au

away

au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148

au-

off, *away

au- (1) a verbal prefix "off, *away", as in auciri ("k") "cut off" (so as to get rid of or lose a portion); contrast hóciri (WJ:366, 368). Compare au as a variant of the stem awa "away from" (VT49:24) and the adverb au (see #2 below).

auta

particle. ago

auta

adverb. ago

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE22/168

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√awa > auta	[auta]	✧ PE22/168

ava-

verb. refuse, forbid

oa

öa, öar

oa (1), also oar ("öa, öar"), adverbs, "away", with the idea of movement away (WJ:366, gloss in VT39:6). Compare au #2.

öa

adverb. away (of movement)

Cognates

• T. au “away” ✧ WJ/366

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/024
• ✶awā “away” ✧ WJ/366
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

Element in

• Q. öar “away from” ✧ WJ/366
• ᴺQ. öatarië “apostasy, (lit.) away-standing”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√awa > öa	[awa] > [oa]	✧ PE17/024
✶awā > öa	[awā] > [oa]	✧ WJ/366

Variations

• oa ✧ PE17/144
• óa ✧ PE22/168 (óa)

au

adverb. away, off, not here (of position)

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; PE17/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AWA/WĀ > au	[au-]	✧ PE17/143
√AWA/WĀ > au	[au-]	✧ PE17/148

Variations

• au ✧ PE17/144; PE17/148

avaquet-

refuse, forbid

avaquet- ("q")vb. "refuse, forbid" (KWET)

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

hó-

away, from, from among

hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)

hó-

prefix. away, from, from among

Cognates

• T. ho- “away, from, from among” ✧ WJ/368

Derivations

• √HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/368

Element in

• ᴺQ. hócilmë “example, outtake, selection, representative item”
• Q. hócir- “to cut off (so as to have or use a required portion)” ✧ WJ/368
• ᴺQ. homanca- “to buy”
• ᴺQ. hórista “citation, quotation, (lit.) something cut out”
• Q. hótul- “to come away” ✧ WJ/368
• ᴺQ. hótocië “tax”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√HO > hō-	[hō-]	✧ WJ/368

Variations

• hō- ✧ WJ/368

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

enge

adverb. ago

ago, once, in the past

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-

ló

from

ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

o

preposition. from

Derivations

• ✶ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
• ✶hō “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
  • √HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361

Variations

• ō ✧ PE22/168

go-

prefix. *away

A hypothetical element in the name Gódhel, a late Sindarin replacement for Ódhel “Elf who left for Aman”, but Tolkien said “it seems most probable that it took g- from the old clan-name Golodh, pl. Goelydh, which it practically replaced” (WJ/364). Thus ✱go- “away” < ✶wā- is probably a false etymology.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use gwa- as the prefix for “away”, as in gwahae “✱far away”.

Derivations

• ✶wā- “*away” ✧ WJ/364

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶wā > gwǭ > go	[wā-] > [wǭ-] > [gwǭ-] > [gwau-] > [gwo-] > [go-]	✧ WJ/364

Variations

• go ✧ WJ/364

boda

verb. refuse, forbid

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

ego

interjection. be off!

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

e

away

ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.         

ia

ago

ia, io

ia

ago

io

au

adverb. away

Cognates

• Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366

Derivations

• ✶awā “away” ✧ WJ/366
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

au-

prefix. away

Cognates

• Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

• ✶awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

ho-

prefix. away, from, from among

Cognates

• Q. hó- “away, from, from among” ✧ WJ/368

Derivations

• √HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/368

ho

preposition. from

Derivations

• ✶ʒō “from” ✧ PE21/78

-ô

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive -ō (SD/438).

Cognates

• Q. -o “of; genitive ending”

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247; SD/249
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247
• Ad. Indilzar Azrabêlôhin “*Line of Elros [son] of Earendil” ✧ SD/365; SD/382

Variations

• -o ✧ SD/365
• ō ✧ SD/429

-ak Reconstructed

preposition. away

A suffix in the word êphalak “far away”, a derivative of êphal “far” (SD/247). Some authors have suggested that -ak is an intensive suffix “very” instead of suffix meaning “away” (LGtAG, NBA/32). However, the corresponding Quenya word vahai(y)a “far away” is a combination va “(away) from” and haiya “far”, so it seems to me that the literal translation “away” is more likely to be correct (this translation of va was published after LGtAG and NBA were written).

Element in

• Ad. êphalak “far away”

au-

prefix. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

• ✶aumata- “to eat away, corrode”

awa-

prefix. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Derivatives

• Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365
• Q. ú “without, destitute of” ✧ PE17/144
• T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Element in

• ✶aw(a)delo ✧ WJ/360
• ✶awādelo ✧ WJ/360
• ✶wādelo ✧ WJ/360
• Q. avatyar- “*to forgive, (lit.) do away with”

Variations

• awa ✧ WJ/360
• au/awa ✧ WJ/365

awā

adverb. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

Derivatives

• Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366
• T. au “away” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

• ✶awā-da ✧ WJ/366

wā-

prefix. *away

Theoretical initial element in ancient wādelo “those who departed Middle-earth”, but according to Tolkien this was a false etymology (WJ/364).

