ho

preposition. from

hó

noun. shout

hon-maren

heart of the house

hopasse

noun. harbourage

horme

noun. urgency

horta-

verb. to send flying, speed, urge

hortale

noun. speeding, urging

horya-

verb. to have an impulse, be compelled to do something, set vigorously out to do

hosta

noun. large number

hosta-

verb. to collect

holme

noun. odour, odour, *scent, smell [not necessarily bad]

hondo

adjective. *hearted

hora-

verb. to wait for

hosto

noun. crowd, assembly

holmo

adverb. from the middle

hont

adverb. inwards

horro

interjection. ugh, alas!, ow!

hos

noun. crowd, assembly

erkasse

noun. holly

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. erkasse “holly” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√ERÉK “thorn” (Ety/ERÉK). In a rejected page from the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. erke “holly” derived from the same root (PE22/127). For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the (non-rejected) 1930s ercassë “holly”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, Tolkien had ᴱQ. piosenna “holly”, a combination of ᴱQ. pio “berry” and ᴱQ. senna “red-brown” (QL/83; PME/83).

huan

noun. hound, hound, [ᴱQ.] dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hound” derived from primitive ᴹ✶khugan under the root ᴹ√KHUG “bark, bay” (Ety/KHUGAN). It was followed a parenthetical form (húnen), likely a genitive, indicating a stem form of hún-. This word served as the basis for the name of the great Valinorian hound Huan.

Conceptual Development: The forms huan and {hwan >>} huan appeared in both the Qenya Lexicon and Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, but in both cases this word was revised to ᴱQ. fan (fand-) “dog” (QL/37; PE12/26). This word was derived from the early root ᴱ√SAẆA < sǝwǝ (QL/82) and primitive forms ᴱ✶swandǝ (PE12/26) or ᴱ✶swǝnd- (QL/82). The vacillation from huan to fan reflects Tolkien’s uncertainty on the development of initial sw- in Early Qenya, either to hw- > hu- or to f- (PE12/26 note #26). The form ᴱQ. huan (huand-) “dog” appeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/132). It appeared again in The Etymologies, with a new gloss “hound”, a revised derivation and a new stem form hún- (see above).

mar(dar)

adverb. homewards

An “old short allative” form appear in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with suffixal -r, with both monosyllabic mar and longer mardar (PE21/25, 27). Tolkien said the longer for mardar was “less usual” (PE21/27), but it is more distinct from már “home”. This allative variant is probably related to ᴹQ. tar “thither” < ᴹ✶tad from later in the 1930s (Ety/TA; PE19/52).

olombo

noun. horse

A word for horse in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). This root did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28). Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB, and it seems the form olombo was derived from this earlier form, and was not updated after {ᴹ√LOB >>} ᴹ√LOP, as pointed out by Hostetter and Wynne.

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. lópa “steed, horse” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56).

Neo-Quenya: Given the dubious derivation of olombo, I recommend limiting yourself to better attested Q. rocco “horse” for purposes of Neo-Quenya. If you do use it, it should probably be revised to ✱olompo.

tarka

noun. horn [of animals]

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “horn” derived from the root ᴹ√TARAK “horn (of animals)” (Ety/TARÁK).

Conceptual Development: A similar noun ᴱQ. taru “horn” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√TARA (QL/89). It was also mentioned in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/89).

aina

adjective. holy

aini

noun. holy one, angelic spirit (f.), holy one, angelic spirit (f.); [ᴱQ.] (pagan) goddess

ainu

noun. holy one, angelic spirit

ampa

noun. hook, crook

assa

noun. hole, perforation, opening, mouth

erke

noun. holly

hu

noun. howl

kambe

noun. hollow (of hand)

kotya

adjective. hostile

latta

noun. hole, pit

lis

noun. honey

malka

adjective. how great

mar

noun. home, dwelling, house, habitation; earth

marta

adverb. home

meryale

noun. holiday

nehte

noun. honeycomb

norta

adjective. horrible

norto

noun. horror

rasse

noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]

romba

noun. horn, trumpet

telme

noun. hood, covering

tilion

masculine name. Horned

tundo

noun. hole

unqa

adjective. hollow

unqe

noun. hollow, cavity, hole

yána

noun. holy place, fane, sanctuary

@@@ used as “shrine, sanctuary” in NQNT

malkar i·aldar i·ólar nóressella

how great are the trees that grow in your land?

