Quenya 

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

árë

noun. sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day

A word for “sunlight” and “warmth (especially of the sun)” as well as the older name of tengwa #31 (k), which was originally used for the sound [z] matching the archaic pronunciation of this name: †áze (LotR/1123). When this sound fell out of use in Quenya (becoming r) the tengwa was repurposed for [ss] and given a new name: Q. essë. The word árë was derived from the root √AS “warmth” (PE17/18, 148; VT43/18).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. are has the sense “day” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√AR of the same meaning (Ety/AR¹), and it appears with this gloss in some later writings as well (PE17/148, PM/127). By the time Tolkien was writing The Lord of the Rings appendices, though, he had changed the sense of this word to “sunlight” as described above. The sense “day” was transferred to the words aurë and .

Cognates

  • S. ast “light or heat of the sun” ✧ PE17/018

Derivations

  • áse “sunlight” ✧ PE17/018
    • AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018
  • AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/148; PE17/148; SA/arien; VT43/18

Element in

  • Q. árë nuquerna “árë-reversed” ✧ LotR/1123
  • Q. Arien “Maiden of the Sun” ✧ PE17/148
  • ᴺQ. árinqua “sunny, (lit.) sunlight-full”
  • Q. ilyarëa “*daily”
  • Q. siar(ë) “*today, this day”
  • Q. hyárë “*today, this day”
  • Q. sinar “today, today, [ᴹQ.] this morning”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
Q. áze > áre[āze] > [āre]✧ LotR/1123
áse > áze > áre[āse] > [āze] > [āre]✧ PE17/018
AS > āze > āre[āse] > [āze] > [āre]✧ PE17/148
AS > ar[ase] > [aze] > [are] > [ar]✧ PE17/148
as- > árë[āse] > [āze] > [āre]✧ SA/arien
AS > áze > áre[āse] > [āze] > [āre]✧ VT43/18

Variations

  • áre ✧ LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/126; VT43/18
  • áze ✧ LotR/1123 (áze)
  • āre ✧ PE17/126; PE17/148
  • ar ✧ PE17/148
  • arë ✧ PM/127
Quenya [LotR/1123; PE17/018; PE17/126; PE17/148; PM/127; SA/arien; VT43/18] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aurë

sunlight, day

aurë noun "sunlight, day" (SA:ur), "day (of light), a day of special meaning or festival" (VT49:45). locative auressë "in (the) morning" in Markirya, allative aurenna *"on the day" (VT49:43-45). Also compare amaurëa.

ázë

ázë

ázë see árë

Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

Arien

the sun-maiden

Arien fem. name "the Sun-maiden", the Maia of the Sun (AR1; Silm); cf. árë "sunlight"

ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ), q.v.

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

day

noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short - in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

-on

name

-on gen.pl. ending (3O), in aldaron, aranion, elenion, Eldaron, #esseron, Ingweron, Istarion, Númevalion, Quendion, Silmarillion, Sindaron, tasarion (see Nan-Tasarion), Valion, wenderon, yénion. Normally the ending -on is added to the nominative plural, whether it ends in -i or -r, but some nouns in -ë that would have nominative plurals in -i seem to prefer the ending -ron in the genitive (hence #esseron as the gen. pl. of essë "name", though the nominative pl. is attested as essi and we might have expected the gen. pl. *ession; similarly wenderon, Ingweron).

esse

noun. name

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

essë

name

essë (1) noun "name", also later name of Tengwa #31, originally (MET) called árë (ázë). (Appendix E). With a pronominal ending esselya "thy name" (VT43:14). Pl. #essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. #esseron "of names" in the compound Nómesseron (q.v.); we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps #esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" (MR:214, 470), Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta *("k") noun "Name-essay" (see centa) (MR:415); Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë (q.v.) (MR:214, 471). The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë** in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" (VT45:12).

essë

noun. name

Cognates

  • ᴺS. ess “name”

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ES “indicate, name”

