Quenya 

-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

car-

verb. do, make

Quenya [PE 22:99ff,103,109,121; PE 22:152, 167] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carne (carni-)

adjective. red

Quenya [PE 22:152] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

carnë

red

carnë adj. "red", "scarlet, red" (SA:caran, PE17:154, MC:214, KARÁN - spelt with a k in the two latter sources), not to be confused with the past tense of car- "do, make". Stem carni- as in Carnimírië, Carnistir.

nasar

red

nasar adj. "red" (in Vanyarin Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)

car-

verb. to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build

Cognates

  • S. car- “to do, make” ✧ PE17/068; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132
  • T. car- “to do” ✧ WJ/371

Derivations

  • kar- “do, make” ✧ PE17/129; PE22/167
    • KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE18/095

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
karize- > karis-[karise] > [karize] > [karire]✧ PE17/129
✶*karubāni > caruvan(ye)*[karubāni] > [karubān] > [karuβān] > [karuβan] > [karuvan]✧ PE22/167

Variations

  • kar- ✧ PE22/152; VT39/20 (kar-)
Quenya [NM/239; PE17/058; PE17/068; PE17/074; PE17/094; PE17/129; PE17/132; PE17/144; PE22/152; PE22/154; PE22/155; PE22/161; PE22/162; PE22/167; VT39/20; VT41/13; VT41/17; VT42/33; VT42/34; VT43/15; VT43/26; VT49/16; VT49/20; VT49/34; WJ/371; WJ/391] Group: Eldamo. Published by

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

tande

thither

tande adv. "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")

yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

ontamo

mason (sculptor)

ontamo noun "mason (sculptor)" (PE17:107-108); this is a compound on(do) "stone" + tamo "smith".

ontamo

noun. mason (sculptor)

Elements

WordGloss
ondo“stone (as a material), (large mass of) rock”
tamo“smith, builder”

car-

make, do, build, form

car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).

aira

red, copper-coloured, ruddy

aira (1) adj. "red, copper-coloured, ruddy" (GAY)

úcar-

to sin, trespass; to do wrong

#úcar- vb. "to sin, trespass; to do wrong" (pl. aorist úcarer in VT43:12, we would rather expect úcarir, a form seemingly indicated by an emendation in one variant of the text in question, VT43:21). The verb is car- "do" with the prefix ú-, here suggesting something morally bad ("do wrong") rather than simple negation.

tar(a)

adverb. thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond

Derivations

  • tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
tad > tar[tad] > [tað] > [tar]✧ PE19/104

Variations

  • tar ✧ PE19/104
  • tăr ✧ VT49/11
  • tăra ✧ VT49/11
  • tamen ✧ VT49/33
Quenya [PE19/104; VT49/11; VT49/33] Group: Eldamo. Published by

attat

2 fathers or neighbours

-t (1) dual ending, on nouns denoting a _pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" (VT48:19; see _atto), máryat "her (pair of) hands" (Nam), siryat "two rivers" (VT47:11), ciriat "2 ships" (Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?), maquat "group of ten" (from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five") (VT47:7), nápat "thumb and index as a pair" (VT48:5), also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" (Nam, VT47:11). Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" (Aldu). The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r (elen atta siluvat**, "two stars shall shine", VT49:45; the verb carit** "do" would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50).

á

immediate time reference

a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.

Quenya [Quettaparma Quenyallo] Group: Quettaparma Quenyallo. Published by

-ina

general 'passive' participle

-ina ending for what Tolkien called "general 'passive' participle" (VT43:15); compare nótina "counted", rácina "broken", hastaina "marred" (q.v.). The stem-vowel is usually lengthened when the ending is added to the stem of a primary verb (as in the two first examples above), though the lengthening fails to occur (or is not denoted) in carina as the passive participle of car- "make, do" (VT43:15).

