tonn

adjective. tall

An adjective appearing as tond, tonn “tall” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶tundā under the root ᴹ√TUN (Ety/TUN).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume the standalone form of this word is ᴺS. tond since “nd remained at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115).

orchal

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

baradh

adjective. steep

baradh

adjective. steep

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “steep”, derived from primitive ᴹ✶baradā “lofty, sublime” that was also the basis for the name ᴹQ. Varda (Ety/BARÁD).

brand

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brand

adjective. high (in size)

brann

adjective. lofty, noble, fine

brann

adjective. high (in size)

nûr

adjective. deep

nûr

adjective. deep

orchal

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchall

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchel

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

orchal

adjective. tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty

A word for “tall” as an epithet for Galdor, as in Galdor Orchal = “Galdor the Tall” (WJ/305 note #48). It also appeared as an element in the (untranslated) name Orchaldor (UT/210). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. orchall, orchal, or orchel was glossed “superior, lofty, eminent” as a combination of N. or- “above” and N. hall “exalted, high” (Ety/KHAL², ORO; EtyAC/KHAL², ORO). Christopher Tolkien noted that the e in orchel was uncertain, and Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested that orchal was a possible reading, which is in better keeping with its Old Noldorin form ON. orkhalla.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume orchal “tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty” is a somewhat emphatic variant of N. hall “high; exalted” for things that are notably tall or noble.

raud

tall

adj. tall, high, lofty, eminent, noble. Q. arta (< áratā). >> Nimrodel, rodel

arod

adjective. tall

_ adj. _tall, eminent. Q. aratā.

orchal

adjective. tall

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

celeborn

masculine name. Silver-tree; Silver Tall

The husband of Galadriel and ruler of Lórien. His name can variously be interpreted as “Silver-tree” (NM/349) or “Silver-tall” (NM/352). His hair was silver (LotR/354), which may have been an aspect of his name as Galadriel’s golden hair was of hers.

Possible Etymology: The etymology of Celeborn’s name is a bit confused, since Tolkien changed his mind on its meaning. It is very likely when Tolkien invented the name he interpretted it as “Silver-tree”, a compound of S. celeb “silver” and orn “tree”, and that was the meaning Tolkien initially gave it in notes from 1968 (NM/349). But in later these notes, he decided that the second element of the name was derived from ancient ✶ornā “tall” (NM/350), so that the meaning of these name was actually “Silver-tall” (NM/352 note #8).

In The Lord of the Rings and the published version of The Silmarillion, Celeborn was a kinsman of Thingol in Doriath and therefore a Sindarin elf, and Galadriel met him in Beleriand (LotR/1082, S/115). However, in the aformentioned 1968 note and other writings from this period, Celeborn was a Telerin of Valinor and came with Galadriel to Middle-earth (NM/349-352; UT/233; PM/347). In this revised scenario, we have the clearest explanations of both Celeborn’s and Galadriel’s names, ultimately derived from the Telerin names T. Teleporno and T. Alatáriel, respectively. However, this scenario clashes badly with the narratives in the published Silmarillion.

Even if you assume that Celeborn was Sindarin, his name could still be “derived” from T. Teleporno in the sense that it was derived from the Ancient Telerin name of the same meaning. In this scenario, Galadriel could have gotten her Telerin name Alatáriel due to the influence of her mother Eärwen, who was herself Telerin.

Conceptual Development: See N. Keleborn for a discussion of earlier forms of this name.

orchaldor

masculine name. *Tall Lord

Husband of Ailinel (UT/210). His name seems to be a compound of orchal “tall” and -dor “lord”.

Conceptual Development: Some similar names appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s: N. Orchelanath and (rejected) Orchallamath (EtyAC/KHAL², MBAT(H)).

orn

noun. (tall straight) tree

A “tree” word in Sindarin, derived from primitive ✶ornē (Let/426; NM/349; UT/266). This word can be compared to the more general galadh “tree”. Of these Tolkien said:

> There was not in Sindarin much distinction in size between galað and orn. But oak (norð, Q nordo) and beech were galað for instance and birch and ash orn. A galað was more thick, dense & branching (PE17/25).

