aistana

adjective. *blessed

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/28; VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31

Elements

Word	Gloss
aista	“*holy”

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

amanya

adjective. *blessed

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “*may your (sg.) child be blessed throughout his/her life” ✧ VT49/41

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manaquenta

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manquenta → manaquenta ✧ VT44/10

Element in

• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10; VT44/10 (á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)

Elements

Word	Gloss
MAN	“good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”
KWET	“say, speak, utter words”

Variations

• manquenta ✧ VT44/10 (manquenta)

manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

manna

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manna → aistana “*blessed” ✧ VT43/30

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/30

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

aman

place name. Blessed Realm

The continent in the Uttermost West where the Valar dwelled after the first wars with Morgoth destroyed the world as it was initially created (S/37). Its name is derived from the same root √MAN “blessed, unmarred” as the name of Manwë (PE17/162). The most common translation of this name was the “Blessed Realm” (S/62), though more precisely it describes the “unmarred” state of this land, free from the influence of Morgoth (PE17/162).

Tolkien elsewhere said that Aman was adapted from an (unknown) word from Valarin, meaning “at peace, in accord (with Eru)”, much as Manwë was an adaptation of Val. Mānawenūz (WJ/399). This is not incompatible with its derivation from the root √MAN, which itself may have been adopted into Primitive Elvish from Valarin.

Conceptual Development: According to Christopher Tolkien, the idea for this name first emerged from Ad. Amân, the Adûnaic name for Manwë (SD/376). In Tolkien’s earliest writings, the name for the Land of the Valar was simply ᴱQ. Valinor (LT1/70), but in later writings this became the Elvish name for this land, whereas Aman was its “proper” name (PE17/106).

Cognates

• S. Avon “Unmarred State” ✧ PE17/162

Derivations

• ✶Ámān “Unmarred State” ✧ PE17/162
  • √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit” ✧ PE17/162
• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit” ✧ SA/mān

Element in

• Q. Amandil “Lover of Aman” ✧ SA/mān
• Q. Amaneldi “*Elves of Aman”
• Q. Amanyar “Those of Aman”
• Q. Araman “Outside Aman, *Beside Aman” ✧ SA/mān
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/26
• Q. Úmanyar “Those not of Aman” ✧ SA/mān

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶Ámān > Aman	[amān] > [aman]	✧ PE17/162
√mān- > Aman	[amān] > [aman]	✧ SA/mān

Variations

• aman ✧ WJ/399

#aista-

to bless

#aista- (2) vb. "to bless", verbal stem isolated from the passive participle aistana "blessed" (VT43:30)

manaitë

adjective. *blessed, having grace

Variations

• manaite ✧ VT49/41

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

ainima

adjective. blessed, holy (of things)

herenya

fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich

herenya adj. "fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich" (KHER)

linda

fair, beautiful

linda adj. "fair, beautiful" (of sound) (SLIN, LIND; VT45:27), "soft, gentle, light" (PE16:96), "beautiful, sweet, melodious of sound" (PE17:150); for Linda as a noun, see Lindar.

lárëa

fat, rich

lárëa (1) adj. "fat, rich" (VT45:26)

airefëa

proper name. Holy Spirit

A Quenya name for the Holy Spirit in Alcar i Ataren, Tolkien’s unfinished Quenya version of the Gloria Patri prayer (VT43/36). It is a compound of airë “holy, holiness” and fëa “spirit”.

Element in

• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/37

Elements

Word	Gloss
airë	“holy; sanctity, holiness”
fëa	“(indwelling or incarnate) spirit, soul”

alya

adjective. fair, good, [ᴹQ.] rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed; [Q.] fair, good

Derivations

• √AL(A) “good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)” ✧ PE17/146

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AL > alya	[alja]	✧ PE17/146

lar

fat, riches

lar (1) noun "fat, riches" (VT45:26; Hostetter and Wynne suggest that the second gloss should perhaps read "richness" rather than "riches")

Amarië

good

Amarië fem. name; perhaps derived from mára "good" with prefixing of the stem-vowel and the feminine ending -ië (Silm)

ala-

good

ala- (3), also al-, a prefix expressing "good" or "well" (PE17:146), as in alaquenta (q.v.) Whether Tolkien imagined this ending to coexist with the negative prefix of the same form (#2 above) is unclear and perhaps dubious.

