harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)
Quenya
auta-
verb. to possess, own, keep
öa-
verb. to possess, own, keep
Derivations
- √AW “possess, own, keep (have in hand, use or with one)” ✧ PE22/151
Element in
- ᴺQ. öamo “owner”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √AW > auta [awta-] > [auta-] ✧ PE22/151 √AW > ăw̯a > oa [awa-] > [oa-] ✧ PE22/151 √AW > āva [āwa] > [āβa] > [āva] ✧ PE22/151
sam-
have
harya-
possess
-na
no longer part of verbal conjugation
-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.
-na
suffix. slain
A shorter ending -na also occurs, e.g. nahtana "slain" (VT49:24); the example hastaina "marred" would suggest that *nahtaina is equally possible. In the example aistana "blessed" (VT43:30), -na may be preferred to -ina for euphonic reasons, to avoid creating a second diphthong ai where one already occurs in the previous syllable (*aistaina). In PE17:68, the ending -ina is said to be "aorist" (unmarked as regards time and aspect); the same source states that the shorter ending -na is "no longer part of verbal conjugation", though it obviously survives in many words that are maybe now to be considered independent adjectives. See -na #4.
nanca
slain
nanca adj. *"slain" (PE17:68); see -na
hep-
verb. to keep
Cognates
- S. heb- “to keep”
Derivations
- √KHEP “retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of, retain, keep, do not give away or release, keep hold of; [ᴱ√] bind; encircle”
Element in
hap-
verb. to retain, keep, detain
Derivations
- √KHAP “bind, make fast; restrain, deprive of liberty, retain, keep, detain, retain, keep, detain; bind, make fast; [ᴹ√] enfold; [√] restrain, deprive of liberty”
#sam- vb. "have" (cited as samin, 1st person sg. aorist), pa.t. sámë (PE17:173)