And:

> ... ✱ornē “tree” originally and usually applied to the taller, straighter, and more slender trees, such as birches [as opposed to] ... stouter and more spreading trees, such as oaks and beeches, were called in C.E. galadā “great growth” (NM/349 and note #1).

In this second set of notes Tolkien also said “In S. orn < ✱ornē fell out of common use and was used only in verse and songs, though it survived in many names, of trees and persons. All trees were called galað < ✱galadā” (NM/349 note #1). I can find no evidence that S. orn was archaic this outside of this note. As such, I would use orn in Sindarin for tall straight trees, and galadh either for trees in generally, or where applicable for broad and spreading trees.

Conceptual Development: This word was very well established in Tolkien’s mind. In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. orn was the ordinary word for “tree”, as opposed to archaic/poetic G. †alwen (GL/19, 62). ᴱN. orn “tree” appeared in Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s where it was derived from ᴱ✶orne- (PE13/151, 164), and N. orn “tree” reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶ÓR-NI “high tree”, though in this document Tolkien said this Noldorin word was “used of any large tree” (Ety/ÓR-NI).

Celegorn

noun. 'Swift-tall'

prop. n. 'Swift-tall'. . This gloss was rejected.

brand

towering; tall and massive

1 _ adj. _towering; tall and massive. >> brann

brand

adjective. towering; tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

In notes from the 1950s or 60s the word brand, brann meant “towering; tall and massive” (PE17/22, 61). In these notes Tolkien said it was derived from √BARAT (PE17/22), but that root would probably produce ✱✱brant so I think it is more likely to be based on (or blended with) √BARAD. The Etymologies from around 1937 had N. brand, brann “lofty, noble, fine” derived from primitive ᴹ✶b’randā under the root ᴹ√BARAD (Ety/BARÁD). In a phrase from Thrór’s Map written in 1936, brann was translated “high”: lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” (TAI/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume brand was a blending of various ancient words meaning both “tall” and “noble”, so useable for either depending on context. I further assume it can only be used for “high, tall (and massive)” of things mostly of exceptional height, while of people it means “lofty, noble, fine”. For tall people I would probably instead use tond.

orn

a tall tree

_n. Bot._a tall tree. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. orne. >> Fangorn, galadh, nordh

amloth

noun. flower or floreate device used as crest fixed to the point of a tall helmet

brann

adjective. towering, tall and massive, towering, tall and massive, [N.] high; lofty, noble, fine

raud

adjective. noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

orn

tall

(pl. yrn). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”tree”.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

tond

tall

1. tond (lenited dond; pl. tynd), 2) †orn (pl. yrn). Note: a homophone of the latter means ”tree”.

tond

adjective. tall

tond

tall

(lenited dond; pl. tynd)

taer

adjective. lofty

A Sindarin word for “lofty” mentioned as the equivalent of Q. tára “tall”, proof that the primitive form was ✶tagra < √TAƷ since aʒr &gt; air and then aer in Sindarin, but aʒr &gt; ār in Quenya (PE17/186).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had ON. tōra “lofty” as the equivalent of ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” under the root ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ (Ety/TĀ; EtyAC/TĀ), but due to differences in the primitive form in ᴹ✶tārā in the 1930s, this produced N. taur which blended with primitive ᴹ✶taurā < ᴹ√TUR to gain the senses “vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful; high, sublime” (Ety/TUR).