Derivatives

• S. go- “*away” ✧ WJ/364

Element in

• ✶wādelo ✧ WJ/364

Variations

• wā ✧ WJ/364

ăwă

preposition. from

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Derivatives

• Q. o “from” ✧ PE17/148
• S. o “from, of” ✧ PE17/148

bā/aba

root. refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart

The invertible root √BA or √ABA was principally connected to refusal, and its best known derivative was Avari, the group of Elves that refused to travel to Valinor. When Tolkien first introduced the root ᴹ√AB in The Etymologies of the 1930s and other contemporaneous writings on Ancient Quenya, he gave this root the meaning “go away, depart” (Ety/AB; PE19/045); in this sense it may have been a replacement for the early root ᴱ√AVA “go away, depart, leave” (QL/33). Indeed, the first application of Avari was to the Elves that left for Valinor, “the Departing”, rather than those that stayed behind (LR/169-170). But the sense “away” was soon transferred to ᴹ√AWA (Ety/AWA) and √AB was revised in The Etymologies to mean “refuse, deny, say no” (Ety/AB), a sense it retained thereafter.

Tolkien wrote about this root at great length in the 1959 when he decided that √BA was part of the Eldarin system of negation, distinguishing negation of volition (I will not) from negative of fact (it is not so). Tolkien seems to have introduced this notion at the same time he decided to abandon la-negation, so the corresponding negation of fact was the root √Ū (PE17/143). Even when Tolkien considered restoring la-negation in the late 1960s, √BA still retained a role as the negation of volition (PE22/161).

One peculiar feature of √BA is that it represented refusal from the perspective of the speaker. Thus in 1st person, √BA meant “I will not” (refusal), but in 2nd person or 3rd person it meant “do not” (forbiddance). Tolkien discussed this topic at some length in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/370-2). In 1st person this was Q. ván(ye)/S. avon “I won’t” and Q. vamme/S. avam “we won’t” [using the circa-1960 pronominal suffix -mme; with later pronouns this would be valve and avof]. In 2nd person this used the interjection Q. vá/S. baw “don’t”, or the negative imperative particle Q. áva/S. avo, as in Q. áva care/S. avo garo “don’t do [it]”.

When Tolkien revisited his ideas for negation in 1969, he still kept this notion of 1st person refusal vs. 2nd/3rd person forbiddance (PE22/161-3), so that the system of √BA negation remained more or less the same (barring changes like new pronouns).

Derivatives

• Ad. bâ “don’t”
• ✶aba- “refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
  • Q. ava- “to refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/163; WJ/370
  • S. ava- “will not, do not” ✧ WJ/372
  • T. aba- “to refuse, will not”
• ✶abar(o) “refuser, recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/411
  • Q. Avar “Refuser, Elf who did not journey to Aman” ✧ VT47/13; VT47/24; WJ/371; WJ/380
  • S. Avar “Refuser” ✧ VT47/13; VT47/24; WJ/380
  • T. Abar “Dark Elf; (lit.) Refuser” ✧ VT47/24; WJ/380
• ✶abta “refuse, deny, say no” ✧ PE19/090
  • Q. apta- “to refuse, deny, say nay” ✧ PE19/090
• ✶bāta- “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/161
  • S. boda- “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/161; WJ/372
• Q. áva “don’t, negative imperative” ✧ PE17/143
• Q. ava- “to refuse, forbid” ✧ PE22/162; PE22/164; VT49/13
• Q. ava- “negation (refusing or forbidden)” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/370
• Q. avanwa “refused, forbidden, banned” ✧ PE17/143
• Q. Avar “Refuser, Elf who did not journey to Aman” ✧ PE17/143
• Q. vá “will not, do not, shall not” ✧ PE17/143; PE17/145; PE22/162; WJ/370
• S. ava- “will not, do not” ✧ PE17/143
• S. avad “refusal, reluctance” ✧ PE17/143
• S. baw “no, do not!” ✧ PE17/143; PE17/145; WJ/370; WJ/372
• S. boda- “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid” ✧ PE17/143
• T. aba- “not” ✧ WJ/370
• T. bá “I will not, Do not!” ✧ WJ/370

Element in

• ✶bākwet- “to refuse, prohibit, say no”
• ✶bāta- “to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid” ✧ WJ/372
• T. abá “don’t” ✧ WJ/370

Variations

• ABA ✧ PE17/143; PE19/090; PE22/161; PE22/162; PE22/163; PE22/164; PE22/165; VT49/13; WJ/361; WJ/370; WJ/372; WJ/411
• BĀ ✧ PE17/143; PE17/145; PE17/149
• BA ✧ PE19/090; PE22/162; WJ/370
• AB ✧ PE22/151
• aba ✧ VT42/32; WJ/370
• bā ✧ VT42/32; WJ/370; WJ/372
• abā ✧ WJ/370

gō

preposition. from

ʒō

preposition. from

Derivatives

• T. ho “from” ✧ PE21/78

Variations

• ʒō̆ ✧ PE21/78

gwa-

prefix. *away

Cognates

• ᴹQ. va “away”

Derivations

• ᴹ√AWA “away, forth; out”

Element in

• ᴺS. gwachae “far away”
• S. gwahae “*far away”
• N. gwahae “*far away” ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA

Variations

• gwa- ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA (gwa-)

ia

adverb. ago

io

adverb. ago

io

adverb. ago

Cognates

• ᴹQ. yá “formerly, ago” ✧ Ety/YA

Derivations

• ᴹ√YA “there, over there; (of time) back, ago” ✧ Ety/YA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YA > io	[jā] > [jǭ] > [jou] > [jau] > [jo]	✧ Ety/YA

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin