eth

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

ethir

noun. mouth of a river, (lit.) outflow

A noun for the mouth of a river or a river delta, glossed “outflow” in the Unfinished Index of The Lord of the Rings (RC/350; Ety/ET). It was a combination of primitive ✶et “out” and S. sîr “river” (SA/sîr; Ety/ET), where ts > th.

Conceptual Development: The word and its derivation first appeared as N. ethir in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ET).

ethir anduin

place name. Mouths of Anduin

Mouth of the river Anduin (LotR/400), translated “Mouths of Anduin” in Tolkien’s “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings (RC/350). This name is a combination of ethir “river mouth” with the river name.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Ethir-andon, soon revised to N. Ethir-anduin, matching changes in the river name itself (TI/298).

ethir

noun. spy

ethuil

noun. spring, spring [the season]

ethraid engrin

place name. Fords of Isen

A Sindarin name for the Fords of Isen, a combination of the plurals of athrad “ford” and the adjective angren “of iron” (UT/318). It also appeared in a singular form Athrad Angren.

ethraid erui

proper name. Crossings of Erui

Sindarin name of the crossing over the river Erui, mentioned only in the drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/199), though the English translation “Crossings of Erui” appears on the maps of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1087). This name is a combination of the plural of athrad “ford” and the river name.

Ethir Anduin

noun. mouths of great river (Anduin)

[His.] ed (“out”) + sîr (“flow, river”), and (“long”) + duin (“long and large river”) David Salo: ”dh and mh were liable to revert to d and m when they came to follow a nasal after syncope” TolkLang message 19.31.

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

ethir

noun. spy

ethring

place name. *Across Cold

Name of a bridge across the river Ringló appearing on the maps of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1086). The second element of this name is almost certainly ring “cold”. This first element may be a mutated form of the prefix [N.] ath- “across”, with [[s|short [a] becoming [e] preceding an [i]]] (as suggested by David Salo, GS/378).

ethuil

noun. season of spring

-eth

suffix. feminine ending

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

ethir

mouth of a river

ethir (outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy". (noun):

ethir

estuary

ethir (mouth or outflow of a river), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "spy".

ethir

spy

(noun) ethir (no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath). Literally "out-watcher". Note: a homophone means "mouth/outflow of a river, estuary".

ethir

outflow of a river

ethir (mouth of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".

ethuil

spring

(season) ethuil (no distinct pl. form). SPRING-SINGER, see SWALLOW

ethir

mouth of a river

(outflow of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".****

ethir

of a river

(estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".

ethir

spy

(no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath). Literally "out-watcher". Note: a homophone means "mouth/outflow of a river, estuary".

ethir

outflow of a river

(mouth of a river, estuary), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. ethiriath. Note: a homophone means "spy".****

ethiria-

verb. to flow out

A neologism coined by Fiona Jallings, a verb based on combination of √ET “out” and √SIR “flow”. Compare the noun ethir “outflow” (RC/350) and the verb [N.] siria- “flow” (Ety/SIR).

ethia-

verb. to ease, assist

ethir

estuary

(mouth or outflow of a river), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "spy".

ethog-

verb. to lead out, *bring out

A neologism meaning “lead out” coined by Fiona Jallings, a combination of √ET “out” and √TUK “bring”, so more literally “bring out”.

ethol-

verb. to come forth, come out

A neologism coined by Rínor posted on 2024-09-08 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of ed “out” and tol- “come”, equivalent to ᴹQ. ettul-.

etholtha-

verb. to extract, make come out

A neologism coined by Hialmr in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of √ET “out” and [N.] toltha- “fetch”.

ethuil

spring

(no distinct pl. form).

est

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

athrad

ford

athrad, pl. ethraid

athrad

ford

pl. ethraid

athrad

noun. ford, crossing

gobem

noun. mouth

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

celu

spring

(of water) 1) celu (i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath. 2) (well) eithel (source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

duin

river

(long, large river with strong current) duin (i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin) (VT48:24)

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

sîr

river

1) (also = rill) sîr (i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”. 2) celon (i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn), 3) The word lind ”singer” may also be used of rivers (see . (WJ.309).

tuia

spring

(verb) tuia- (i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

-ien

suffix. feminine ending

An occasional feminine suffix in Sindarin, in one place given as a feminine patronymic (PE17/170) as in the name Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers” (PE17/15, 161). See the entry on the root √YE(L) for a discussion of conceptual vacillations on its connection to “daughter”.

Conceptual Development: In Noldorin it seems N. -ien was simply a feminine suffix in the name N. Lhúthien “Enchantress” (Ety/LUK).

celu

noun. spring, source

duin

noun. (long and large) river (having strong current)

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

e

pronoun. he

echuir

noun. a season, the beginning of spring

eitha-

verb. to ease, assist

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

firith

noun. season of fading

iach

noun. ford, crossing

iach

noun. ford

iavas

noun. season of autumn

is

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

laer

noun. season of summer

lasbelin

noun. season of autumn

pâd

ford

_ n. _ford. Also called athrad 'crossing'.

sîr

noun. river

tuil

noun. spring

ar

outside

(without)

celon

river

(i gelon, o chelon), pl. celyn (pl. i chelyn)

celos

water falling swiftly from a spring

(i gelos, o chelos) (freshet), pl. celys (i chelys).

celu

spring

(i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath.

duin

large river

(i dhuin), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nuin), coll. pl. duinath (Names:179, PM:54); compare the river-name Anduin, ”long river”.

e

he

(SD:128-31)

edol

noun. ivy

egel

adjective. other

eithel

spring

(source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

lind

river

”singer” may also be used of rivers (see

sîr

river

(i hîr, o sîr), in compounds sir- or -hir or -hír; no distinct pl. form except with article (i sîr), coll. pl. siriath. Note: sîr is also the adverb ”today”.

tuia

spring

(i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

ethir-anduin

place name. Ethir-anduin

ethir

noun. mouth of a river

ethrenn

place name. Outer Lands, East

A rejected Noldorin name for Middle-earth appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Entarda with the meaning “Outer Lands” (EtyAC/EN). It developed from a primitive form ᴹ✶Ēntrende, where [[on|[t] became a spirant after the [n]]], and later the [[n|[n] vanished before the spirantal cluster]].

ethuil

noun. spring

ethelion

place name. Peregrin

An early Elvish name in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s for the character that would become Aragorn, glossed “Peregrin” (RS/395). Roman Rausch suggested it might be a cognate of ᴹQ. ettelea “foreign”, since Peregrin means “foreigner” (EE/1.3).

ethir

noun. mouth (of a river), estuary

ho

pronoun. he

athrad

noun. ford, crossing

celon

noun. river

celw

noun. spring, source

duirro

noun. river-bank

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

ho

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

lhasbelin

noun. season of autumn

sirion

noun. great river

sîr

noun. river

sîr

noun. river

-ien Reconstructed

suffix. feminine ending

ethenta-

verb. to read aloud

@@@ Eldamo’s automated transcription doesn’t properly handle the tengwar spelling of this word, which should actually be `V1d$4#

anto

noun. mouth, mouth [as a thing for eating]; [ᴱQ.] jaw

The basic Quenya word for “mouth”, appearing as the name of tengwa #13 [4] in The Lord of the Rings Appendix E (LotR/1123). It is likely derived from the root √MAT “eat” from primitive ✱amtō, and hence refers to the mouth as a thing for eating. Quenya has a number of other more specialized words for the mouth, however, such as Q. pé for the closed mouth, Q. ópa for the mouth opening, Q. songa for the interior of the mouth and Q. náva for the entire mouth apparatus (tongue, lips and teeth) used for speech.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. anto “mouth” first appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1940s, where it replaced ᴹQ. anta “jaws” (PE22/50 note #50). In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. anto (antu-) was itself glossed “jaw” and was based on the early root ᴱ√MATA “eat” (QL/31, 59).

carpa

mouth

carpa ("k") (1) noun "mouth", including lips, teeth, tongue etc. (PE17:126); also used for "language", in particular the phonetic system.Cf. náva and páva.

páva

mouth

páva noun "mouth" (including tongue, lips and teeth). Apparently changed by Tolkien to náva, q.v. (VT39:19)

songa

mouth

songa noun "mouth", in the sense of "interior cavity behind the teeth, containing tongue" (PE17:126)

-issë

suffix. ending in feminine names

An ending in feminine names, most notably Q. Írissë (PM/345).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. -sse was also a feminine suffix in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s in words like ᴱQ. heresse “sister” from neuter ᴱQ. hes “✱sibling” (QL/40).

tuilë

noun. spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

anto

mouth

anto (1) noun "mouth", also name of tengwa #13 (Appendix E)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

cectelë

fountain

cectelë ("k")noun "fountain" (LT1:257, LT2:338. In LotR-style Quenya rather ehtelë.)

celure

noun. fountain

celusindi

river

celusindi _("k")_noun "river" (LT1:257; hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, where the terms sírë and sirya appear instead)

ectelë

fountain

ectelë _("k")noun"fountain", also cectelë ("k")(LT1:257, LT2:338; in LotR-style Quenya _ehtelë)

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

etsir

mouth of a river

etsir noun "mouth of a river" (ET)

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

exa

other

exa adj.? "other" (apparently as adjective) (VT47:10, VT49:33). Also eces ("k"), unless this is intended as the stem underlying exa (the root KES with prefixed stem-vowel) rather than a Quenya word (VT49:33).

exa

adjective. other

hlóna

river, especially given to those at all seasons full of water from mountains

[hlóna (2) noun "a river, especially given to those at all seasons full of water from mountains" (VT48:27; the word is marked with a query and the note containing it rejected; it was apparently replaced by lón, q.v.)]

hyana

other

hyana adj. "other", cf. hya (VT49:14)

hyana

adjective. other

nen

river

nen noun "river" (LT1:248), "river, water" (LT1:262) (In Tolkien's later Quenya, nén with a long vowel means "water", but hardly "river" - that is sírë.)

nuinë

suffix. river

náva

mouth

náva ("ñ")noun "mouth", apparently not only the lips but also the inside of the mouth (VT39:13 cf. 8). Possibly, but probably not, the same element that is translated "hollow" in Návarot, q.v.

páva

noun. mouth

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

sindi

river

sindi noun "river" (LT1:265; rather sírë in LotR-style Quenya)

sirya

river

#sirya noun "river", attested in the dual form siryat (VT47:11). Compare sírë.

sír

river

sír noun "river", shorter form of sirë (PE17:65, VT49:17)

sír(ë)

noun. river, river, [ᴱQ.] stream

The most common Quenya word for “river”, derived from the root √SIR “flow”.

Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. sīre “stream” as a derivative of ᴱ√SIŘI [SIÐI] (QL/84), and this form and gloss also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/84). The form ᴹQ. siri- “river” appeared in the Declension of Nouns (DN) from the early 1930s, along with uninflected sire with short i and various inflected forms with siry- (PE21/10). The form sīre “river” with long ī appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√SIR “flow” (Ety/SIR; EtyAC/SIR). In several notes from the mid-1960s, it appeared in monosyllabic form sír (PE17/65) or sīr (VT49/17), but it had dual form siryat from the late 1960s implying a stem form of sirĭ- and a development similar to that of DN from the early 1930s (VT47/11).

Neo-Eldarin: Its form síre is probably better known and more commonly used in Neo-Quenya. For example this is the typical form in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

sírë

river

sírë noun "river" (SIR, VT46:13), "stream" (LT1:265). Also short form sír, q.v.Compare #sirya.

tuilë

spring, spring-time

tuilë noun "spring, spring-time", also used = "dayspring, early morn" (VT39:7, TUY), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition. Cf. tuilérë, q.v. (Appendix D) - In early "Qenya", the word tuilë is glossed "Spring", but it is said that it literally refers to a "budding", also used collectively for "buds, new shoots, fresh green" (LT1:269). Cf. tuima in Tolkien's later Quenya.

ópa

mouth

ópa noun "mouth", in the sense of mouth-opening with lips as the edges (PE17:126)

etil

noun. ivy

ettirno

noun. spy

khy-

root. other

Tolkien used a variety of different roots for “otherness” and “or” throughout his life. The earliest of these was ᴱ√VARA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with derivatives like ᴱQ. vára “other”, ᴱQ. var “or”, ᴱQ. varya “different” and ᴱQ. varimo “foreigner” (QL/100). Similar words in the Gnomish lexicon such as G. far(o)n “separate, different, strange” and G. faronwed “foreign” seem to be based on a distinct but possibly related root, apparently being derived from G. far- “separate, sever, divide” (GL/34). The Gnomish words for “otherness” seem to be based on the (hypothetical) root ✱ᴱ√ELE, such as G. el “or” and G. eleg “other, else” (GL/32); see the entry on ✱ᴱ√ELE for further discussion.

In the Early Qenya Grammar, the “other” words were based on ᴱQ. etya (comparative) and ᴱQ. nyanya (general), but these words were on a page of demonstratives and their primitive basis isn’t clear (PE14/55). The first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s had ᴹ√ETHE “other” as the basis for the “other person” pronoun ᴹQ. the, along with a rarer “[yet another] person” pronoun he (PE23/91), but there are no signs of the past 1948. The next published “or” word was S. egor from the King’s Letter in the omitted epilogue to The Lord of the Rings, written in 1948-1951 (SD/129).

The next set of “or/other” words do not appear until the 1960s. The primitive form ✶khē̆ appears in notes on reflexives from 1965 as the basis for Q. hé “him, the other” (VT49/15), probably a holdover from the 1948 pronoun he mentioned above (PE23/91). In rough notes on numbers written in the late 1960s, Tolkien gave the possibly-related root √KES “other”, with derivatives Q. exa “other” and Q. exe “the other”, apparently adjective and noun (VT47/40). Finally in some notes written in 1968 or later, Tolkien gave the primitive element √KHY- “other”, with derivatives Q. hye “other person”, Q. hya “other thing”, and Q. hyana “other [adjective]” (VT49/14).

These primitive forms also seem to be connected to various words Tolkien considered for “or” in the Ambidexters Sentence composed in 1969: khe >> hela >> hya (VT49/14). Patrick Wynne suggested the first two of these might be connected to 1965 ✶khē̆, and the last one to 1968+ √KHY-. This last root may also be connected to Q. ahya- “change” (circa 1960); if so Tolkien may have been vacillating among various possible forms throughout the 1960s.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use √KHY- and its derivatives, since they are a more comprehensive paradigm including the best available Quenya word for “or”.

-ittā

suffix. ending in feminine names

kes

root. other

khyana

adjective. other

twílë

noun. spring

khibil

noun. spring

A noun translated “spring” and fully declined as an example of a Strong I noun (SD/430).

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).