Element in

Variations

  • esse ✧ LotR/1123
  • essë ✧ MR/470
  • Esse ✧ WJ/359
Quenya [LotR/1123; MR/216; MR/470; PM/339; UT/266; UTI/epessë; VT42/17; VT43/14; WJ/359] Group: Eldamo. Published by

esta-

verb. name

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

sanda

name

[sanda, sandë] (þ) (2) noun "name" (VT46:16)

sanya

name

[sanya] (þ) (2) noun ?"name" (reading of gloss uncertain, VT46:16)

illi

all

illi noun "all" (as independent noun, apparently treated as a plural form). Imb' illi "among all" (VT47:30)

illi

noun. all

Element in

ilya

all

ilya adj. and noun "all" (LR:47, 56; SD:310), "all, the whole" (IL); "each, every, all of a particular group of things" (VT39:20); ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective (Nam, RGEO:67): ilyë tier "all paths" (Namárië, VT39:20), ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" (CO), ilya raxellor "from all dangers" (VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here), ilyárëa (older ilyázëa) "daily, of every day" (evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending) (VT43:18). Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v.

ilyë

adjective. all

Sindarin 

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

Sindarin [Ety/349, S/439] Group: SINDICT. Published by

eneth

noun. name

Sindarin [VT/44:21,24] Group: SINDICT. Published by

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+aearon. Group: SINDICT. Published by

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

Sindarin [aLotR/D] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pân

adjective. all, in totality

As no other word beginning in ph- is attested, it is assumed that a nasal mutation is triggered by the pronoun în.1 , hence the form observed in the "King's Letter"

Sindarin [mhellyn în phain SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

pân

adjective. all, all, *complete, entire, full, the whole

@@@ extended meaning suggested on Discord 2022-03-11

Cognates

  • ᴺQ. qua(na) “all, complete, entire, full, the whole”

Derivations

  • KWA “complete, full, whole, all, every, complete, full, whole, all, every; [ᴹ√] something”

Element in

Sindarin [AotM/062; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

esta-

verb. to name

Sindarin [estathar SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+menel. Group: SINDICT. Published by

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+belain. Group: SINDICT. Published by

penninor

noun. last day of the year

Sindarin [Ety/400, X/Z] pant+în+aur. Group: SINDICT. Published by

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+anor. Group: SINDICT. Published by

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+ithil. Group: SINDICT. Published by

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+galadh. Group: SINDICT. Published by

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+gil, with archaic genitive. Group: SINDICT. Published by

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

Sindarin [LotR/D] aur+galadh, with quenya influenced dual ending. Group: SINDICT. Published by

glawar

sunlight

glawar (i **lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

eneth

name

(noun) eneth (pl. enith)

eneth

name

(pl. enith)

ess

noun. name

Cognates

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

esta

name

(verb.) esta- (call) (i esta, in estar)

esta

name

(call) (i esta, in estar)

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

galad

sunlight

1) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 2) glawar (i **lawar) (gold; radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair**) (VT41:10)

galad

sunlight

(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).

pân

all

(adj.) *pân, pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

pân

all

pl. pain (only attested in mutated pl. form phain, SD:128-31). Not to be confused with the noun pân ”plank”.

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

Adûnaic

katha

adjective. all

A word translated “all” in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/288, VT24/12). This word appeared in the form kâtha in the final typescript version of the Lament (SD/247), but in all other instances appeared as katha. If the final typescript is later than the final manuscript, kâtha may be its final form, but I believe that the manuscript was later, and katha better matches its appearance as an element in kathuphazgân “conqueror” (SD/429). This last example is interesting in that it is an example of an adjective declined into the objective case.

Element in

Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/288; SD/312; SD/429; VT24/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

áse

noun. sunlight

Derivations

  • AS “warmth” ✧ PE17/018

Derivatives

  • Q. árë “sunlight, warmth (especially of the sun); day” ✧ PE17/018
Primitive elvish [PE17/018] Group: Eldamo. Published by

il

root. all

A root meaning “all” in Tolkien’s writings from the 1930s through 1960s (VT48/25) with derivatives in both Quenya and Sindarin, the most notable being Q. Ilúvatar “All-father” (MR/39). Its earliest precursor is the root ᴱ√ILU “ether, the slender airs among the stars” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, whose derivatives include various sky-words as well as ᴱQ. Ilúvatar, since in this early period the name meant “Heavenly Father” (QL/42). The meaning of the root shifted to ᴹ√IL “all” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/IL), and it retained this sense thereafter.