alya

fair, good

alya (1) adj. "fair, good" (PE17:146), "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed". (GALA, [ÁLAM], VT42:32, 45:5, 14)

mára

adjective. good

vanë

fair

vanë adj. "fair" (LT1:272; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather vanya)

vanë

adjective. fair, fair, [ᴱQ.] lovely

Derivations

• √BAN “beauty (due to lack of fault or blemish); fair, beautiful” ✧ PE17/056

Element in

• Q. úvanë(a) “without beauty”
• Q. vanessë “beauty” ✧ PE17/056
• Q. vanië “beauty” ✧ PE17/056
• Q. vanima “beautiful, fair, beautiful, fair, *handsome; [ᴱQ.] proper, right, as it should be, fair” ✧ PE17/056

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√BAN > vane	[bani] > [bane] > [βane] > [vane]	✧ PE17/056

Variations

• vane ✧ PE17/056

-na

suffix. slain

A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.

alima

fair, good

alima adj. "fair, good" (also alya) (PE17:146)

alima

adjective. fair, good

Derivations

• √AL(A) “good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)” ✧ PE17/146

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AL > alima	[alima]	✧ PE17/146

nanca

slain

nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na

-ima

fair

-ima adjectival suffix. Sometimes it is used to derive simple adjectives, like vanima "fair" or calima "bright"; it can also take on the meaning "-able" (PE17:68), as in mátima "edible" (mat- "eat"), nótima "countable" (not- "count") and (with a negative prefix) úquétima "unspeakable" (from quet- "speak"). Note that the stem-vowel is normally lengthened in the derivatives where -ima means "-able", though this fails to occur in cenima "visible" (q.v., but contrast hraicénima, q.v.) and also before a consonant cluster as in úfantima "not concealable" (PE17:176). "X-ima" may mean "apt to X" (when the ending is added to an intransitive verbal stem), as in Fírimar "mortals", literally "those apt to die" (WJ:387). The adj. úfantima "not concealable" (PE17:176) also appears as úfantuma (PE17:180), indicating the existence of a variant ending -uma (possibly used to derive adjectives with a "bad" meaning; compare the ending *-unqua next to -inqua, q.v.)

vanya

fair

vanya (1) adj. "fair" (FS), "beautiful" (BAN), a word referring to beauty that is "due to lack of fault, or blemish" (PE17:150), hence Arda Vanya as an alternative to Arda Alahasta for "Arda Unmarred" (ibid., compare MR:254). Nominal pl. Vanyar "the Fair", the first clan of the Eldar; the original meaning of this stem was "pale, light-coloured, not brown or dark" (WJ:382, 383, stem given as WAN), "properly = white complexion and blonde hair" (PE17:154, stem given as GWAN); stems BAN vs. WAN discussed, see PE17:150.

lind

adjective. fair

Derivations

• √LIN “sing, make a musical sound, sing, make a musical sound, [ᴱ√] gentle”

Element in

• S. Linhir “Fair Stream” ✧ RC/587

Variations

• lin ✧ RC/587 (lin)

bain

fair

_ adj. _fair, good, blessed, wholesome, favourable, without evil/bad element, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bân

bain

good

_ adj. _good, wholesome, blessed, fair (esp. of weather). . This gloss was rejected.

fael

adjective. fair minded, just, generous

ma

adjective. good

_ adj. _good. Archaic and obsolete except as interjection 'good, excellent, that's right'.

maer

good

_ adj. _good.

maer

good

adj. good, proper, excellent. Q. mára good, proper, Q. maira excellent. >> mae-. This gloss was rejected.

bân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, good, wholesome, favourable, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bain

dangen

adjective. slain

An adjective for “slain” derived from primitive ✶dankĭna (PE17/133), best known from its (mutated plural) appearance in the name Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain” (S/197). N. dangen “slain” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDAK “slay” (Ety/NDAK). This adjective is likely the passive participle of the verb dag- “to slay”.

Conceptual Development: A similar adjective ᴱN. danc “killed in battle” appeared in the Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s, also related to ᴱN. dag- “slay” (PE14/66).