Earlier still, the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. dara “lofty” (GL/29) equivalent to ᴱQ. tára “lofty” (QL/87). In this period the root likely began with D, as in ✱ᴱ√DAHA, since in Early Qenya of the 1910s, primitive initial voiced stops were unvoiced [ᴱ✶d- > ᴱQ. t-].

brand

tall)

_ 1) brand (lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind. 2) hall (exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”. 3) raud (eminent, noble), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

brann

towering

_ adj. _towering, tall and massive. >> brand

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

arphen

noun. a noble

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

maer

adjective. excellent

_ adj. _excellent. Q. maira admirable, excellent, precious. >> maer-, maeron

orchal

adjective. superior, lofty, eminent

In his article Probable errors in the Etymologies, Helge Fauskanger lists orchel as a misreading, following Christopher Tolkien's note admitting that the e is uncertain. However, though orchal is attested in WJ/305, it does not necessarily mean that the form orchel is incorrect. It might be constructed by analogy with words such as hathol "axe" (from WJ/234 and the name of a Númenórean, Hatholdir, UT:444), which is also found as hathal (in Hathaldir, name of a companion of Barahir, LR/433, untranslated but conceivably cognate) and hathel (LR/389). Without entering into the details, such words end with a syllabic consonant (as in English "people"), and several vocalizations are apparently possible in Sindarin. The epenthetical vowel is generally o, but it seems that a or e are also allowed. Regarding orchal, its origin is of course different, as it is a compound word where the second element clearly derives from KHAL, but it may have been assimilated, later, to this class of words by analogy. We may therefore consider that orchel is a perfectly valid dialectal variant

pind

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pinn, Pinnath Gelin

pinn

noun. crest

n. crest, ridge, esp. used of long (low) hill with a sharp ridge against skyline. Q. quíne. >> pend 1/2, pind, Pinnath Gelin

raud

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. rāta. >> arod, taer

raud

excellent

_ adj. _excellent, noble, eminent.

taer

lofty

adj. lofty. Q. tāra.

amrûn

uprising

(noun) amrûn (sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

uprising

(sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

angol

deep lore

(magic), pl. engyl. Note: a homophone means "stench".

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arth

lofty

1. arth (noble, exalted), pl. erth, 2) brand (high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind, 3) orchall (superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail), 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

arth

lofty

(noble, exalted), pl. erth

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

baradh

steep

baradh (pl. beraidh, lenited varadh).

baradh

steep

(pl. beraidh, lenited varadh).

brand

lofty

(high, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

falch

deep cleft

(ravine[?]), pl. felch;

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

im

deep vale

(dell), no distinct pl. form (though the pl. article in will mark the word as pl. when definite). The word typically occurs, not by itself, but in compounds like imlad, imloth, imrath, imrad (VT45:18, VT47:19)

imlad

deep valley, narrow valley with steep sides

(glen), pl. imlaid;

maeg

going deep in

(lenited vaeg; no distinct pl. form) (sharp, penetrating). (WJ:337);

main

chief

(adj.) main (lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

main

chief

(lenited vain; pl. mîn) (prime, prominent) (VT45:15)

mîn

towering

mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

mîn

towering

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, first). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the numeral ”one”.

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

orchall

lofty

(superior, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

orchall

superior

orchall (lofty, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

orchall

superior

(lofty, eminent), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

taur

lofty

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

tofn

deep

tofn (lenited dofn; pl. tyfn) (low, low-lying), also nûr (pl. nuir). Note: homophones of the latter mean ”sad” and ”race”.

tofn

deep

(lenited dofn; pl. tyfn) (low, low-lying), also nûr (pl. nuir). Note: homophones of the latter mean ”sad” and ”race”.

tûm

deep valley

tum- (i** dûm, o thûm, construct tum), pl. t**uim (i** thuim**)

halla

adjective. tall, tall, [ᴹQ.] high

The Quenya word for “tall”, also the name of the tengwa ½ used as a sign for h-aspiration (LotR/1123). This word first appeared in notes on the The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s (PE22/51), though in a couple places Tolkien suggested an alternate form halda instead (PE17/184; PE22/103).