Derivatives

  • ilū “all, everything, the whole”
    • Q. ilu “everything, all, the whole, everything, all, the whole; [ᴹQ.] universe, world; [ᴱQ.] ether” ✧ VT39/20
    • ᴺS. ilu “universe, the whole, cosmos”
  • Q. il- “every, *all”
  • Q. ilya “every, each, all (of a particular group of things), every, each, all (of a particular group of things), [ᴹQ.] the whole”
  • S. il “*all”

Element in

Primitive elvish [VT48/25] Group: Eldamo. Published by

en

root. name

Derivatives

  • S. en- “*to name”
  • ᴺS. enwiol “nominal”

Noldorin 

glawar

noun. sunlight, radiance (of the golden tree Laurelin)

Noldorin [Ety/368, VT/45:15] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ar-

prefix. day

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
    • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

  • N. Ar Fennuir “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Neleduir “Day of the three kings, fifth day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Nethwelein “Day of the younger Gods, fifth day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Uiar “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Vanwe “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. Ar Vedhwen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Velegol “Day of Aule, alternate name of the third day of the Valian week”
  • N. Ar Ifan “*Day of Yavanna”
  • N. edinar “anniversary day”
  • N. Aroeren “Sea-day”
  • N. Aranor “*Sun-day”
  • N. Arvelain “*Day of the Valar”
  • N. Argalad “Tree Day”
  • N. Argaladath “*Day of the Trees”
  • N. Argilion “*Star-day”
  • N. Arithil “*Moon-day”
  • N. Arvenel “*Heavens-day”
  • N. penninar “full year (last day of year)”
  • N. Ardórin “?Day of Kings”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ari- > ar-[ari] > [are] > [ar]✧ Ety/AR¹

Variations

  • ar- ✧ Ety/AR¹
Noldorin [Ety/AR¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

Noldorin [Ety/349, S/439] Group: SINDICT. Published by

penninar

noun. last day of the year

Noldorin [Ety/400, X/Z] pant+în+aur. Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

are

noun. day

Cognates

  • N. ar- “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
    • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Are Fanturion “Day of the Fanturi, fourth day of the Valian week”
  • ᴹQ. Are Manwen “Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week”
  • ᴹQ. Arendien “Midyear’s Day”
  • ᴹQ. Are Veruen “Day of the Spouses, third day of the Valian week”
  • ᴹQ. artuile “dayspring, early morn”
  • ᴹQ. Ar Ulmon “Day of Ulmo, second day of the Valian week”
  • ᴹQ. enar “tomorrow”
  • ᴹQ. Mettare “Year’s end”
  • ᴹQ. sinar “today, this morning”
  • ᴹQ. Tuilear “Springdays”
  • ᴹQ. yáre “former days”
  • ᴹQ. Koirear “Stirringdays”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶ari- > are[ari] > [are]✧ Ety/AR¹

-(á)re

suffix. general action verbal suffix

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ataltare “collapse” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. fírimáre “mortality, the state of being mortal”
  • ᴹQ. istare “knowledge” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. kelure “fountain” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. ninqitáre “whitening, whitewashing” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. ortare “lifting up” ✧ PE22/110

Variations

  • -rḗ ✧ PE22/110
  • árē̆ ✧ PE22/110

ala

noun. day

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GALAN “bright” ✧ EtyAC/GAL¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√GALÁN > ala[gala] > [ɣala] > [ala]✧ EtyAC/GAL¹
Qenya [EtyAC/GAL¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

esse

noun. name

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ES “indicate, name” ✧ Ety/ES

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ES > esse[esse]✧ Ety/ES

Variations

  • esse ✧ Ety/ES; PE22/022; PE22/051
Qenya [Ety/ES; PE22/022; PE22/051; PE22/124; SD/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

qáqi

adverb. all

Element in

-nde

suffix. general action verbal suffix

Element in

  • Q. arcandë “*petition”
  • ᴹQ. mittande “infixion, insertion” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴺQ. parandë “(school) lesson”
  • ᴹQ. turyande “fortification, strengthening” ✧ PE22/110

-ste

suffix. general action verbal suffix

Cognates

  • N. -th “abstract noun”