-ya

elvish

-ya (5) adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya "Elvish" itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya "honey-eating" (mat- "eat"), saucarya "evil-doing" (car- "do"). (PE17:68)

casta

cause

casta (2) noun "cause" (reason) (QL:43)

conjunction. if

Derivations

  • KE/EKE “may (be); have chance, opportunity or permission; it is open” ✧ VT49/19

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ke > ke[ke]✧ VT49/19

Variations

  • ✧ VT49/19; VT49/26
  • ke ✧ VT49/19; VT49/19; VTE/42
  • kē̆ ✧ VT49/19
Quenya [VT49/19; VT49/26; VTE/42] Group: Eldamo. Published by

iqui

conjunction. if

Quenya [PE 22:158] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

iqui

conjunction. if

it(ë) Speculative

adverb. if

Element in

  • Q. [[q|[?it/itē] kestallen, tuluvanye]] “if you ask me, I shall come” ✧ PE22/138
  • Q. [[q|aite[?] kestallen]] “now, suppose, you ask me” ✧ PE22/138
  • Q. [[q|aite[?] kestuvallen, tuluvanye]] “now supposing you asked me, a thing unlikely {or ridiculous} to suppose...” ✧ PE22/138

Variations

  • it ✧ PE22/138 (it)
  • itē ✧ PE22/138
  • [i]te ✧ PE22/138 ([i]te)

mai

if

mai (2) conj. "if" (PE14:59 cf. VT49:20; possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for "if", Tolkien later used qui)

que

conjunction. if

Quenya [PE 22:97; PE 22:120] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

qui

if

qui conj. "if" (VT49:19)

qui

conjunction. if, when

Quenya [PE 22:158] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

qui

conjunction. if

Cognates

  • ᴺS. pi “if”

Derivations

  • KWI “suppose” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/19

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
kwi- > qui[kwi]✧ VT49/19

Variations

  • quī ✧ PE22/140; PE22/158 (quī)
  • kwí ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
  • kwíta ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
  • quīta ✧ PE22/158 (quīta)
  • quī(ta) ✧ PE22/158 (quī(ta))
  • quíta ✧ PE22/158 (quíta)
  • kwi ✧ PE22/158
  • iqui ✧ PE22/158
Quenya [PE22/140; PE22/154; PE22/158; VT42/34; VT49/19] Group: Eldamo. Published by

quí(ta)

conjunction. if

tamen

thither

tamen adv. "thither" (VT49:33). Compare simen.

tamen

adverb. thither

tanna

thither

tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14:5, PE16:96; evidently to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]"). Compare tar and locative tassë.

tanna

adverb. thither

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
ta“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

  • tanna ✧ PE16/096; PE16/096

tar

adverb. thither

PQ. thither

Quenya [PE 19:104] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

tar

thither

tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da) as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara.

tara

thither

tara adv. "thither"; see tar #1.

tyar-

cause

tyar- vb. "cause" (KYAR)

tyar-

verb. cause

Quenya [PE 22:154] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

á

particle. imperative particle

Cognates

  • S. -o “imperative” ✧ PE17/040

Derivations

  • ā “imperative”

Element in

Variations

  • A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102; VT43/17
  • a ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
  • ā ✧ PE17/040; PE17/093; PE17/093
  • ā̆ ✧ VT43/17
  • á- ✧ VT43/19
  • Ā ✧ WJ/404
Quenya [Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/040; PE17/093; PE17/102; PE17/162; PE17/167; PE22/140; PE22/166; VT43/14; VT43/15; VT43/17; VT43/18; VT43/19; VT43/23; VT43/32; VT43/33; VT44/09; WJ/404] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Sindarin 

car-

verb. to do

Sindarin [avo garo WJ/371, WJ/415] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caro

verb. do! make!

