(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
Sindarin
go-
together
go
together
go
together
gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).
go'
go'
Q. ŏ-'. >> gwá. This gloss was rejected.
gwa-
prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)
bad
go
#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
bad
go
(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.
rong
adverb. soon
ban- Archaic
verb. ?to go
dadwen-
verb. to return, go back
A Sindarin verb for “return, go back” as a combination of √(N)DAN “back” and √MEN “go”, contrasted with dandol- “return, come back” appearing in notes from around 1959 (PE17/166). Tolkien first gave this verb as {namen >>} damen reflecting vacillation on the primitive prefix ✱nan- > ✱ndan-. Later in the same notes he gave a form dadwen, reflecting either vacillation of the development of ancient nm in Sindarin (to either dw or mm), or vacillation on the prefix itself ((n)dad- vs. (n)dan-).
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use ᴺS. dammen- for this word as the most phonologically plausible. Tolkien represented intervocalic m as both mm and m in Sindarin (e.g. lammad vs. minlamad), so damen- is possible as well. Either way, the pronunciation would be [damen] with short [m].
edledhia-
verb. to go into exile
glenna-
verb. *to go, travel, *to travel, go
A verb implied as an element of anglennatha “will approach” from the King’s Letter of the early 1950s. It is probably cognate to ᴹQ. lenna- “go” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/LED; EtyAC/LED). It thus likely had a similar meaning.
Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I use glenna- mainly for “travel”.
gwae-
verb. to go, depart, to go [away], depart
This highly irregular verb appeared in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 as the Sindarin equivalent of Q. auta- “go (away), depart” which is itself very irregular, with both verbs derived from the invertible root √WĀ/AWA (PE17/148). The Sindarin verb has a present tense form gwaen “I go” and past forms 1st. sg. anwen “✱I went” and 3rd. sg. anu/awn “✱he/she went”, with these past forms apparently based on an ancient nasal-infixed strong past ✶anwē (from which the archaic Q. strong past †anwe “went” was derived). It has two more forms gwanu/gwawn. These seem to be the equivalent of Q. vanwa “lost” < ✶wanwā.
The present tense form gwaen “I go” is especially peculiar. Compare this to the more regular present tenses cewin “I taste” < kawin(e) (PE22/152) and galon “I grow” < galān(e) (PE17/131). I think the likeliest explanation is that gwaen is derived from an ancient aorist form wa-i-nĭ, with *ai* becoming *ae* as was usual of Sindarin’s phonetic developments. If so, the presents of this verb would be based on √WA and the past inflections based on √AW.
A final twist is that in the note from DLN Tolkien mentions *u*-intrusion, a sound change parallel to the more common *i*-intrusion, whereby a final u moved before a preceding consonant. The forms awn and gwawn are thus the u-intruded results of anu and gwanu. This u-intrusion would not occur in forms with further suffixes, like anwen “I went”.
A probably related form gwanwen “departed” appears in the Quendi and Eldar (Q&E) essay from 1959-60 (WJ/378). This could be an independent adjective, but could also be a passive participle of gwae- (or some variant of it), possibly a strengthened or elaborated form of gwanu/gwawn. Note that Q&E also states that:
> The only normal derivative [of AWA] is the preposition o, the usual word for ‘from, of’. None of the forms of the element ✱awa are found as a prefix in S, probably because they became like or the same as the products of ✱wō, ✱wo (WJ/366).
Some people believe this indicates that Tolkien rejected other derivatives like gwae-, but since Q&E also contains gwanwen, I think this statement only applies to direct derivatives of AWA, as opposed to gwae- and gwanwen which are derived from the inverted root WĀ.
Neo-Sindarin: How to handle this verb in the context of Neo-Sindarin is unclear. Given the extreme irregularity of this verb, it is tempting to discard it. Unfortunately, we have no other attested Sindarin verbs for “to depart”. Furthermore, common verbs like “go” tend to be irregular in many languages (such as English as “go” vs. “went”), so it makes sense the same would be true of Sindarin. As such, I propose the following conjugation for this verb (hat tip to Gilruin for most of this paradigm; he suggested much better forms than my original ideas):
Present tense ✱gwae “go” < primitive ✶gwa-ĭ, with inflections added to this form: gwaen “I go”, ✱gwael “you go”, etc.
Past tense awn “went” < ✶anwē with *u*-intrusion. Inflected forms are based on non-intruded anw-: anwen “I went”, ✱anwel “you went”, etc.
Past/passive participle gwanwen “departed”, an elaboration of the older (archaic?) perfective participle gwanu/gwawn.
Future ✱gwatha “will go”, ✱gwathon “I will go”, < ✶wa-thā, wa-thā-nĭ.
Gerund ✱gwaed (< ✶wa-itā) and active participle ✱gwaul (< ✶wa-ālā) “departing”.
Imperative ✱gwaw “go!” < ✶wa-ā, as with baw “don’t!” < ✶bā (WJ/371-2).
Finally, this verb means “go” specifically in the sense “depart”, that is: “go away”. For “go (generally and in any direction)”, use the verb men-.
If you dislike the irregularity of gwae- or you believe that Tolkien’s notes in Q&E (see above) indicate this verb was rejected along with (most) Sindarin derivatives of AWA, then the neologism haena- “to leave, depart” gives an alternative verb.
gwaen
suffix. I go
('waen) _ v. pres. & pron. suff. _I go. >> anwen. This gloss was rejected.
men-
verb. to go
The basic Sindarin verb for “go”, derived from the root √MEN (PE17/143). Its archaic past form emēnē was discussed in notes from around 1965 (PE17/93); its modern past would be ✱evín. It also appeared in its gerund form in the sentence niðin __mened__ “I have a mind to go, I intend to go” in notes from 1969 (PE22/165).
minna-
verb. go in
_ v. _go in, enter. >> minno
nidhin mened
I have a mind to go, I intend to go
o
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.
o
preposition. from
_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.
od
preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)
According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin
dammen-
verb. to return, go back
edledh
go into exile
edledh- (i edledh, in edledhir), pa.t. edlent or edledhas. (VT45:27; the ”Noldorin” forms have gl for Sindarin dl), also edledhia- (i edledhia, in edledhiar). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” egledhia-
edledh
go into exile
*edledh- (i edledh, in edledhir), pa.t. edlent or edledhas. (VT45:27; the ”Noldorin” forms have gl for Sindarin dl)
edledh
go into exile
(i edledh, in edledhir), pa.t. edlent or edledhas. (VT45:27; the ”Noldorin” forms have gl for Sindarin dl), also edledhia- (i edledhia, in edledhiar). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” egledhia
edledh
go into exile
(i edledh, in edledhir), pa.t. edlent or edledhas. (VT45:27; the ”Noldorin” forms have gl for Sindarin dl)
edledhia-
verb. to go into exile
godref
through together
(AI:92)
neledh
go in
neledh- (i neledh, i neledhir) (enter)
neledh
go in
(i neledh, i neledhir) (enter)
nevra-
verb. to face, go forward
o
of
(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.
rû²
adverb. soon, anon
_pref. _together. Q. o-.