A verb appearing as ᴹQ. {hopa >> kopa >>} hora- “wait for” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in 1948 as an example of an a-verb (PE22/113). It was derived from {ᴹ√skop >> ᴹ√kop >>} ᴹ√skor.
Qenya
ho
preposition. from
hó
noun. shout
hon-maren
heart of the house
hopasse
noun. harbourage
hora-
verb. to wait for
horme
noun. urgency
horta-
verb. to send flying, speed, urge
hortale
noun. speeding, urging
horya-
verb. to have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do
hosta
noun. large number
hosta-
verb. to collect
holme
noun. odour, odour, *scent, smell [not necessarily bad]
hondo
adjective. *hearted
hosto
noun. crowd, assembly
holmo
adverb. from the middle
hont
adverb. inwards
horro
interjection. ugh, alas!, ow!
hos
noun. crowd, assembly
erkasse
noun. holly
A noun appearing as ᴹQ. erkasse “holly” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√ERÉK “thorn” (Ety/ERÉK). In a rejected page from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in 1948, Tolkien had ᴹQ. erke “holly” derived from the same root (PE22/127). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the (non-rejected) 1930s ercassë “holly”.
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, Tolkien had ᴱQ. piosenna “holly”, a combination of ᴱQ. pio “berry” and ᴱQ. senna “red-brown” (QL/83; PME/83).
huan
noun. hound, hound, [ᴱQ.] dog
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hound” derived from primitive ᴹ✶khugan under the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It was followed a parenthetical form (húnen), likely a genitive, indicating a stem form of hún-. This word served as the basis for the name of the great Valinorian hound Huan.
Conceptual Development: The forms huan and {hwan >>} huan appeared in both the Qenya Lexicon and Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, but in both cases this word was revised to ᴱQ. fan (fand-) “dog” (QL/37; PE12/26). This word was derived from the early root ᴱ√SAẆA < sǝwǝ (QL/82) and primitive forms ᴱ✶swandǝ (PE12/26) or ᴱ✶swǝnd- (QL/82). The vacillation from huan to fan reflects Tolkien’s uncertainty on the development of initial sw- in Early Qenya, either to hw- > hu- or to f- (PE12/26 note #26). The form ᴱQ. huan (huand-) “dog” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/132). It appeared again in The Etymologies, with a new gloss “hound”, a revised derivation and a new stem form hún- (see above).
mal(de)
adverb. how, in what manner
The correlative ᴹQ. mal or malde “how, in what manner” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -l(de) “way, manner”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manallë “somehow, in some way” using the later suffix Q. -llë.
malka
adjective. how great, how much
The correlatives ᴹQ. malka or manalka “how much or how great” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -lka “much”. The longer form manalka could be used to ask the age of children, but manárea is more common for that purpose (see that entry for discussion). The shorter form malka also appeared with the gloss “how great” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).
malli(ni)
how many
The correlatives ᴹQ. mallini or malli “how many” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -lli(ni) “many”.
man(de)
adverb. how (to what degree, extent), how great, how far
The correlatives ᴹQ. man or mande “how (to what degree, extent)” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -n(de) “degree”.
manikka
how small
A correlative appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -(n)ikka “small”.
manárea
adjective. how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days
The correlative ᴹQ. manárea “how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and an adjectival form of ᴹQ. are “day”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manaurëa using Q. aurë for “day”.
mar(dar)
adverb. homewards
An “old short allative” form appear in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with suffixal -r, with both monosyllabic mar and longer mardar (PE21/25, 27). Tolkien said the longer for mardar was “less usual” (PE21/27), but it is more distinct from már “home”. This allative variant is probably related to ᴹQ. tar “thither” < ᴹ✶tad from later in the 1930s (Ety/TA; PE19/52).
olombo
noun. horse
A word for horse in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). This root did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28). Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB, and it seems the form olombo was derived from this earlier form, and was not updated after {ᴹ√LOB >>} ᴹ√LOP, as pointed out by Hostetter and Wynne.
Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. lópa “steed, horse” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56).
Neo-Quenya: Given the dubious derivation of olombo, I recommend limiting yourself to better attested Q. rocco “horse” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. If you do use it, it should probably be revised to ✱olompo.
tarka
noun. horn [of animals]
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “horn” derived from the root ᴹ√TARAK “horn (of animals)” (Ety/TARÁK).