Sindarin [VT/44:21,25] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Sindarin [Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caran

red

_ adj. _red, ruddy. >> Caradhras

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:36] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Cognates

  • Q. carnë “red, scarlet” ✧ PE17/036; SA/caran

Derivations

  • karani “red” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
carani- > caran[karani] > [karane] > [karan]✧ VT41/10
Sindarin [PE17/036; SA/caran; VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

car-

verb. to do, make

Changes

  • cerim(m)idcerim/cerim(m)id ✧ PE17/132
  • cerisccerich ✧ PE17/132
  • ceristcerið(id) ✧ PE17/132
  • ceridcerist ✧ PE17/132

Cognates

  • Q. car- “to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build” ✧ PE17/068; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132; PE17/132
  • T. car- “to do”

Derivations

  • kar- “do, make” ✧ WJ/415
    • KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE18/095

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
akāra > agor[akāra] > [akǭra] > [akaura] > [akaur] > [agaur] > [agor]✧ WJ/415

Variations

  • cerim(m)id ✧ PE17/132 (cerim(m)id)
  • cerisc ✧ PE17/132 (cerisc)
  • cerist ✧ PE17/132 (cerist)
  • cerid ✧ PE17/132 (cerid)
Sindarin [PE17/068; PE17/132; PE17/144; PE17/145; PE17/148; PE17/170; PE22/168; VT44/21; VT44/22; VT44/25; VT44/30; VT50/14; VT50/18; VT50/21; VT50/22; WJ/371; WJ/415] Group: Eldamo. Published by

suith

noun. draught

Sindarin [Ety/388, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

edhellen

adjective. elvish, of the Elves

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, RS/463] edhel+-ren. Group: SINDICT. Published by

edhellen

adjective. Elvish

_ adj. _Elvish. annon edhellen edro hi ammen! 'Elvish gate open now for us'. >> edhel

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:45] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

ruin

adjective. (fiery) red

Sindarin [PM/366] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gaer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

Sindarin [Ety/358, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ae

conjunction. if

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

car

make

1) car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (do, build) (WJ:415), 2) echad- (i echad, in echedir) (fashion, shape), pa.t. echant (VT45:19)

pi

adverb. if

Cognates

  • Q. qui “if”

Derivations

  • KWI “suppose”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

taw

adverb. thither

Derivations

  • tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
tad > tað > > taw[tad] > [tā] > [tǭ] > [tau]✧ PE19/104

Variations

  • taw ✧ PE19/104
Sindarin [PE19/104] Group: Eldamo. Published by

car

do

car- (i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415),

car

do

(i gâr, i cherir), pa.t. agor (make, build) (WJ:415)

dadbenn

do

(downhill, sloping down, inclined), lenited dhadbenn, pl. dedbinn. Verb

born

red

(hot), lenited vorn, pl. byrn

caran

red

1) caran (lenited garan, pl. cerain). Also carn (lenited garn, pl. cern), 2) coll (scarlet), lenited goll, pl. cyll (VT45:15, 24). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "cloak". 3) born (hot), lenited vorn, pl. byrn, 4) (fiery red) naru (analogical pl. nery). The archaic fom narw is also listed (LR:374 s.v. _NAR_1). 5) rhosc (russet, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc (the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhysc. Cf. also

caran

red

(lenited garan, pl. cerain). Also carn (lenited garn, pl. cern)

coll

red

(scarlet), lenited goll, pl. cyll (VT45:15, 24). Note: homophones mean "hollow" and also "cloak".

gaer

red, reddish

(copper-coloured, ruddy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

naru

red

(analogical pl. nery). The archaic fom narw is also listed (LR:374 s.v. NAR1).

rhosc

red

(russet, brown), lenited ?throsc or ?rosc *(the lenition product of rh is uncertain)*, pl. rhysc. Cf. also

crann

ruddy

(lenited grann, pl. crain).

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

Cognates

  • Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

Derivations

  • YUL “drink”

Element in

  • ᴺS. yllas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

edhellen

elvish

edhellen (of language apparently = ”Sindarin”), pl. edhellin

heria

set vigorously out to do

(i cheria, i cheriar) (have an impulse, be compelled to do something, begin suddenly and vigorously) (VT45:22)

ae

lE conjunction. if, supposing

Cognate of Q. ai.

