teith

noun. mark

tê

noun. line, way, line, way, [G.] track, path; mark

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “line, way”, derived from primitive ᴹ✶teʒē under the root {ᴹ√TEƷ >>} TEÑ “line, direction” (Ety/TEƷ). Given the change in the root, the primitive form may have become ✱teñē as this would have produced the same result. Alternately, this word may been revised to N. tî “line, row”; see that entry for discussion.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. tion meant “a straight line” (GL/71) while G. tê or tî meant “mark, line; track; path” (GL/69). The 1910s form tê was derived from ᴱ✶teʒ́e but tî was derived from ᴱ✶tē because long ē became ī. Compare later N. tê < ᴹ✶teʒē vs. N. tî < ᴹ✶tēñe; see the entry for N. tî for discussion.

andeith

noun. long-mark

teith

noun. mark, stroke

andeith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

gammas

noun. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar)

thinnas

noun. lit. "shortness" (name of a mark indicating short quality of vowel)

ann

adjective. long

anann

adverb. long

ann

adjective. long

gwass

noun. stain

gwass

noun. stain

gwath

noun. stain

hmael

noun/adjective. stain

hmael

noun/adjective. stained

lhand

adjective. open space, level

mael

noun/adjective. stain

mael

noun/adjective. stained

naud

adjective. bound

naud

adjective. bound

An adjective meaning “bound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, cognate to ᴹQ. nauta “bound, obliged”, all under the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT).

peg

noun. small spot, dot

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

thafn

noun. post, wooden pillar

thrib-

verb. to scratch

tê

noun. line, way

tî

noun. line, row

taith

noun. mark

tagol

noun. post, mark

A word attested only as an element in glandagol “boundary post or mark” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 (VT42/8). Carl Hostetter suggested it and its Quenya cognate Q. talka could be derived from primitive ✱✶tak(a)la based on the root √TAK “fix, make fast” (VT42/28).

andaith

noun. long-mark

glandagol

noun. boundary mark

taith

noun. sign, symbol, mark, sign, symbol; mark, [N.] stroke; [G.] letter

andaith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

glandagol

noun. boundary mark

tagol

noun. post, mark

taith

mark

(noun) taith (i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

taith

mark

(i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand. LONG RUNE-ROW (a certain system of runes) Angerthas (and + certhas). LONG YEAR (Valian year) ennin. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters.

glandor

noun. march, mark, boundary land

A neologism coined by Valerie posted on 2024-09-16 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of glân “border” and dôr “land”.

lui

noun. blueness; livor, livid mark, *bruise

thinnas

shortness

thinnas (also used for a “breve”, a mark indicating that a vowel is short). Verb

and

adjective. long

The Sindarin word for “long”, appearing as both and and ann, derived from primitive ✶andā based on the root √ANAD (PE17/12, 40, 90, 121; VT42/28). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. ann “long” of the same derivation (Ety/ÁNAD).

Possible Pronunciation: In one note from the mid-1960s Tolkien said “S †ann- only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) ‘gift’, and ann(on) ‘gate’, of different origin” (PE17/90) and in a note from 1959 Tolkien said “S ann/and rare except in old words or names as anduin” (PE17/40). Despite these claims of rarity, and/and appears in a very large number of compounds, far more than ann “gift”.

One way of resolving this ambiguity is to assume the normal pronunciation of this as a standalone word is and rather than ann, in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115). The reduction an(n) would then only occur in compounds like anann “for long” and Anfang “long beard”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {indra >>} in(d)ra “long (also used of time)” based on primitive ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51).

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

gleina-

verb. to bound, enclose, limit

This entry should perhaps read gleinia-, cf. VT/42:28, note 13

land

adjective. open space, level

lîr

noun. line, line, [N.] row

A word for “line” implied by S. aeglir “line of peaks” as in Hithaeglir “Line of Misty Peaks” (RC/11; SA/hîth). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. lhîr “row” under the root ᴹ√LIR (Ety/LIR²), with the unvoicing of initial l as was normal in Noldorin of the 1930s but not Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.

rhib-

verb. to scratch

taen

noun. sign

*rhib

scratch

*rhib- (?i thrîb or ?i rîb the lenition product of rh- is uncertain; pl. ”those who scratch” ?i ribir).