rasko

noun. horn

atsa

noun. claw, catch, hook

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “catch, hook, claw” derived from the root ᴹ√GAT (Ety/GAT). This root had one other derivative, the verb N. gad- “catch”, so it seems likely that ᴹQ. atsa can refer to any curved, pointy thing for catching or holding, so that “catch” (as a noun) is probably its original sense. In notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s and 40s, however, it was glossed only “claw” (PE22/22, 50), and in the 1940s document its gloss was revised to ᴹQ. atsa “tassel, fryse, fringe” from a distinct root ᴹ√TAS (PE22/50 note #187).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer to use atsa as “claw, catch” and would use ᴹQ. fas for “fringe, tassel”; see that entry for discussion.

hyalma

noun. conch, shell, horn of Ulmo

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “shell, conch, horn of Ulmo” derived from primitive ᴹ✶syalmā under the root ᴹ√SYAL (Ety/SYAL). In this document hyalma was given as the name of tengwa #33 (9), and it appeared again as the name of this tengwa in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from the 1930s (PE22/22) and 1940s (PE22/51) with the glosses “conch” and “conch, shell” respectively. In the 1940s document, hyarmen “south” was given as an alternate name of the tengwa, and hyarmen was the name Tolkien used in The Lord of the Rings proper.

húna-

verb. to howl

The deleted verb ᴹQ. hūna- “howl” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the deleted root ᴹ√ÑO, replacing ñōna- “groan” (EtyAC/ÑŌ²).

Neo-Quenya: Since the root ᴹ√ÑO seems to have become √ÑGAW “howl”, I would revise this verb to ᴺQ. nauna- for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

kar

noun. building, house

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “building, house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR).

marre

adverb. at home

A pair of locative variants marre, marye from the Declension of Nouns of the early 1930s, the first derived from ᴹ✶mardasē, and the second from ᴹQ. mar “house” + ᴹQ. ye “at” (PE21/27).

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, the sound changes producing marre from ᴹ✶mardasē are rather dubious, but I think ᴺQ. maryë “at home” might remain viable as an abstract adverbial form. I would also use maryë in the sense “✱indoors”, inspired by ᴱQ. indoite “at home, indoors” (QL/43).

ronyo

noun. ‘chaser’, hound of chase, *hunting dog

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “‘chaser’, hound of chase” derived from primitive ᴹ✶ronyō under the root ᴹ√ROY “chase” (Ety/ROY¹). In the first version of this entry, Tolkien used the vowel u for these words: ᴹ√RUY > ᴹ✶runyō > ᴹQ. runyo (EtyAC/ROY¹).

harma

noun. wolf, hound

lúme

noun. time, hour

nosse

noun. clan, family, ‘house’

rempa

adjective. crooked, hooked

rimbe

noun. crowd, host

rinke

noun. flourish, quick stroke, hook

rokko

noun. (swift) horse

tilde

noun. spike, horn

unka-

verb. to hollow out

úrime

noun. August, *Hot-one

malka aldar ólar

*how much do trees grow

marye

adverb. at home

sa-rinke

noun. s-hook, hooked stroke in tengwa

hópa

noun. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” a derivative of the root ᴹ√KHOP (Ety/KHOP).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱQ. kópa “harbour” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from ᴱ√KOPO “keep, guard” (QL/47). This word also appeared in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “haven, bay” (PME/47), but it was ᴱQ. Kópas in The Lost Tales (LT2/255), particularly in the name ᴱQ. Kópas Alqalunte “Haven of the Swanships” (LT1/164). Both kôpa and kôpas appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as cognates of G. gobos “haven” (GL/40).

The form ᴹQ. kópa “harbour, bay” appeared in The Etymologies as a derivative of ᴹ√KOP (Ety/KOP), but this entry was deleted and replaced by ᴹQ. hópa and ᴹ√KHOP as noted above.

aikale

noun. peak

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a peak”, an abstract noun formation of ᴹQ. aika “sharp” (Ety/AYAK).

falle

noun. foam

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “foam” derived from the root ᴹ√PHAL of the same meaning (Ety/PHAL).

kaima

noun. bed, bed, [ᴱQ.] couch

A noun for “bed” in The Etymologies from around 1937 under the root ᴹ√KAY “lie down” (Ety/KAY).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaima was glossed “couch” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kamba was glossed “bed” under the early root ᴱ√KAMA “lie down” (QL/44). However, ᴱQ. kaima was “bed” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/70). The form kaimas appeared unglossed in The Feanorian Alphabet of the 1930s (PE22/19), possibly an inflected form of kaima “bed”.

lára

noun. grave

A rejected noun for “grave” in a deleted entry in The Etymologies written around 1937 for the root ᴹ√DAG “dig” (EtyAC/DAG).

