arta

across, athwart

arta (4) prep. "across, athwart" (LT2:335), perhaps rather olla in Tolkiens later Quenya.

arta

exalted, lofty

arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354), "high, noble" (PE17:118, 147); cf. names like Artaher, Artanis.

arta

fort, fortress

arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)

arta

etcetera

arta (3) adv. "etcetera" (PE17:71); see ta #4.

arta

adverb. etcetera

Variations

• arta ✧ PE17/071

arta

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arata

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

Cognates

• S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráto “*noble” ✧ PM/346

Derivations

• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. Ambarto “*High and Lofty” ✧ PM/354
• Q. Artanga “*Noble Iron” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme”
• Q. Artaher “Noble Lord” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Artaresto
• Q. Artamir “*Noble Jewel”
• Q. Artanáro “*Noble Fire”
• Q. Artanis “Noble Woman” ✧ PM/346
• ᴺQ. artapano “chessboard”
• ᴺQ. artatúrë “government”
• Q. Artafindë “*Noble [Golden] Hair” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Varda Aratarya “Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity” ✧ WJ/369

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(a)rātā > arata	[arātā] > [aratā] > [arata]	✧ PE17/049
✶áratā > arta	[aratā] > [artā] > [arta]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAT > arta	[arata] > [arta]	✧ PE17/147
✶arāta > arata	[arāta] > [arata]	✧ PE17/186
✶arăta > arta-	[arata-] > [arta-]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• arta ✧ PE17/118; PE17/147; PM/354
• arta- ✧ PE17/186
• aráta- ✧ PM/346

atta

across, over, lying from side to side

atta (ata-) (4) prep. "across, over, lying from side to side" (VT49:32; it is not quite clear whether this is a Quenya word or not)

ta

then

ta (4) conj., said to be a reducted form of tá "then", used "before each new item in a series or list"; "if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item [e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet], this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important". (PE17:70) Hence the use of arta (ar ta, "and ta") for "et cetera"; in older language ta ta or just ta.

tai

then

tai (3) adv. "then", also tá (which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well) (VT49:33)

tai

1lE adverb. then

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tá

then

tá 1) adv. "then" (VT49:11). Cf. ta #4.

tá

adverb. then

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

Element in

• Q. tenta “still, yet [past], still, yet [past], *up until then”

Variations

• tā ✧ VT49/11; VT49/33
• tai ✧ VT49/33

ostirion

fort

ostirion noun "fort" (TI:423)

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

Cognates

• S. -dor “*king, lord”

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• Q. Alatar
• Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
• Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
• Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarannon
• Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
• Q. Tarciryan
• Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
• Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
• Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
• ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
• Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
• Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
• S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”

Variations

• tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar

halda

adjective. high, tall

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

san

then

san (1) adv. "then" (MC:216; also twice in Narqelion), a "Qenya" term apparently replaced by tá in Tolkiens later conception. In his later Quenya, san would be the dative form of sa "it", hence "for it; to it".

minassë

fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower

minassë noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

athra-

prefix. across

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

thar

adverb. across

adv. & prep. across. . This gloss was rejected.

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

thar-

across

_ pref. _across, over, properly 'athwart'. Original S. form þara-. See also the rejected glose in PE17:34.

arth

exalted

1) arth (lofty, noble), pl. erth;

arth

exalted

(lofty, noble), pl. erth

barad

fort, fortress

(fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

garth

fort, fortress

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288). 3) barad (fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad** is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

garth

fort, fortress

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

ost

fort, fortress

(city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

athar

across

(preposition) *athar (beyond). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. Also (as adverbial prefix) ath- (on both sides), athra-, thar- (athwart, over, beyond)

athar

across

(beyond). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. – Also (as adverbial prefix) ath- (on both sides), athra-, thar- (athwart, over, beyond)

hall

exalted

hall (high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

(high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

(pl. ostiryn).

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

arātā

adjective. high, lofty, noble

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
• √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Derivatives

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Element in

• ✶findarātō ✧ VT41/09
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme” ✧ PM/363
• Q. Findaráto “*[Golden] Hair Champion” ✧ PE17/039

Variations

• aratā ✧ PE17/039
• áratā ✧ PE17/118
• arāta ✧ PE17/186
• arăta ✧ PE17/186
• arat- ✧ PM/363
• arata- ✧ VT41/09

tāra

adjective. high

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tārī “queen, (lit.) she that is high” ✧ PE17/067

Variations

• tār(a) ✧ PE17/186

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

Derivatives

• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
  • S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tāra “high”
• Q. -tar “honorific”
• Q. tar “honorific, sir, madam”
• Q. tar- “high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
• S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186

Variations

• TAG/Tā- ✧ PE17/186
• TAƷ ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186; PE19/073 (TAƷ)
• TĀ ✧ PE19/073 (TĀ)

garth

noun. fort, fortress

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

• ᴹQ. arta “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

• ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR
• ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/GAR

Element in

• N. Garthoren “Fenced Fort” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR (Gardol); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)óren); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)oren/Garthorn)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√GARAT > garth	[garta] > [gartʰa] > [garθa] > [garθ]	✧ Ety/ƷAR	GARAT

ath-

prefix. on both sides, across

iath

preposition. across

Derivations

• ᴹ✶yatta “across” ✧ EtyAC/YAT
  • ᴹ√YAT “join” ✧ Ety/YAT

Element in

• N. iathrad “crossing, ford” ✧ EtyAC/YAT (iathrad)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶yatta > iath	[jatta] > [jattʰa] > [jaθθa] > [jaθθ] > [jaθ]	✧ EtyAC/YAT

thar-

prefix. across, athwart, over, beyond

hall

adjective. exalted, high