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

brath-

verb. to cook

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

falas

line of surf

(pl. felais) (beach, shore, coast, strand, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). *(VT42:15)*****

glenia

bound

(verb) *glenia- (enclose, limit) (i **lenia, in gleniar**) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

glenia

bound

(enclose, limit) (i ’lenia, in gleniar) (VT42:8; the spelling ”gleina-” in the primary source may be an error)

gwaen

stained

(lenited ’waen; no distinct pl. form)

gwass

stain

(noun) 1) gwass (i **wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i **wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith), 2) (noun) maw (i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”. 3) mael (i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

gwass

stain

(i ’wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i ’wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith)

gwatha

stain

(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (soil)

gwatha

stain

(i ’watha, in gwathar) (soil)

gwaur

dirty

gwaur (soiled), lenited waur, pl. goer

gwaur

dirty

(soiled), lenited ’waur, pl. goer

land

space

(open space) land (level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

land

space

(level), pl. laind, coll. pl. lannath. Also used as adj. ”wide, plain”.

lîr

line

1. lîr (row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath. 2) tê (i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath, 3) tî (i dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thî), coll. pl. tíath.

lîr

line

(row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath.

mael

stain

(i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

mael

stained

(lenited vael; no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”lust”. Another adj.

maw

stain

(i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.

naud

bound

(adj.) naud, pl. noed

naud

bound

pl. noed

nothlir

family line

(family tree); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.

pêg

small spot

(i bêg, construct peg) (dot), pl. pîg (i phîg)

pêg

dot

pêg (i bêg, construct peg) (small spot), pl. pîg (i phîg)

pêg

dot

(i bêg, construct peg) (small spot), pl. pîg (i phîg)

rhib

scratch

(?i thrîb or ?i rîb – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain*;  pl. ”those who scratch” ?i ribir).

sâd

spot

sâd (-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

sâd

spot

(-had; i hâd, o sâd, construct sad) (place, limited area naturally or artificially defined), pl. said (i said) (UT:314, VT42:20)

taeg

boundary line

(i daeg, o thaeg) (limit, boundary), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaeg).

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

tann

sign

1. (etymologically ”something shown/indicated”) tann (i dann), construct tan, pl. tain (i thain) (MR:185); 2) têw (i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (letter, tengwa), pl. tîw (i **thîw), coll. pl. téwath**;

tann

sign

(i dann), construct tan, pl. tain (i thain)** **(MR:185)

thafn

post

(= wooden pillar) thafn, pl. ?thefn, coll. pl. thavnath

thafn

post

pl. ?thefn, coll. pl. thavnath

thinnas

noun. shortness

tilias

line of peaks

(i** dilias, o thilias), pl. tiliais (i** thiliais), coll. pl. tiliassath.

tê

line

(i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath

têw

sign

(i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (letter, tengwa), pl. tîw (i thîw), coll. pl. téwath

tî

line

(i** dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thî), coll. pl. tíath.

tek

root. make a written mark, sign, write, make a written mark, sign, write, [ᴹ√] write or draw (signs or letters)

The root √TEK was the basis for Elvish words for writing for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as ᴱ√TEKE “make marks” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. teket “letter” and ᴱQ. tekta- “to write” (QL/90). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. taith “letter” and G. tectha- “write” (GL/68-69). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was ᴹ√TEK “make a mark, write or draw (signs or letters)” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tek-/N. teitha- “write” and ᴹQ. tengwa/N. tîw “letter” (Ety/TEK).

The root √TEK continued to appear in Tolkien’s writings of the 1950s and 60s with glosses like “make a written mark” (PE17/43), “sign” (PE17/44) or “write” (PE22/149). However, one of its major derivatives, Q. tengwa “letter” (originally < ᴹ✶tekmā), was transferred to the root √TEÑ after Tolkien decide that km &gt; kw rather than ngw in Quenya phonology, as noted by Christopher Gilson (PE17/44; PE19/85-86 note #79); see the entry on √TEÑ for further discussion.

sat

root. divide, apportion, mark off; space, place

The root √SAT appeared in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 glossed “space, place, a limited area naturally or artificially defined” as well as “divide, mark off”, having various derivatives like Q. sati-/S. seidia- “set aside, appropriate to a special purpose or owner”, Q. satya/S. said “private, separate, not common, excluded”, and S. sad “place, spot” (VT42/19-20). Tolkien said the root “also applied to recognized periods or divisions of time”, though he also indicated that this temporal usage only applied to Quenya.

The same root appeared in notes on fractions from 1968 with the gloss “divide, apportion”. It was likely also connected to the primitive suffix ✶-stā (PE18/35; PE21/57, 82) that was the basis for the Sindarin/Noldorin collective suffix -ath, as well as the Quenya suffix Q. -sta often seen in place names like the regions of Númenor, and apparently meaning “any particular arrangement, grouping or collection [of things]” (VT39/16, 20 note #27).