Element in

  • ᴹQ. karaste “making, manufacture, construction” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. keluste “outflow” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. easte “being, essence”
  • ᴹQ. yeste “being, existence”
  • ᴹQ. faraste “hunting, the chase” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. liruste “singing, chant” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. meneste “intention” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. nemeste “appearance” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. olaste “growth” ✧ PE22/110
  • ᴹQ. tiriste “*watch, guard”
  • ᴹQ. tuluste “arrival” ✧ PE22/110

Variations

  • -stḗ ✧ PE22/110

Middle Primitive Elvish

ar

root. day

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “day” with various derivatives like ᴹQ. are, N. aur “day” and ᴹQ. arin “morning” (Ety/AR¹). In Tolkien’s later writings, the Quenya word for “day” became aurë (RC/727; S/190), and in 1957 Quenya Notes he devised a new etymology for these day-words from the root √UR “heat” as in ✶auri “heat, period of sun” (PE17/148). That opens the question whether the various 1930s Quenya “morning” words from ᴹ√AR remain valid, but many Neo-Quenya writers (including me) retain them since there aren’t really any good alternatives. They might be salvageable as derivatives of the later root √AS “warmth” (so that “day” = “hot” and “morning” = “warm”).

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶ari “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
    • ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
    • N. ar- “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. ára “dawn, day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. arie “daytime” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. arin “morning” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. arya “day (twelve hours)” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. arad “daytime, a day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. aur “day, morning” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Árien “Sun-maiden” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. artuile “dayspring, early morn” ✧ Ety/TUY
  • ᴹQ. Aryante “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • N. Eriant “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/AR¹
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANA¹; Ety/AR¹; Ety/TUY] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ari

noun. day

Derivations

  • ᴹ√AR “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. are “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. ar- “day” ✧ Ety/AR¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√AR¹ > ari-[ari]✧ Ety/AR¹

Variations

  • ari- ✧ Ety/AR¹
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/AR¹; EtyAC/AR¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

il

root. all

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ilu “universe, world” ✧ Ety/IL
  • ᴹQ. ilúve “universe, world; Heaven” ✧ Ety/IL
  • ᴹQ. ilya “all, the whole” ✧ Ety/IL

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ilqa “everything, all” ✧ Ety/IL
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/IL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

enn

noun. name

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ENE “*name”

Element in

  • G. entha- “to name, call, indicate, point out” ✧ GL/32
  • G. enos “title” ✧ GL/32
  • G. enweg “name sake” ✧ GL/32

dân

noun. day

danuin

masculine name. Day

Changes

  • DanosDanuin ✧ LT1/222
  • DanaDanuin ✧ LT1/222
  • DanaDanuin ✧ LT1A/Danuin
  • DanosDanuin ✧ LT1I/Danuin
  • DanaDanuin ✧ LT1I/Danuin

Variations

  • Danos ✧ LT1/222 (Danos); LT1I/Danuin (Danos)
  • Dana ✧ LT1/222 (Dana); LT1A/Danuin (Dana); LT1I/Danuin (Dana)
Gnomish [LT1/217; LT1/222; LT1A/Danuin; LT1I/Danuin] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

ðana

root. day

A primitive form in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives meaning “day” (GL/38). There were a variety of different roots for “day” in later writings such ᴹ√AR or √UR.

Derivatives

  • Eq. sana “day (24 hours)”
  • G. dana “day (24 hours)”
  • G. dôn “[unglossed]”

Element in

Variations

  • ðana ✧ GL/66 (ðana)
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/66] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

noun. day

Element in

  • Eq. Ambalar “the East” ✧ PE16/075

Variations

  • ✧ PE16/075
Early Quenya [PE16/075] Group: Eldamo. Published by

en(we)

noun. name

Cognates

  • G. enn “name”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ENE “*name” ✧ QL/035

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ENE > en[emb] > [en]✧ QL/035

Variations

  • en ✧ QL/035
  • enwe ✧ QL/035
Early Quenya [QL/035] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kale

noun. day

Changes

  • kaletantare “day” ✧ PE14/043

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden”
Early Quenya [PE14/043] Group: Eldamo. Published by