Conceptual Development: A similar noun ᴱQ. taru “horn” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√TARA (QL/89). It was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/89).
aina
adjective. holy
aini
noun. holy one, angelic spirit (f.), holy one, angelic spirit (f.); [ᴱQ.] (pagan) goddess
ainu
noun. holy one, angelic spirit
ampa
noun. hook, crook
assa
noun. hole, perforation, opening, mouth
erke
noun. holly
hu
noun. howl
kambe
noun. hollow (of hand)
kotya
adjective. hostile
latta
noun. hole, pit
lis
noun. honey
mar
noun. home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth
marta
adverb. home
meryale
noun. holiday
nehte
noun. honeycomb
norta
adjective. horrible
norto
noun. horror
rasse
noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]
romba
noun. horn, trumpet
telme
noun. hood, covering
tilion
masculine name. Horned
tundo
noun. hole
unqa
adjective. hollow
unqe
noun. hollow, cavity, hole
yána
noun. holy place, fane, sanctuary
@@@ used as “shrine, sanctuary” in NQNT
malkar i·aldar i·ólar nóressella
how great are the trees that grow in your land?
malli yēni ista/ekēnie túro
how many years knows/has Túro seen
mallúmea
adjective. how old, of what age
manalka
adjective. how much or how great
manárea túro?
how old is Túro?
rasko
noun. horn
atsa
noun. claw, catch, hook
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “catch, hook, claw” derived from the root ᴹ√GAT (Ety/GAT). This root had one other derivative, the verb N. gad- “catch”, so it seems likely that ᴹQ. atsa can refer to any curved, pointy thing for catching or holding, so that “catch” (as a noun) is probably its original sense. In notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s and 40s, however, it was glossed only “claw” (PE22/22, 50), and in the 1940s document its gloss was revised to ᴹQ. atsa “tassel, fryse, fringe” from a distinct root ᴹ√TAS (PE22/50 note #187).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer to use atsa as “claw, catch” and would use ᴹQ. fas for “fringe, tassel”; see that entry for discussion.
hrim-
prefix. a great number, host, (very) many
A Quenya prefix for “a great number, host, very many” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/100). In this document, it was derived from the root ᴹ√SRĬMĬ, but this was revised to ᴹ√RĬMĬ, though this change was not reflected in other words from this document (PE23/100 note #34).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume the prefix for “(very) many” is ᴺQ. rim-, since that is consistent with the forms of the root both before and after 1948.
hyalma
noun. conch, shell, horn of Ulmo
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “shell, conch, horn of Ulmo” derived from primitive ᴹ✶syalmā under the root ᴹ√SYAL (Ety/SYAL). In this document hyalma was given as the name of tengwa #33 [9], and it appeared again as the name of this tengwa in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s (PE22/22) and 1940s (PE22/51) with the glosses “conch” and “conch, shell” respectively. In the 1940s document, hyarmen “south” was given as an alternate name of the tengwa, and hyarmen was the name Tolkien used in The Lord of the Rings proper.
húna-
verb. to howl
kar
noun. building, house
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “building, house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR).
marre
adverb. at home
A pair of locative variants marre, marye from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s, the first derived from ᴹ✶mardasē, and the second from ᴹQ. mar “house” + ᴹQ. ye “at” (PE21/27).
Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, the sound changes producing marre from ᴹ✶mardasē are rather dubious, but I think ᴺQ. maryë “at home” might remain viable as an abstract adverbial form. I would also use maryë in the sense “✱indoors”, inspired by ᴱQ. indoite “at home, indoors” (QL/43).
ronyo
noun. ‘chaser’, hound of chase, *hunting dog
harma
noun. wolf, hound
lúme
noun. time, hour
nosse
noun. clan, family, ‘house’
rempa
adjective. crooked, hooked
rimbe
noun. crowd, host
rinke
noun. flourish, quick stroke, hook
rokko
noun. (swift) horse
tilde
noun. spike, horn
unka-
verb. to hollow out
úrime
noun. August, *Hot-one
malka aldar ólar
*how much do trees grow
marye
adverb. at home
sa-rinke
noun. s-hook, hooked stroke in tengwa
hópa
noun. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” a derivative of the root ᴹ√KHOP (Ety/KHOP).
Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. kópa “harbour” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from ᴱ√KOPO “keep, guard” (QL/47). This word also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “haven, bay” (PME/47), but it was ᴱQ. Kópas in The Lost Tales (LT2/255), particularly in the name ᴱQ. Kópas Alqalunte “Haven of the Swanships” (LT1/164). Both kôpa and kôpas appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as cognates of G. gobos “haven” (GL/40).
The form ᴹQ. kópa “harbour, bay” appeared in The Etymologies as a derivative of ᴹ√KOP (Ety/KOP), but this entry was deleted and replaced by ᴹQ. hópa and ᴹ√KHOP as noted above.
aikale
noun. peak
A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a peak”, an abstract noun formation of ᴹQ. aika “sharp” (Ety/AYAK).
falle
noun. foam
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “foam” derived from the root ᴹ√PHAL of the same meaning (Ety/PHAL).
kaima
noun. bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch
A noun for “bed” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaima was glossed “couch” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kamba was glossed “bed” under the early root ᴱ√KAMA “lie down” (QL/44). However, ᴱQ. kaima was “bed” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/70). The form kaimas appeared unglossed in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/19), possibly an inflected form of kaima “bed”.
lára
noun. grave
A rejected noun for “grave” in a deleted entry in The Etymologies written around 1937 for the root ᴹ√DAG “dig” (EtyAC/DAG).