A possible early precursor is the (hypothetical) root ᴱ√SATA needed to explain words in Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. sad- “reck, care, value, esteem, show respect for, consider” and G. sâd “riches, wealth” (GL/66), but the apparent meaning “✱value” is far removed from the later meaning of the root √SAT = “apportion; space”. There was, however, another root √SAT(AR) Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 with the gloss “faithful, trust, loyal, rely, steadfast” and derivatives like Q. astar/S. astor “faith, loyalty” and Q. satar/S. sadron “trusty follower, loyal companion” (PE17/183), the last appearing as an element in the name S. Echad i Sedryn “Camp of the Faithful” (UT/153). This 1957 root is a bit closer in meaning to ᴱ√SATA “✱value”, though still not an exact match.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume √SAT = “apportion; space” and unrelated √SATAR = “faithful, loyal”.

tay

root. mark, line, limit; stretch, [ᴹ√] extend, make long(er), stretch, [ᴹ√] extend, make long(er); [√] mark, line, limit

The root ᴹ√TAY first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “extend, make long(er)” and derivatives like ᴹQ. taile “lengthening, extension”, ᴹQ. taina “lengthened, extended” and N. taen “long (and thin)” (Ety/TAY). Tolkien considered making it a variant of ᴹ√TAƷ (EtyAC/TAY), perhaps intending ᴹ√TAY to refer to horizontal length as opposed to vertical ᴹ√TAƷ. The root ᴹ√TAY “stretch” also appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s as the basis for ᴹ✶tainā “long”, and there were various related linguistic terms like Q. ómataima “vocalic extension” and Q. ómatailë “vowel lengthening” that appeared in both the first and second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1: PE18/34, 45; TQ2: PE18/86, 95).

The root √TAJA “stretch” appeared in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (VT39/7), and √TAY “stretch” appeared in a list of sound roots from around this same time (PE17/138). However, in notes on the origin of the river name S. Taeglin “✱Boundary Singer”, Tolkien glossed √taya “mark, line, limit” with extension tayak as the basis for ✶taika “boundary, limit, boundary line” > S. taeg (WJ/309). Perhaps it was Tolkien’s intent that the sense “mark, line, limit” only applied to the extended form tayak.

teñ

root. indicate, signify, show, represent, betoken, mark, to point at, indicate, signify, show, represent, betoken, mark, to point at; [ᴱ√] know, understand

The first mention of this root was as ᴱ√TEŊE “know, understand” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where it had derivatives like ᴱQ. tenge- “know, understand, grasp” and ᴱQ. tengwe “knowledge, understanding” (QL/91). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien instead gave {ᴹ√TEƷ >>} ᴹ√TEÑ “line, direction” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tie/N. tê “line, way” and ᴹQ. téra/N. tîr “straight, right” (Ety/TEƷ, TEÑ). However, in the original layer of composition for the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, Tolkien gave √TEG for “line” and gave √TEÑ as the basis for Q. tenna “thought, notion, idea”, perhaps a restoration of its meaning from the 1910s (PE19/97).

In another entry in The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien derived ᴹQ. tengwa from ᴹ✶tekmā = ᴹ√TEK “write” + the instrumental suffix ᴹ✶-mā (Ety/TEK). The foundation of this derivation is the sound change whereby voiceless stops were voiced before nasals in Ancient Quenya, thereafter nasalizing so that ᴹ✶tekmā > tegmā > teñmā > teñgwā (PE19/43). This sound change was still in effect when Tolkien wrote the initial draft of Outline of Phonology (OP2) in the early 1950s (PE19/85-66 note #79), but at some later point Tolkien revised this rule so that the nasal instead unvoiced, so that km > kʰm̌ > kƕ > kw (PE19/85), making the derivation of tengwa from the root √TEK invalid.

As pointed out by Christopher Gilson (ibid., note #79), earlier signs of this new phonetic rule can be seen Tolkien’s notes on Words, Phrases and Passages in the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s, where he gave √TEÑ “show, sign, indicate” instead of √TEK “[written] sign” as the new root for Q. tengwa, now derived from ✶teñwā or ✶teñmā, though Tolkien briefly considered √TEWE as a possible root in drafts to these notes (PE17/44). From this point forward, Tolkien regularly mentioned √TEÑ with glosses like “indicate, signify” (WJ/394), “represent, betoken, indicate (by sign)” (VT39/15) and “indicate, mark, signify” (PE22/149). Finally, in green-ink revisions to OP2 from 1970, Tolkien added tengwa as another derivative of √TEÑ alongside Q. tenna “thought, notion, idea” as mentioned above (PE19/97 and note #139).

See the entries on √TEG “line” and √TEK “write” for parallel developments in similar roots.

tektā

noun. sign, symbol, mark

takala Reconstructed

noun. post, mark

teg

root. line

Tolkien used a number of similar roots as the basis for “line” words throughout his life. The earliest of these appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as ᴱ√TEHE [teχe] “pull” (gloss marked with a “?” by Tolkien) with derivatives like ᴱQ. tea “straight”, ᴱQ. telya “attractive; importunate”, and ᴱQ. tie “line, direction, route, road” (QL/90), the last of these surviving more or less unchanged all the way into the published version of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). The early root ᴱ√TEHE also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tê “mark, line; track; path”, G. tî or tion “straight”, and G. tîr “honest; esteem, regard, honour”, originally “straight, upright” (GL/69, 71). Primitive ᴱ✶tegna > ᴱQ. tína/ᴱN. tain “straight” from Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s may represent a shift in the form of the root to ✱ᴱ√TEGE (PE13/153, 165).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root appeared as {ᴹ√TEƷ >>} ᴹ√TEÑ “line, direction” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tie/N. tê “line, way” and ᴹQ. téra/N. tîr “straight, right” (Ety/TEƷ, TEÑ). In the Outline of Phonology Tolkien gave √TEG “line”, whereas √TEÑ was given as the basis for Q. tenna “a thought, notion, idea” and thus clearly with a different meaning; see the entry √TEÑ for further discussion. In any case it is clear that Tolkien considered various ancient velar consonants for the second consonant of this root, all ultimately vanishing in the child languages with similar vocalic effects: 1910s teχ-, 1920s teg-, 1930s {teʒ- >>} teñ- and 1950s teg-.

ʒandā

adjective. long

brath

root. cook

A hypothetical Sindarin-only Neo-Root, used to salvage G. brath- “cook” and related words from the Gnomish Lexicon, possibly originally related to √MBAS “bake”.

talca

noun. post, mark

A word attested only as an element in lantalka “boundary post or mark” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 (VT42/8). Carl Hostetter suggested it and its Sindarin cognate S. tagol could be derived from primitive ✱✶tak(a)la based on the root √TAK “fix, make fast” (VT42/28).

andatehta

long-mark

andatehta noun "long-mark" (TEK, PE17:123), indicated to be an accent-like symbol ´ used to mark long vowels (VT46:17). Compare anda, tehta.

lantalca

boundary post or mark

lantalca ("k")noun "boundary post or mark" (VT42:8, 28)

lanya-

verb. bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of

lanya- (1) vb. "bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of" (VT42:8)

talca

post, mark

#talca ("k")noun "post, mark" isolated from lantalca "boundary post or mark" (VT42:28)

tecco

stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark

tecco ("k")noun "stroke of pen or brush (´) when not used as long mark" (TEK)

tehta

mark, sign

tehta noun "mark, sign" (TEK, VT39:17, Appendix E), especially diacritics denoting vowels in Fëanorian writing (pl. tehtar is attested); these diacritics are explicitly called ómatehtar "vowel-marks", q.v.

tixë

dot, tiny mark, point

tixë ("ks")noun "dot, tiny mark, point" (TIK)

andatehta

noun. long-mark

lantalca

noun. boundary post or mark

tehta

noun. (written) mark, sign, symbol, †written letter, (written) mark, sign, symbol, [ᴹQ.] diacritic, [Q.] †written letter

andatehta

noun. long mark

lanya-

verb. to bound, enclose, separate from, mark the limit of

(e)mecima

adjective. accurate, always aiming at the mark

A neologism for “accurate” or more exactly “always aiming at the mark” coined by Arael in the “Neologism of the Day” (NotD) series on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) posted at 2023-05-22, a perfective adjectival formation of the Neo-Root ᴺ√MEK “aim”.

sár

noun. (incised) mark, notch, tally; (generalized) score (of game or contest)

A neologism for an “(incised) mark, notch, tally” coined by Röandil posted on 2022-04-17 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), derived from √SAR “score, incise”. Based on its use for tally marks, it is also used to describe a “score” from a game or contest.

mehtë

noun. mark, aim, object

nyas

noun. scratch, score, line, mark

ripta-

verb. to cut in strips, tear up; to stripe, mark in parallel lines; to flay, flog

sar-

verb. to mark (i.e. by incision), notch, score; (by later extension) †to write [on]

tanwa

sign, token

tanwa noun "sign, token" (Tolkien marked this word with a query, but it is not clearly rejected). Also tanna (#1). (PE17:186)

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

hana

noun. post

lenu-

verb. stretch

lenu- vb. "stretch" (LT2:341)

narwë

sign, token

[narwë (and short nar, unless this is an incomplete form) noun "sign, token"] (VT45:37)

nauta

bound, obliged

nauta adj. "bound, obliged" (NUT)

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

taina

sign

#taina (2) noun "sign", isolated from Tainacolli *"Sign-bearer" MR:385

tanna

sign, token

tanna (1) noun "sign, token" (MR:385, PE17:186), also tanwa (PE17:186)

tengwa

noun. sign

sign, indicator, letter

tixe

noun. dot

maxa-

verb. to cook

maxar

noun. cook

rimpë

noun. scratch

A neologism for “scratch” created by Boris Shapiro and Petri Tikka in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based on the root ᴹ√SRIP of the same meaning. I would use attested but earlier [ᴱQ.] nyas “scratch” instead.

lôgrad Archaic

place name. Horse-mark

anda

adjective. long

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long