Conceptual Development: Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. {alda >>} halda as the cognate of ᴱN. {all >>} gall “wide, broad”, both derived from {ᴱ✶aldá >>} ᴱ✶ʒaldá (PE13/136, 144).

aiqualin

tall

aiqualin ("q")adj. "tall", plural form (???) (MC:216; this is "Qenya" - but cf. aiqua above.)

halla

tall

halla (1) adj. "tall" (Appendix E, footnote)

tunda

tall

tunda adj. "tall" (TUN)

halda

adjective. tall, tall; [ᴱQ.] wide, broad

hallacar

masculine name. *Tall Helm

Spouse of Tar-Ancalimë, the first ruling queen of Númenor (UT/211). His name seems to be a compound of halla “tall” and the suffixal form -car of carma “helm”.

hallatan

masculine name. *Tall Man

Father of Hallacar (UT/211). His name seems to be a compound of halla “tall” and Atan “man”.

ornë

noun. (tall) tree, (tall) tree, [ᴹQ.] high isolated tree

A word for a “(tall) tree” in Quenya, derived from primitive ✶ornē (Let/426; PE17/25, 50). This word can be compared to the more common alda “tree”. Talking about the primitive forms Tolkien said:

> ... ✱ornē “tree” originally and usually applied to the taller, straighter, and more slender trees, such as birches [as opposed to] ... stouter and more spreading trees, such as oaks and beeches, were called in C.E. galadā “great growth” (NM/349 and note #1).

I would use ornë in Quenya only for tall straight trees, and alda as either the general word for “tree”, or where applicable for broad and spreading trees.

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor to this word seems to be ᴱQ. orond- “bush”, cognate to G. orn “tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/62). It became {orne >>} ᴱQ. orme “tree” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/139) and then ᴹQ. orne “high isolated tree” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶ÓR-NI “high tree” (Ety/ÓR-NI). It retained the form orne thereafter.

telporno

masculine name. *Silver Tall

The Quenya name of Celeborn (Let/425). Assuming it has the same etymology as his Sindarin name, it is a compound of telpë “silver” and primitive ✶ornā “uprising, tall” (UT/266). See the entry for Celeborn for further discussion.

tára

adjective. lofty, tall, high

A word for “lofty, tall, high” appearing regularly in Tolkien’s writings throughout his life, usually derived from √TĀ/TAƷ “high” (PE17/186; Ety/TĀ), but sometimes for √TAR “stand” (PE17/186; WJ/417). This word dates back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. tāra “lofty” appeared under the early root ᴱ√TAHA (QL/87).

In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, Tolkien said this word was used “of objects that stand high or tall, not of those merely in lofty position” (PE15/74). For “up high” I would instead use adverb [ᴹQ.] orro and adjective orwa from √OR “up; rise”.

Celec-orna

swift-tall

Celec-orna noun "Swift-tall", Quenya form of Celegorn (PE17:112)

Hallacar

tall helmet

Hallacar masc. name, apparently "tall helmet": halla + car (cf. Eldacar for the latter element) (UT:210)

Hallatan

tall man

Hallatan masc. name, apparently "tall man": halla + atan (UT:210)

orna

tall, high, lofty

orna adj. (2) "tall, high, lofty" (PE17:112, 186), also orwa

orwa

tall, high, lofty

orwa adj. (2) "tall, high, lofty" (PE17:112, 186), also orna

tirin

tall tower

tirin noun "tall tower" _(LT1:258; this is a verb "I watch" in the Etymologies, stem TIR.)_

halda

adjective. high, tall

tára

lofty

tára (1) adj. "lofty". (SA:tar, LT1:264, TĀ/TA3 (AYAK, TÁWAR), VT45:6), "tall, high" (WJ:417). Compare antara. Adverb táro in an early "Qenya" text (VT27:20, 26). The adj. tára is not to be confused with the continuative form of the verb #tar- "stand".

orohalla

adjective. superior

A neologism for “superior” created by Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, inspired by [ON.] orkhalla “superior” and thus a combination of oro- “lofty” and halla “tall”.

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

A prefix (and sometimes suffix) meaning “high” as in Tarcil “High Man” or Tarmenel “High Heaven”. It is often used in reference to royalty and nobility, as in Tarumbar “King of the World” or Sorontar “Lord of Eagles”, as well as the names of Númenorean kings and queens. It is related to the adjective tára “high” based on the root √TĀ/TAƷ of similar meaning (Ety/TĀ).