Cognates

• north S. dachen “slain” ✧ PE17/133

Derivations

• ✶dankĭna “slain” ✧ PE17/133

Element in

• S. Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain, (lit.) Mound of the Slain” ✧ PE17/133
• S. i mbair en Ndengin “the houses of the Slain” ✧ PE17/097

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶dankĭna > daŋχen > danghen > dangen	[daŋkina] > [daŋkʰina] > [daŋxina] > [daŋxena] > [daŋxen] > [daŋgen]	✧ PE17/133
✶dankĭna > nenghin	[daŋkini] > [daŋkʰini] > [daŋxini] > [deŋxini] > [deŋxin] > [deŋgin]	✧ PE17/133

gwain

adjective. fair

adj. fair. . This gloss was rejected.

gwana

noun/adjective. fair

Changes

• gwain → gwana “fair, general word for Elves” ✧ PE17/140

Derivations

• ✶wanasō ✧ PE17/140

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶wanasō > gwana	[wanasō] > [wanaso] > [wanaho] > [gwanaho] > [gwanah] > [gwana]	✧ PE17/140

Variations

• gwain ✧ PE17/140 (gwain)

gwân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, pale.

tûg

fat

tûg (lenited dûg, pl. tuig) (thick)

tûg

fat

(lenited dûg, pl. tuig) (thick)

dag

slain

(passive participle of dag- "slay", but treated almost like a derived noun) dangen (i nangen, o ndangen), pl. dengin (i ndengin; the spelling "in-ndengin" occurs in the Silmarillion). Compare SLAY.

dag

slain

"slay", but treated almost like a derived noun) dangen (i nangen, o ndangen), pl. dengin* (i ndengin*; the spelling "in-ndengin" occurs in the Silmarillion). Compare

bain

fair

bain (beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

bain

fair

(beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

maer

good

_(”useful” of things _ not of moral qualities) maer (lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

maer

good

(lenited vaer, no distinct pl. form) (fit, useful). For ”good” as an adjective describing human qualities, the word fael ”fair-minded, just, generous” may be considered.

aya(n)

root. blessed; treat with awe/reverence, blessed; treat with awe/reverence; [ᴱ√] honour, revere

The root √AYA and its extended form √AYAN were associated with “holy” and “blessed” things all the way back in Tolkien’s earliest conception of the languages. It appeared as ᴱ√AY̯A “honour, revere” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. Ainu/Aini “god/goddess” and adjectives ᴱQ. aina or ᴱQ. aira “holy” (QL/34). Gnomish equivalents appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. ain “god” and adjectives aistog “holy” or †air(in) (GL/18).

The Etymologies of the 1930s gave this root as ᴹ√AYAN with very similar derivatives ᴹQ. Ainu, Aini and aina (Ety/AYAN), except Ainu/Aini was translated “holy one, angelic spirit (m./f.)” reflecting Tolkien’s evolving conception of his Legendarium. In this period there was an unaugmented variant ᴹ√YAN with the derivatives ᴹQ. yána/N. iaun “holy place” (Ety/YAN). It is not clear whether the short form √AYA was valid in this period; there is nothing like aira “holy”, for example.

The root √AYA and √AYA-N reappeared in etymological notes from the late 1950s, variously glossed “blessed” or “treat with awe/reverence” (PE17/147, 149). The (re)appearance Q. airë “holy, holiness”, Q. aira “holy”, and S. aer “holy” in later writing beside Ainu/Aini further support the reintroduction of the short form of this root.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, the continued use of the root √AYA in Tolkien’s later writing might be used to justify the restoration of a number of religious words derived from the early root ᴱ√AYA in the 1910s.

Derivatives

• ✶airē “holiness, sanctity” ✧ PE17/149; VT43/14
  • Q. airë “holy; sanctity, holiness” ✧ PE17/149; VT43/14
• ✶áyan “holy thing or object or place” ✧ PE17/149
  • Q. aian “holy thing or object or place” ✧ PE17/149
• ✶ayanā “to hallow, bless, treat as holy” ✧ PE17/149
  • Q. aina- “to hallow, bless, treat as holy” ✧ PE17/149
• Q. aina “holy, revered, numinous, holy, revered, numinous, *divine, [ᴱQ.] worshipful” ✧ PE17/149; PE17/149; VT43/14
  • Q. Ainu “holy one, spirit, holy one, angelic spirit (m.); [ᴱQ.] (pagan) god” ✧ PE17/149
• Q. ainas “hallow, fane, hallow, fane, *shrine, holy place, sanctuary” ✧ PE17/149
• ᴺQ. aino “god”
• Q. Ainu “holy one, spirit, holy one, angelic spirit (m.); [ᴱQ.] (pagan) god” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/149
• Q. aira “holy, sanctified, holy, sanctified, [ᴱQ.] worshipful” ✧ PE17/027
• Q. airë “holy; sanctity, holiness” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/149
• Q. aista “*holy”
• Q. aiya “hail; behold, lo” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/149
• ᴺS. aenor “god”
• S. aer “*hallowed, holy”