Sindarin [PE22] Group: Neologism. Published by

Telerin 

car-

verb. to do

Cognates

  • S. car- “to do, make”
  • Q. car- “to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build” ✧ WJ/371

Derivations

  • kar- “do, make”
    • KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE18/095

Element in

Variations

  • care ✧ WJ/371

Quendya 

nasar

adjective. red

Primitive elvish

kar-

verb. do, make

Derivations

  • KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE18/095

Derivatives

  • Q. car- “to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build” ✧ PE17/129; PE22/167
  • S. car- “to do, make” ✧ WJ/415
  • T. car- “to do”

Element in

Primitive elvish [PE17/129; PE18/095; PE22/129; PE22/137; PE22/140; PE22/167; WJ/415] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karani

adjective. red

Derivatives

  • Q. carnë “red, scarlet” ✧ PE22/152
  • S. caran “red” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

Variations

  • karanĭ ✧ PE21/81
  • karnĭ ✧ PE21/81
  • carani- ✧ VT41/10
Primitive elvish [PE21/81; PE22/152; VT41/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kar

root. do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct

Tolkien introduced the root √KAR with the sense “do, make” very early, and it retained this form and meaning for his entire life. It appeared as ᴱ√KARA “do, make” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/45), as ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAR), and in numerous other places in various notes, including a last known appearance in verbal notes from 1969 as √KAR “do” (PE22/155). Though its exact set of derivatives varied over time, the root itself was extremely stable in Tolkien’s mind.

Derivatives

  • S. caras “city, fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike, city, [N.] city (built above ground); [S.] (orig.) fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike” ✧ PE17/084
  • kar- “do, make” ✧ PE18/095
    • Q. car- “to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build” ✧ PE17/129; PE22/167
    • S. car- “to do, make” ✧ WJ/415
    • T. car- “to do”
  • ᴺQ. caira “eager [to do]”
  • ᴺQ. car “act, an action”
  • Q. caraitë “active, busy, active, busy; [ᴹQ.] able to make, handy, crafty, craftsmanlike, skilled” ✧ PE22/155
  • Q. carasse “built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. carasta- “to build, to build, construct” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. cárima “feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, [ᴹQ.] able to be made” ✧ PE22/155
  • Q. carma “tool, implement, means, weapon” ✧ PE17/114
  • ᴺS. carf “tool, implement, weapon”
  • ᴺS. caur “action, doing, making; verb”
  • ᴺS. ceiria- “to cause, bring about”
  • ᴺS. cranna- “to accomplish, finish, complete, [G.] achieve”

Element in

Variations

  • CAR ✧ PE17/084; PE17/150
Primitive elvish [PE17/084; PE17/114; PE17/150; PE17/156; PE18/095; PE22/155] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kah

root. cause

Derivatives

  • ᴺQ. cahta “cause, motive, reason”
  • ᴺQ. cáma “guilt, responsibility”
  • ᴺS. caeth “cause, reason, motive”
  • ᴺS. caetha- “to make to do or be, cause, compel, induce, bring about”

Noldorin 

caran

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/362, S/429, LotR/E] Group: SINDICT. Published by

caran

adjective. red

Changes

  • carancaran “red, blush, red (?part) of face” ✧ Ety/KARÁN

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. karne “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶karani “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
    • ᴹ√KARAN “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶karani > caran[karani] > [karane] > [karan]✧ Ety/KARÁN
ᴹ✶karani > cern[karani] > [karni] > [kerni] > [kern]✧ EtyAC/KARÁN

Variations

  • cern ✧ EtyAC/KARÁN (cern)
  • Caron ✧ RS/419
  • caron ✧ RS/419
Noldorin [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN; RS/419] Group: Eldamo. Published by

caron

adjective. red

naru

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/374, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

naru

adjective. red, [fiery] red

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶narwā “fiery red” ✧ Ety/NAR¹
    • ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire” ✧ Ety/NAR¹

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶narwā > narw > naru[narwā] > [narwa] > [narw] > [naru]✧ Ety/NAR¹
Noldorin [Ety/NAR¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

narw

adjective. red

Noldorin [Ety/374, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

coll

adjective. (golden) red

Noldorin [Ety/365] Group: SINDICT. Published by

goer

adjective. red, copper-coloured, ruddy

Noldorin [Ety/358, X/OE] Group: SINDICT. Published by

car-

verb. to do, make

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct”

Element in

  • N. ceredir “doer, maker, doer, maker, *crafter (m.)” ✧ Ety/DER
  • N. osgar- “to cut round, amputate” ✧ Ety/OS
Noldorin [Ety/DER; Ety/OS; VT50/22] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sûth

noun. draught

Noldorin [Ety/388, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. suhto “draught, draught, *a single act of drinking” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√SUK > sûth[suktu] > [sukto] > [suktʰo] > [suxθo] > [sūθo] > [sūθ]✧ Ety/SUK

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

karne

adjective. red

Cognates

  • N. caran “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶karani “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
    • ᴹ√KARAN “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶karani > karne[karani] > [karane] > [karne]✧ Ety/KARÁN
ᴹ✶karani > karne[karani] > [karane] > [karne]✧ EtyAC/KARÁN
Qenya [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

suhto

noun. draught, draught, *a single act of drinking

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “draught” derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink” (Ety/SUK).

Neo-Quenya: This noun may have been replaced by Q. yulda “something drunk, a drink, a draught” (LotR/377; PE17/63), but I think suhto might be retained in reference to “a single act of drinking” vs. yulda for “a drink, the thing drunk”.

Cognates

  • N. sûth “draught” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√SUK > suhto[sukto] > [suxto]✧ Ety/SUK

kar-

verb. to do, make, build

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR; PE22/103

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAR > karin[karin]✧ Ety/KAR
ᴹ√KAR > karne[karne]✧ PE22/103
Qenya [Ety/KAR; LR/047; LR/056; LR/072; PE17/014; PE22/097; PE22/099; PE22/100; PE22/101; PE22/103; PE22/104; PE22/105; PE22/106; PE22/107; PE22/108; PE22/109; PE22/110; PE22/111; PE22/112; PE22/116; PE22/118; PE22/119; PE22/121; PE22/122; PE22/123; PE22/127; SD/246; SD/310; VT43/15] Group: Eldamo. Published by

qe

conjunction. if

Changes

  • queit “if” ✧ PE22/138

Element in

Variations

  • que ✧ PE22/138 (Q. que)
Qenya [PE22/097; PE22/120; PE22/121; PE22/122; PE22/138] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tanna

adverb. thither

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
ta“that, it”

á

particle. imperative particle

Element in

Variations

  • ā ✧ PE22/105
  • á ✧ PE22/126; PE22/127
  • A ✧ SD/047
Qenya [PE22/105; PE22/126; PE22/127; SD/047] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

arn

adjective. red

A Doriathrin adjective meaning “red” derived from the root ᴹ√YAR (Ety/YAR), likely derived from a primitive form such as ✱✶yarna [jarna]. It is a good example of how [[ilk|initial [j] vanished]] in Ilkorin.

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YAR “blood” ✧ Ety/YAR

Element in

  • Ilk. Aros ✧ Ety/YAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YAR > arn[jarna] > [arna] > [arn] > [arn]✧ Ety/YAR
Doriathrin [Ety/YAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

adverb. thither

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tar “thither, beyond” ✧ PE21/58

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TA “that” ✧ Ety/TA
  • ᴹ✶tad “thither” ✧ PE19/052; PE21/58
    • ᴹ√TA “that” ✧ Ety/TA

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TA > [tad] > [tā] > [tǭ]✧ Ety/TA
ᴹ✶tad > > [tad] > [tā] > [tǭ]✧ PE19/052
ᴹ✶tā̆d > [tad] > [tā] > [tǭ]✧ PE21/58

Variations

  • ✧ EtyAC/TA
Old Noldorin [Ety/TA; EtyAC/TA; PE19/052; PE21/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

kar-

verb. make, do

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ PE18/046
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE18/046; PE22/095] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karan

root. red

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “red” (Ety/KARÁN), a later iteration of ᴱ√KṚN of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s of the same meaning, but with syllabic (QL/48). Its main Quenya derivative, Q. carnë, retained the same form throughout Tolkien’s life, but its Gnomish forms G. carn(in) “scarlet” and G. crintha “rosy, pink” (GL/25, 27) became N. caran “red” in the 1930s, and retained that form thereafter.

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶karani “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN
    • ᴹQ. karne “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
    • N. caran “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
  • ᴹ✶k’rannā “ruddy (of face)” ✧ Ety/KARÁN
    • N. crann “ruddy (of face); face, blush, the cheeks, ruddy (of face); blush, the cheeks, face” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
  • ᴹQ. karanya- “to make red, redden”

Element in

Variations

  • KARÁN ✧ Ety/KARÁN; Ety/RAS; Ety/THĒ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KARÁN; Ety/RAS; Ety/THĒ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

karani

adjective. red

Changes

  • kárānikarani ✧ Ety/KARÁN

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KARAN “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. karne “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN
  • N. caran “red” ✧ Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN

Variations

  • kárāni ✧ EtyAC/KARÁN (kárāni)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KARÁN; EtyAC/KARÁN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kuldā

adjective. red

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KUL “golden-red” ✧ Ety/GUL; Ety/KUL

Derivatives

  • N. coll “red, scarlet” ✧ Ety/GUL; Ety/KUL

Variations

  • guldā ✧ Ety/GUL (guldā)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/GUL; Ety/KUL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tad

adverb. thither

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TA “that” ✧ Ety/TA

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. tar “thither, beyond” ✧ Ety/TA; PE19/052; PE21/58
  • On. “thither” ✧ PE19/052; PE21/58

Variations

  • tā̆d ✧ PE21/58
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/TA; PE19/052; PE21/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kyar

root. cause, do

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cause, do” as an etymological variant of ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct”; its derivatives include ᴹQ. tyar- “cause” and ᴹQ. tyaro “doer, actor, agent” (Ety/KAR, KYAR). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. tyar- “cause” in his later writings (PE22/154; VT43/18) indicates its ongoing validity.

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR; Ety/KAR; Ety/KYAR

Derivatives

  • Q. tyar- “to cause”
  • ᴹQ. tyar- “to cause” ✧ Ety/KYAR
  • ᴺQ. tyarda “result, *effect”
  • ᴹQ. tyaro “doer, actor, agent” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • ᴺQ. tyarwë “reason”
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAR; Ety/KYAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kar

root. make, build, construct

Derivatives

  • N. caras “a city (built above ground)” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • ᴹ✶kar- “make, do” ✧ PE18/046
  • ᴹ✶karƀǝ “active”
  • ᴹ√KYAR “cause, do” ✧ Ety/KAR; Ety/KAR; Ety/KYAR
    • Q. tyar- “to cause”
    • ᴹQ. tyar- “to cause” ✧ Ety/KYAR
    • ᴺQ. tyarda “result, *effect”
    • ᴹQ. tyaro “doer, actor, agent” ✧ Ety/KAR
    • ᴺQ. tyarwë “reason”
  • ᴹQ. kar- “to do, make, build” ✧ Ety/KAR; PE22/103
  • ᴹQ. kar “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • ᴹQ. kar “building, house” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • ᴹQ. káro “doer, actor, agent” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • N. car- “to do, make”
  • N. car(dh) “house, house, *construction, structure” ✧ Ety/KAR
  • N. carth “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAR; Ety/KYAR; PE18/046; PE22/103; PE22/108] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

tug-

verb. to hit, reach mark; to light on, chance on, find; to arrive; to chance, occur; to suit, fit, be convenient, ‘do’

Cognates

  • Eq. tuku- “to go in search of, look for, fetch”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TUKU “*search, find”

hant

adverb. thither

Early Noldorin

lhaur

adjective. red

Early Noldorin [PE13/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cara-

verb. to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KARA “do, make”

Element in

  • En. cara hont “to honk trumpet loudly” ✧ PE13/163
  • En. -garn “*-made” ✧ PE13/161

Variations

  • cara ✧ PE13/161; PE13/163
Early Noldorin [PE13/161; PE13/163] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

do

root. *interrogative base

An interrogative root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that served as the basis for various Gnomish question words (GL/30). It was distinct from ᴱ√MA, which at this early stage was the basis for the indefinite marker, not interrogatives (GL/55). It seems that by the late 1920s, ᴱ√MA has become an interrogative, as seen in the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem. There is no sign of interrogative ᴱ√DO past Tolkien’s earliest writings.