Conceptual Development: There was a word ᴱQ. kaune “grave” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KAVA which also meant “dig” (QL/45; PME/45). In the first version of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem and its drafts written around 1930, Tolkien used ᴱQ. sapsa or sapta for “grave” (MC/221; PE16/75), a word that is clearly based on another root meaning “dig”: ᴱ√SAPA.

Neo-Quenya: Since √SAP appeared in Tolkien’s later writings with the same or similar meaning (PE19/86), I’d adapted ᴺQ. sapta for “grave”, along with the meaning “(delved) hole, pit”; see that entry for discussion.

mintye

noun. peak

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s glossed “peak” given as an example for the Quenya declension of nouns ending in -ye (PE22/44). It is probably a derivative of ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out”.

morko

noun. bear

A noun for “bear” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶morókō under the root ᴹ√MOROK (Ety/MORÓK).

narmo

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M), apparently a variant of ᴹ√ÑGAW “howl”. It seems narmo is a word for an ordinary wolf, as opposed to nauro “werewolf”.

Conceptual Development: A similar (but rejected) form ᴹQ. harma “wolf” appeared under the deleted root ᴹ√ƷARAM (Ety/ƷARAM).

ráka

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶d’rāk under the root ᴹ√DARAK (Ety/DARÁK), where the ancient initial dr became r as usual for Quenya (PE19/37).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for “wolf” of similar form include ᴱQ. ulku and feminine ᴱQ. ulqi “she-wolf” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ULUKU (QL/97).

toron

noun. brother

A noun for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with a somewhat irregular plural torni (Ety/TOR). Its stem form is torn-, since with most inflected forms the Quenya syncope comes into play and the second o is lost.

Neo-Quenya: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word háno for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think toron might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as melotorni “love-brother, ✱close male friend” or ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother”. In this sense, háno would be limited to biological relationships, but toron would refer to brotherly (or brother-like) affection.

tundo

noun. hill, mound, hill, mound [isolated]

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hill, mound” derived from the root ᴹ√TUN (Ety/TUN). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. Túna for the name of a hill in Valinor implies the ongoing validity of its root, so perhaps this word remained valid as well.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume that tundo refers mainly to a single isolated hill standing out from its surroundings, as opposed to Q. ambo for hills in general, but that’s speculation on my part.

hún

noun. earth, earth, *ground

A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.

hóre

noun. impulse

ambo

noun. hill

anaristya

noun. [unglossed]

asto

noun. bone

engwa

?. [unglossed]

felya

noun. cave

harya-

verb. to possess

hesto

noun. captain

hwarin

adjective. crooked

hyelma

?. [unglossed]

hón

noun. heart (physical)

kaltua

?. [unglossed]

kanda

noun. [unglossed]

kar

noun. deed

karpalimaite

noun. [unglossed]

lamma

noun. sound

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

lau(w)e

?. [unglossed]

mai(y)a

noun. [unglossed]

mána

adjective. blessed

ména

noun. region

nandakka-

verb. [unglossed]

nauro

noun. werewolf

nerno

?. [unglossed]

ohta

noun. war

olta-

verb. [unglossed]

onna

noun. creature

orro

interjection. ugh, alas!, ow!

osse

noun. terror

pé

noun. mouth

rampa

?. [unglossed]

ráma

noun. wing

sisíria-

verb. [unglossed]

séra

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

tatalta-

verb. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

toróma

noun. [unglossed]

téra

adjective. straight, right, straight, right, *correct

va

preposition. away

vanima

adjective. fair

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

hórea

adjective. impulsive

a

preposition. [unglossed]

alama

noun. [unglossed]

almárea

adjective. blessed

amaldume

noun. [unglossed]

anto

noun. mouth

assa

pronoun. [unglossed]

asse

pronoun. [unglossed]

asso

pronoun. [unglossed]

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

ento

pronoun. [unglossed]

ereáma

?. [unglossed]

es

[unglossed]

ksenna

noun. odour

mahtya

?. [unglossed]

maldo

noun. [unglossed]

mar vanwa tyaliéva

place name. Cottage of the Lost Play

mausta

noun. compulsion

niule

?. [unglossed]

nulda

adjective. secret

olme

noun. odour

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

sarya

noun. [unglossed]

tante

noun. [unglossed]

teuka

?. [unglossed]

timpana

noun. [unglossed]

toina

adjective. [unglossed]

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

téna

adjective. straight, right

varinye

noun. [unglossed]

éma

?. [unglossed]