Element in

• ᴺQ. aimahto “martyr, (lit.) blessed slain”
• ᴺQ. aimo “saint”
• ᴺQ. aipio “cherry”
• ᴺQ. aita- “to revere, worship”
• ᴺS. aebin “cherry (tree)”
• ᴺS. aeda- “to revere, worship”
• ᴺS. Aeni “(female) angel”
• ᴺS. Aenu “(male) angel”

Variations

• AYA ✧ PE17/027; PE17/146; PE17/149; PE17/149
• AYA-N ✧ PE17/145
• aya ✧ VT43/14

aman

root. good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil

man

root. good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit

This root for “(morally) good” and “holy” things dates back to Tolkien’s earliest versions of Elvish, probably due to its long-standing connection to the name Q. Manwë, one of the most stable names in Tolkien’s Legendarium. The unglossed root ᴱ√MANA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. mane “good (moral)” and ᴱQ. manimo “holy soul” (QL/58). Derivatives like G. mani “good (of men and character only), holy” and G. manos “spirit that has gone to the Valar” also appear in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/56).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹ√MAN “holy spirit” appeared with derivatives like ᴹQ. manu/N. mân “departed spirit” (Ety/MAN). Earlier versions of the entry had the gloss “holy” (EtyAC/MAN), and an earlier version of the entry for ᴹ√MBAD has MAN- “blessed” (EtyAC/MBAD).

The senses “good, blessed, holy” were retained in Tolkien’s later writings, though sometimes the root was given in its augmented form √AMAN. In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957, √MAN was contrasted with √ARA which also meant “good”, but with the nuance of one specimen that is “good of its kind” and hence “excels, without necessarily implying that others are bad or marred” (PE17/147). Elsewhere in QN Tolkien elaborated on the meaning of √MAN in more detail:

> √MAN “good”. This implies that a person/thing is (relatively or absolutely) “unmarred”: that is in Elvish thought unaffected by the disorders introduced into Arda by Morgoth: and therefore is true to its nature & function. If applied to mind/spirit it is more or less equivalent to morally good; but applied to bodies it naturally refers to health and to absence of distortions, damages, blemishes, &c (PE17/162).

In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, √AMAN “good (morally), holy, blessed, free from evil” was contrasted with √AYA(N) “treat with awe/reverence” and √MAGA “good (physically)” (PE17/149). In The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968, Tolkien said the root meant “blessed, holy” and was adapted from Valarin (PM/357 note #18), which is consistent with the fact that its derivatives were almost entirely limited to Quenya and not Sindarin; where derivatives do appear in Sindarin, such as S. Avon the equivalent of Q. Aman (PE17/162), they were probably loan words from Quenya.

Derivatives

• ✶Ámān “Unmarred State” ✧ PE17/162
  • Q. Aman “Blessed Realm” ✧ PE17/162
  • S. Avon “Unmarred State” ✧ PE17/162
• ✶manrā “good” ✧ PE17/162
  • Q. mára “good, proper, good, proper; [ᴹQ.] useful, fit, good (of things), [ᴱQ.] excellent; mighty, power, doughty” ✧ PE17/162
• Q. manna “*blessed”
• Q. ama- “*well, happily” ✧ PE17/172
• Q. Aman “Blessed Realm” ✧ SA/mān
• Q. amanya “*blessed”
• Q. mána “blessing, good thing, blessing, good thing; [ᴹQ.] blessed” ✧ PE17/162
• ᴺQ. manë “good (moral, not evil)”
• Q. manta- “to bless”
• Q. Manwë “Blessed Being” ✧ PE17/162; SA/mān
• Q. manya- “to bless”
• ᴺQ. márë “(moral) good, goodness”

