorin as the result of the sound change whereby stressed wŏ became wa in Common Eldarin (Ety/WŌ); Tolkien gave a similar explanation for Sindarin in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/367). Despite stressed wŏ > wa being an ancient change, the wa variant did not survive in Quenya. Tolkien explained the sound change whereby wo became o in Quenya several times: in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s, in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, and in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (PE19/53, 106; WJ/367). The root √WO itself also appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/16, 191; WJ/361), in one place with the variant √WONO (PE17/191).

mat

root. eat

This was the root for eating words for all of Tolkien’s life, appearing very regularly. It was ᴱ√MATA “eat” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/59), ᴹ√MAT “eat” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/MAT), and √MAT “eat” in etymological notes from the late 1960s (VT48/26), among its many other appearances. This puts it among the most conceptually stable of Elvish roots.

nēthā

noun. sister

wō

prefix. together

ówō

adverb. together

néþa

noun. sister

vo-

prefix. together