#turco

chief

#turco (1) noun "chief" (isolated from Turcomund "chief bull", Letters:423). Turco, masc. name, see Turcafinwë.

Ambarónë

uprising, sunrise, orient

Ambarónë noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM2)

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

Ingwë

chief

Ingwë masc. name, "chief", name of the "prince of Elves" _(PM:340, ING, WEG, VT45:18). Pl. Ingwer "Chieftains", what the Vanyar called themselves (so in PM:340, but in PM:332 the plural has the more regular form Ingwi). Ingwë Ingweron "chief of the chieftains", proper title of Ingwë as high king (PM:340)_. In the Etymologies, Ingwë is also said to be the name of a symbol used in writing: a short carrier with an i-tehta above it, denoting short i (VT45:18).

Tyelcormo

hasty-riser

Tyelcormo ("k") masc. name "hasty-riser", the amilessë or mother-name (never used in narrative) of Turcafinwë = Celegorm (PM:353)

aiqua

steep

aiqua("q")adj. "steep" (AYAK). Not to be confused with the pronoun *aiqua "if anything, whatever" that post-Tolkien writers have extrapolated from aiquen (q.v.) on the basis of such pairs as ilquen vs. ilqua (q.v.)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

héra

chief, principal

héra adj. "chief, principal" (KHER)

lún

deep

lún adj.??? a word of obscure meaning, perhaps "deep" as used of water (VT48:28)

núra

deep

núra adj. "deep" (NŪ)

oronta

steep

oronta adj. "steep" (LT1:256)

orró-

uprising, sunrise, east

orró-, hró- "uprising, sunrise, east" (PE17:18), element underlying words like the following, and also hróna (q.v.)

quín

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24)

quín, quínë

crest, ridge

quín, quínë noun "crest, ridge" (PE17:24. 173)

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

ingwë

masculine name. Chief

Lord of the first tribe of the Elves and the high king of Elvenkind (S/52, 62). His name is ancient and its original meaning is unclear, but it is sometimes translated as “Chief”, and is interpreted as a combination of the root √ING “first, foremost” and the suffix -wë common in ancient names (PM/340).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this character was first named ᴱQ. Ing, but this was soon changed to ᴱQ. Inwe (LT1/22). The form become ᴹQ. Ingwe in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/13, LR/214), and the derivation for Ingwë discussed above had already emerged in The Etymologies (Ety/ING, WEG).

turco

noun. chief

tyelcormo

masculine name. Hasty-riser

The mother-name of Celegorm, from which his Sindarin name is partially derived (PM/353). It is a compound of tyelca “hasty” and ormo “riser”.

Conceptual Development: In earlier notes, Tolkien gave his Quenya name as Celec-ormë (PE17/112).

kelec-orna

masculine name. Swift-tall

ornā

adjective. uprising, tall

aikwā

adjective. steep, tall

thara

adjective. tall (or long) and slender

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

tāra

adjective. high

teleporno

masculine name. Silver-tall; Silver-tree

aráta

adjective. noble

celegorm

masculine name. Hasty-riser

Third son of Fëanor (S/60), his name was adapted from his mother-name Q. Tyelcormo “Hasty-riser” (PM/353). His name was in the North Sindarin dialect, since the final [m] was preserved (VT41/10). It is a compound of S. celeg “hasty” and an adaptation of Q. ormo “riser”.

Conceptual Development: In earliest Lost Tales, his name was G. Celegorm (LT2/241). In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, the name was changed to N. Celegorn (LR/226 note §41), in keeping with the revised phonology of Noldorin for which [[n|final [m] usually became [v]]]. In The Etymologies, the name was given as a combination of N. celeg “swift” and the lenited form of N. gorn “impetuous” (Ety/KYELEK, GOR).

In his Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings, Tolkien considered connecting the -gorn in Celegorn with the final element of Aragorn, but was generally dissatisfied with the meaning of the name (PE17/112-3). The form Celegorm was restored in Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s (MR/177) and Tolkien devised the “North Sindarin” explanation of his name in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968, as noted above (PM/353).