Element in

• Q. Eruman “Heaven”
• Q. manaquenta “*blessed”
• Q. Manwë “Blessed Being” ✧ PM/357
• Q. Manyel
• S. Meiniel

Variations

• AMAN ✧ PE17/146; PE17/149
• AMA(N) ✧ PE17/172 (AMA(N))
• aman ✧ PM/357
• man ✧ PM/357
• mān- ✧ SA/mān

al(a)

root. good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)

A root variously meaning “blessed, fortunate, prosperous” (PE17/146) and in some circumstances “healthy” and “good (physically)” (PE17/149, 172) or just simply “good” (PE17/146, 150, 153, 158). It was first mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s in association with the root ᴹ√ALAM “elm” to which it might be related “since the elm was held blessed and beloved by the Eldar” (Ety/ÁLAM). In Quenya at least its sense was influenced by √GAL “grow, be healthy, flourish” (PE17/146, 153). At one point Tolkien said “this stem was less used in Sindarin, but occurs in a few old forms”, notably S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless” and S. alw [alu] “wholesome (PE17/146).

The existence of this root is one of reasons that Tolkien decided to abandon la-negation around 1959, saying “AL, LA have too much to do”. Tolkien’s vacillations on the nature of la-negation might therefore have pushed this root in and out of favor, but it is difficult to tell for certain.

Changes

• ALA → ALA “good, prosperous, healthy, fortunate” ✧ PE17/146

Derivatives

• √LĀ “interjection of pleasure/assent”
  • Q. (a)lá “yes” ✧ PE17/158; VT42/33
• Q. al(a)- “well, happily” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/172
• Q. alima “fair, good” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. alla “welcome, hail” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. almë “good (or blessed) thing, blessing, piece of good fortune” ✧ PE17/146; PE17/153
• Q. alya “fair, good, [ᴹQ.] rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed; [Q.] fair, good” ✧ PE17/146
• Q. alya- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one” ✧ PE17/146
• S. al- “well, happily” ✧ PE17/146
• S. alu “wholesome, wholesome, *healthy” ✧ PE17/146
• ᴺS. alvar “(good) luck, fortune”
• S. elia- “to cause to prosper, bless (a work), help one” ✧ PE17/146

Variations

• AL ✧ PE17/059; PE17/146; PE17/146; PE17/150
• ALA ✧ PE17/146; PE17/146 (ALA); PE17/146; PE17/149; PE17/153; PE17/158; PE17/162; PE17/170; PE17/172 (ALA)
• ala ✧ VT42/33

bani

adjective. fair

Element in

• Q. vanië “beauty” ✧ PE17/057
• Q. vanima “beautiful, fair, beautiful, fair, *handsome; [ᴱQ.] proper, right, as it should be, fair” ✧ PE17/057

Variations

• vanĭ ✧ PE17/057

manrā

adjective. good

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit” ✧ PE17/162

Derivatives

• Q. mára “good, proper, good, proper; [ᴹQ.] useful, fit, good (of things), [ᴱQ.] excellent; mighty, power, doughty” ✧ PE17/162

dankĭna

adjective. slain

Derivatives

• north S. dachen “slain” ✧ PE17/133
• S. dangen “slain” ✧ PE17/133

wanyā

adjective. fair

Derivations

• √(G)WAN “pale, fair” ✧ WJ/383

Derivatives

• Q. Vanya “Fair Elves, the Fair” ✧ WJ/380; WJ/383
  • T. Vania “Vanya” ✧ WJ/383

Variations

• wanjā ✧ WJ/380; WJ/383

dangen

noun. slain

dangen

adjective. slain

Derivations

• ᴹ√(N)DAK “slay” ✧ Ety/NDAK

Element in

• N. Haudh-na-Dengin “Hill of Slain” ✧ Ety/NDAK
• N. Amon Dengin “Hill of Slain”
• N. Cûm-na-Dengin “Mound of Slain”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDAK > dangen	[ndaŋkina] > [ndaŋkʰina] > [ndaŋxina] > [daŋxina] > [daŋxena] > [daŋxen] > [daŋgen]	✧ Ety/NDAK
ᴹ√NDAK > Ndengin	[ndaŋkini] > [ndaŋkʰini] > [ndaŋxini] > [daŋxini] > [deŋxini] > [deŋxin] > [deŋgin]	✧ Ety/NDAK