Derivatives

  • G. deg “what (n[euter])” ✧ GL/30
  • G. dir “who (f.)” ✧ GL/30
  • G. don “who” ✧ GL/30
  • G. dos “when” ✧ GL/30
  • G. dui “where” ✧ GL/30

Variations

  • do- ✧ GL/30
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kara

root. do, make

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶kar- “to make”
    • Eq. kara- “to do, make” ✧ PE14/058
  • ᴱ✶ū́kā̀rele
    • Eq. ukárele “[unglossed]” ✧ PE12/006
  • Eq. kara- “to do, make” ✧ QL/045
  • Eq. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” ✧ QL/045
  • Eq. karo “deed, act, action”
  • En. car- “*to make”
  • G. cartha- “to finish, make”
  • En. cara- “to make, do, perform, act (trans. and absolute)”
  • G. cara “deed, act”
  • G. carn “done, finished”
  • G. carm “deed, act, exploit”
  • G. cranta- “to finish, achieve, accomplish, complete” ✧ GL/26

Variations

  • car- ✧ GL/26
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/26; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kar-

verb. to make

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KARA “do, make”

Derivatives

  • Eq. kara- “to do, make” ✧ PE14/058

Variations

  • kar ✧ PE14/058
Early Primitive Elvish [PE14/058] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kaha

root. cause

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cause” with derivatives like ᴱQ. ka- “cause”, ᴱQ. káma “guilt, responsibility”, and ᴱQ. kasta “cause, motive, ultimate reason” (QL/43). There are similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, such as G. caith “cause, reason, motive” < ᴱ✶kahta (GL/24). Some of these words have no good replacements in Tolkien’s later writing, so I think it is worthwhile to postulate a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KAH to salvage some of these early words.

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶kahta
    • G. caith “cause, reason, motive” ✧ GL/24
  • Eq. kasta “cause, motive, ultimate reason” ✧ QL/043
  • Eq. káma “guilt, responsibility” ✧ QL/043
  • Eq. ka- “cause” ✧ QL/043
  • Eq. “deed, act, fact” ✧ QL/043
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/043] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

karne

adjective. red

Changes

  • karneakarnen ✧ PE16/065

Cognates

Derivations

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√KṚN > [kṛn]ı̯ǝ > karne[kṛniǝ] > [kṛni] > [kṛne] > [karne]✧ QL/048

Variations

  • karnea ✧ PE16/065 (karnea)
  • Karne ✧ PE16/077
Early Quenya [MC/214; MC/221; PE15/76; PE16/062; PE16/065; PE16/072; PE16/074; PE16/075; PE16/077; PME/048; QL/048; QL/061; VT40/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mai

adverb. if; do?

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MA “root of indef[inite]”

Element in

Variations

  • mai ✧ PE14/053; PE14/059
Early Quenya [PE14/053; PE14/059] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kara-

verb. to do, make

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶kar- “to make” ✧ PE14/058
    • ᴱ√KARA “do, make”
  • ᴱ√KARA “do, make” ✧ QL/045

Element in

  • Eq. karina “finished” ✧ QL/045
  • Eq. hu·karne ha min “he did it first (i.e. either before anyone else did so, or before he did anything else)” ✧ PE14/084

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶kar > kare[kar-]✧ PE14/058
ᴱ√KARA > karin[kar-]✧ QL/045

Variations

  • kara ✧ PE15/71
  • kar- ✧ QL/045 (kar-)
Early Quenya [PE14/058; PE14/084; PE15/71; QL/045] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tande

adverb. thither

Element in

Early Quenya [MC/215; PE16/090; PE16/092] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ka-

prefix. cause

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KAHA “cause” ✧ QL/043

Element in

  • Eq. kamanta- “to make eat, give to eat” ✧ QL/043
  • Eq. kasóro- “to make sit, set” ✧ QL/043

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√KAHA > ka-[ka-]✧ QL/043
Early Quenya [QL/043] Group: Eldamo. Published by