Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)
Quenya
ara
outside, beside, besides
Ara-
noble
aran
king
aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.
aran
noun. king
Cognates
- S. aran “king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)” ✧ PE17/147
Derivations
Element in
- Q. arandil “king’s friend, royalist”
- Q. arandur “minister, steward, (lit.) king’s servant”
- Q. aranel “princess”
- Q. aranië “kingdom”
- Q. aran Lestanórëo “King of Doriath” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. aran linta ciryalion “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
- Q. aran linta ciryalíva “*king of swift ships” ✧ PE17/147
- Q. Aran Meletyalda “king your mighty” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. Aranórë “Kingsland”
- Q. Arantar “*High King”
- ᴺQ. arantyalmë “chess, (lit.) king-game”
- Q. aranus(së) “kingship”
- Q. Aranwë “*King-person”
- Q. aranya “*royal”
- Q. asëa aranion “kingsfoil, asëa of the Kings” ✧ LotR/0864; PE17/049; PE17/100
- Q. Ciriáran “Mariner King, *(lit.) Ship King”
- Q. Elwë, aran Sindaron “Elwe, King of the Sindar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. i arani Eldaive “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. i arani Eldaron “The kings of the Eldar” ✧ WJ/369
- Q. ingaran “high-king”
- Q. Noldóran “King of the Ñoldor”
- Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
- ᴺQ. tararan “emperor, (lit.) high-king”
- Q.
Aran Endór“King of Middle-earth” ✧ MR/121 (Aran Endór)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ARA > aran [aran] ✧ PE17/118 √ARAN > aran [aran] ✧ PE17/147 Variations
- Aran ✧ MR/121 (
Aran); PE17/147; WJ/369; WJ/369; WJ/369
ára
dawn
ára noun "dawn" (AR1). According to VT45:6, ára is also the name of the long vowel carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar.
ar
and
ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.
ar
and
o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.
ar
conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but
Changes
ara→ ar ✧ NM/239ar→ ar “and” ✧ PE17/041ar→ ar ✧ PE17/041ar→ al ✧ PE17/175Cognates
- S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar
Derivations
- ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
- √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
- ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
- √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
- √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar
Element in
- Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
- Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
- Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
- Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
- Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
- Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
- Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
- Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
- Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
- Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
- Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
- Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
- Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
- Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
- Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
- Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
- Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
- Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
- Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
- Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
- Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
- Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
- Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
- Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
- Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
- Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
- Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶as(a) > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad(a) > az > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad(a) > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶as(a) > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ PE17/041 ✶ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/070 ✶ad(ă)/ad > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/071 ✶ad > ađ > ař > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/071 ✶ada > ar [ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/102 √ADA > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/145 √ar- > ar [ar] ✧ SA/ar ✶as > ar [asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar] ✧ VT47/31 Variations
- Ar ✧ NM/239
- ara ✧ NM/240 (
ara)- a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
- as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
- al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
- are ✧ VT43/31 (
are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04
ar(a)
preposition. beside, next [to]; out, beside, next [to], *by; out, [ᴹQ.] outside
Derivations
Element in
- Q. A anamelda na ar ilyan “A is dearest of all” ✧ PE17/057
- Q. arcalima ar eleni “A is brightest of all” ✧ PE17/056
- Q. ar- “by-, beside, near, by-, beside, near; [ᴹQ.] outside”
- ᴺQ. aralussë “aorist, (lit.) beside-tense”
- ᴺQ. aramallë “side-street”
- Q. quiquië menin coaryanna, arsë “whenever I arrive at his house/come to/get to, he is out” ✧ VT49/23 (
quiquie tenin koaryanna, arse)Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ADA > ar [ad] > [að] > [ar] ✧ PE17/145 Variations
- ar ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/145
- ad ✧ PE17/071
- ara ✧ VT49/25
arato
noble
arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)
haran
king, chieftain
haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)
taran
king
taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)
ar-
outside
ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.
ari
beside the
ari, arin prep. *"beside the"? See ara.
arë
and
arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)
ava
outside, beyond
ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)
tar
beyond
tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)
vardar
king
vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)
-tar
king
-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.
ardë
beside you
ardë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (pl), changed from astë (VT49:25). See ara.
armë
beside us
armë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (exclusive), changed from anwë (VT49:25); see ara.
arni
beside me
arni < anni prep. with pron. suffix *"beside me" (VT49:25); see ara
arsë
beside him/her
arsë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside him/her" (informal) (VT49:25); see ara. Arsë "he is out" (VT49:23, 35, 36)
artë
beside them
artë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside them", changed from astë (VT49:25). See ara.
arwë
beside us
arwë (1) prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (inclusive) (VT49:25); see ara.
tár
king
tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.
armet
beside us
armet prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (dual), changed from arwet (VT49:25); see ara.
arquen
noble
arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)
amaurëa
dawn, early day
†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" (Markirya)
az
and
az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.
-yë
conjunction. and
-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).
ambarónë
noun. dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient
Element in
- Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/082
Elements
Word Gloss amba “up(wards)” (h)róna “eastern, east” Variations
- ambaróne ✧ PE17/082; RC/385
and
and
a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).
han
beyond
han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_
han
preposition. beyond
Derivations
- √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, enrich, honour (especially by gift); give” ✧ VT43/14
Element in
- Q. Átaremma i ëa han Eä “our Father who art in Heaven” ✧ VT43/14
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √HAN > han [han] ✧ VT43/14
yo
and
yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).
allë
beside you
allë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (formal) (VT49:25); see ara
anni
beside me
anni > arni prep. with pron. suffix *"beside me" (VT49:25); see ara
anwë
beside us
anwë (2) prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us", changed to armë (VT49:25); see ara.
astë
beside you
astë prep. with pron. suffix (1) "beside you", in this sense changed to ardë; (2) "beside them", in this sense changed to artë (VT49:25). See ara.
túr
king
túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)
anwet
beside us
anwet prep. with pron. suffix *"beside us" (dual), changed to armet (VT49:25); see ara.
astyë
beside you
astyë prep. with pron. suffix *"beside you" (informal) (VT49:25); see ara
pella
beyond
pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_
etsë
outside, exterior
etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)
ettë
outside
ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)
eldatár
`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king
ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)