etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

-issë

suffix. ending in feminine names

An ending in ending in feminine names, most notably Q. Írissë (PM/345).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. -sse was also a feminine suffix in Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s in words like ᴱQ. heresse “sister” from neuter ᴱQ. hes “✱sibling” (QL/40).

Cognates

• S. -eth “feminine ending” ✧ PM/345

Derivations

• ✶-ittā “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345

Element in

• Q. Írissë “*Desirable Lady” ✧ PM/345
• Q. Lindissë “*Singer (f.)”

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

eth

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

-eth

suffix. feminine ending

Cognates

• Q. -issë “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345

Derivations

• ✶-ittā “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345

Element in

• S. adaneth “(mortal) woman”
• S. Astoreth
• S. Firieth “(Female) Mortal” ✧ WJ/387
• S. Ioreth “Old Woman” ✧ RC/579
• S. Íreth ✧ PM/345
• S. Núneth
• S. Thenneth “*Grey-Elf (f.)” ✧ PE17/141

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶-ittā > -eth	[-ittā] > [-itta] > [-ittʰa] > [-iθθa] > [-eθθa] > [-eθθ] > [-eθ]	✧ PM/345

Variations

• -es ✧ PE17/141
• eth ✧ RC/579

est

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

Variations

• est ✧ PE17/046
• eth ✧ VT50/14
• is ✧ VT50/14

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

e

pronoun. he

Cognates

• ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

• S. ar e aníra ennas suilannad mhellyn în phain “and he desires to greet there all his friends” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129
• S. edregol e aníra tírad i Cherdir Perhael (i sennui Panthael estathar aen) Condir i Drann “in especial he desires to see Master Samwise (who should be called Fullwise) Mayor of the Shire” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

-ien

suffix. feminine ending

An occasional feminine suffix in Sindarin, in one place given as a feminine patronymic (PE17/170) as in the name Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers” (PE17/15, 161). See the entry on the root √YE(L) for a discussion of conceptual vacillations on its connection to “daughter”.

Conceptual Development: In Noldorin it seems N. -ien was simply a feminine suffix in the name N. Lhúthien “Enchantress” (Ety/LUK).

Cognates

• Q. -ien “feminine ending; feminine patronymic, -daughter” ✧ PE17/170

Derivations

• ✶-(i)ondo ✧ PE17/170
  • √YON “son”

Element in

• S. Erien
• S. Lúthien “Daughter of Flowers”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(ĭ)ondī > -ien	[-iondī] > [-iondi] > [-iœndi] > [-iœnd] > [-iœnn] > [-ienn] > [-ien]	✧ PE17/170

is

pronoun. he, she, it, 3rd sg. pronoun

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

he

(SD:128-31)

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

Derivations

• √Ad. ƷU “he”

Variations

• u-/hu- ✧ SD/433

-ittā

suffix. ending in feminine names

Derivatives

• Q. -issë “ending in feminine names” ✧ PM/345
• S. -eth “feminine ending” ✧ PM/345

ho

pronoun. he

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

• ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
  • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho	[so] > [ho]	✧ Ety/S

Variations

• hon ✧ Ety/S
• hono ✧ Ety/S

hon

pronoun. he

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hono

pronoun. he

-ien Reconstructed

suffix. feminine ending

Cognates

• Ilk. -ien “element in female names”

Element in

• N. Lhúthien “Enchantress”