-eth

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -ith suff. fem. ending referring to persons or animals. -es after dh [=ð], th. >> -es, -on

-eth

suffix. feminine ending

Cognates

• Q. -issë “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345

Derivations

• ✶-ittā “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345

Element in

• S. adaneth “(mortal) woman”
• S. Astoreth
• S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal” ✧ WJ/387
• S. Ioreth “Old Woman” ✧ RC/579
• S. Íreth ✧ PM/345
• S. Núneth
• S. Thenneth “*Grey-Elf (f.)” ✧ PE17/141

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶-ittā > -eth	[-ittā] > [-itta] > [-ittʰa] > [-iθθa] > [-eθθa] > [-eθθ] > [-eθ]	✧ PM/345

Variations

• -es ✧ PE17/141
• eth ✧ RC/579

-th

suffix. abstract noun

@@@ mostly seems to use base vowel between suffix and root

Derivations

• ✶-(s)tā

Element in

• ᴺS. aedaith “reverence, worship, religion”
• S. cirith “cleft, ravine, defile, cleft, ravine, defile, [N.] pass”
• ᴺS. dilith “friendship”
• S. eneth “*name” ✧ VT44/24
• S. faroth “*hunting”
• S. firith “fading; [late] autumn” ✧ LotR/1107
• S. girith “shuddering, shuddering; [N.] horror”
• S. gweneth “maidenhood, maidenhood, [N.] virginity”
• S. Gwirith “April, *Freshness”
• S. henneth “window”
• S. Ivanneth “September, *Yavanna-ness”
• S. lalaith “laughter”
• S. mereth “feast, feast, [N.] festival”
• S. mirith “jewelry”
• S. Neldoreth
• S. peleth “waning, waning, *fading”
• S. sirith “flowing”
• S. tirith “watching, guarding, watch, ward, guard”

-ed

suffix. gerund

Cognates

• Q. -ita “particular infinitive”

Derivations

• ✶-ita “general infinitive”

Element in

• S. aderthad “reuniting” ✧ S/113
• S. cabed “leap” ✧ S/224
• S. cared “action”
• S. cened “looking, looking, *seeing”
• ᴺS. eriad “rising”
• S. genediad “reckoning”
• S. lammad “*echoing”
• S. methed “end”
• S. orthad “*raising”
• S. suilad “greeting”
• N. uluithiad “unquenchable”

Variations

• -ad ✧ S/113 (-ad)
• -ed ✧ S/224 (-ed)

-ien

suffix. feminine ending

An occasional feminine suffix in Sindarin, in one place given as a feminine patronymic (PE17/170) as in the name Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers” (PE17/15, 161). See the entry on the root √YE(L) for a discussion of conceptual vacillations on its connection to “daughter”.

Conceptual Development: In Noldorin it seems N. -ien was simply a feminine suffix in the name N. Lhúthien “Enchantress” (Ety/LUK).

Cognates

• Q. -ien “feminine ending; feminine patronymic, -daughter” ✧ PE17/170

Derivations

• ✶-(i)ondo ✧ PE17/170
  • √YON “son”

Element in

• S. Erien
• S. Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(ĭ)ondī > -ien	[-iondī] > [-iondi] > [-iœndi] > [-iœnd] > [-iœnn] > [-ienn] > [-ien]	✧ PE17/170

-ad

suffix. gerund

-as

suffix. abstract noun

Cognates

• Q. -ssë “abstract noun”

Derivations

• ✶-ssē/-ssā

Element in

• S. cannas “[abstract] shape”
• S. certhas “runes-rows, runic alphabet” ✧ LotR/1123
• ᴺS. cirias “fleet (of ships)”
• ᴺS. dagras “slaughter”
• S. fennas “great door, doorway, gateway”
• S. galenas “pipeweed, nicotiana, *tobacco”
• S. iavas “autumn, autumn, *harvest (time)”
• S. ínias “annals”
• S. innas “*will”
• S. Lammas “Account of Tongues”
• ᴺS. linnas “music”
• S. lonnas “harbourage”
• ᴺS. maeras “goodness”
• S. rammas “great wall”
• ᴺS. saelas “wisdom”
• S. sennas “guesthouse” ✧ RC/523

-on

ending referring to persons or animals

pl1. -yn suff. masc. ending referring to persons or animals. -or after n. >> -eth, -or