Conceptual Development: There was a word ᴱQ. kaune “grave” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KAVA which also meant “dig” (QL/45; PME/45). In the first version of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem and its drafts written around 1930, Tolkien used ᴱQ. sapsa or sapta for “grave” (MC/221; PE16/75), a word that is clearly based on another root meaning “dig”: ᴱ√SAPA.
Neo-Quenya: Since √SAP appeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the same or similar meaning (PE19/86), I’d adapted ᴺQ. sapta for “grave”, along with the meaning “(delved) hole, pit”; see that entry for discussion.
mintye
noun. peak
A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s glossed “peak” given as an example for the Quenya declension of nouns ending in -ye (PE22/44). It is probably a derivative of ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out”.
morko
noun. bear
narmo
noun. wolf
A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M), apparently a variant of ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl”. It seems narmo is a word for an ordinary wolf, as opposed to nauro “werewolf”.
Conceptual Development: A similar (but rejected) form ᴹQ. harma “wolf” appeared under the deleted root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ƷARAM).
ráka
noun. wolf
A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶d’rāk under the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK), where the ancient initial dr became r as usual for Quenya (PE19/37).
Conceptual Development: Earlier words for “wolf” of similar form include ᴱQ. ulku and feminine ᴱQ. ulqi “she-wolf” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97).
toron
noun. brother
A noun for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with a somewhat irregular plural torni (Ety/TOR). Its stem form is torn-, since with most inflected forms the Quenya syncope comes into play and the second o is lost.
Neo-Quenya: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word háno for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think toron might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as melotorni “love-brother, ✱close male friend” or ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother”. In this sense, háno would be limited to biological relationships, but toron would refer to brotherly (or brother-like) affection.
tundo
noun. hill, mound, hill, mound [isolated]
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hill, mound” derived from the root ᴹ√TUN (Ety/TUN). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. Túna for the name of a hill in Valinor implies the ongoing validity of its root, so perhaps this word remained valid as well.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume that tundo refers mainly to a single isolated hill standing out from its surroundings, as opposed to Q. ambo for hills in general, but that’s speculation on my part.
hún
noun. earth, earth, *ground
A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.
hóre
noun. impulse
-llume
suffix. time, time, [ᴱQ.] times
-n(an)
suffix. time
ambo
noun. hill
anaristya
noun. [unglossed]
asto
noun. bone
engwa
?. [unglossed]
felya
noun. cave
harya-
verb. to possess
hesto
noun. captain
hwarin
adjective. crooked
hyelma
?. [unglossed]
hón
noun. heart (physical)
kaltua
?. [unglossed]
kanda
noun. [unglossed]
kar
noun. deed
karpalimaite
noun. [unglossed]
lamma
noun. sound
laqe[t]-
verb. [unglossed]
lau(w)e
?. [unglossed]
mai(y)a
noun. [unglossed]
mána
adjective. blessed
ména
noun. region
nandakka-
verb. [unglossed]
nauro
noun. werewolf
nerno
?. [unglossed]
ohta
noun. war
olta-
verb. [unglossed]
onna
noun. creature
orro
interjection. ugh, alas!, ow!
osse
noun. terror
pé
noun. mouth
rampa
?. [unglossed]
ráma
noun. wing
sisíria-
verb. [unglossed]
séra
?. [unglossed]
sóla
?. [unglossed]
tatalta-
verb. [unglossed]
thar-
verb. [unglossed]
toróma
noun. [unglossed]
téra
adjective. straight, right, straight, right, *correct
va
preposition. away
vanima
adjective. fair
yelme
noun. [unglossed]
yondo
noun. son
hórea
adjective. impulsive
a
preposition. [unglossed]
alama
noun. [unglossed]
almárea
adjective. blessed
amaldume
noun. [unglossed]
anto
noun. mouth
assa
pronoun. [unglossed]
asse
pronoun. [unglossed]
asso
pronoun. [unglossed]
ente
pronoun. [unglossed]
ento
pronoun. [unglossed]
ereáma
?. [unglossed]
es
[unglossed]
ksenna
noun. odour
mahtya
?. [unglossed]
maldo
noun. [unglossed]
mar vanwa tyaliéva
place name. Cottage of the Lost Play
mausta
noun. compulsion
niule
?. [unglossed]
nulda
adjective. secret
olme
noun. odour
sahte
noun. [unglossed]
sarya
noun. [unglossed]
tante
noun. [unglossed]
teuka
?. [unglossed]
timpana
noun. [unglossed]
toina
adjective. [unglossed]
tyue
noun. [unglossed]
téna
adjective. straight, right
varinye
noun. [unglossed]
éma
?. [unglossed]
A noun appearing as {hopan >>} hopasse “harbourage” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as an elaboration of ᴹQ. hópa “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” (Ety/KHOP).