Quenya 

ala-

verb. grow

Quenya [PE 22:98; PE 22:164] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

alta-

grow

[alta- (3) vb. "grow" (VT45:13) or "make grow" (VT45:14)]

ol-

grow

ol- vb. "grow" (VT45:13; this may be a primitive root rather than a Quenya verb)

cala

light

cala ("k")noun "light" (KAL). Concerning the "Qenya" verb cala-, see #cal- above.

cala

noun. light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours

This is the most common Quenya word for “light”, derived from the root √KAL of similar meaning (RGEO/62; PE17/84). It appears in numerous compounds, either in its full form or in a reduced form cal-.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. kala appeared all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and derived from the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but it had the sense “light” in the phrase ᴱQ. i·kal’antúlien “Light hath returned” (LT1/184), and it was given as the cognate of G. gala “light, daylight” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/37).

ᴹQ. kala “light” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL). Somewhat curiously in that document its primitive form was given as ᴹ✶k’lā́ (EtyAC/KAL), a form that also appeared in the first version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/38). Tolkien may have used this variant form to explain N. glaw “radiance” (< ᴹ✶g’lā́), but in later writings S. glaw “sunshine” was derived from √LAW.

Derivations

  • KAL “light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
CAL > Cala[kala]✧ PE17/084

Variations

  • Cala ✧ PE17/084; RGEO/62
Quenya [PE17/084; PE17/143; RGEO/62; VT39/14] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ola-

verb. grow

Quenya [PE 22:113,116,124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

cálë

light

cálë ("k")noun "light" (Markirya; in early "Qenya", cálë meant "morning", LT1:254)

cálë

noun. light

A noun for “light” appearing in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s (MC/222-223).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kále “morning” was a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), and kāle was mentioned again Gnomish Lexicon Slips as a cognate of G. gaul “a light” (PE13/114). The form ᴱQ. kale “day” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, but was deleted (PE14/43). It might also be an element in ᴹQ. yúkale “twilight” (= “both lights”) from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KAL).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to the better attested Q. cala “light”.

Element in

Variations

  • kále ✧ MC/222; MC/223
Quenya [MC/222; MC/223] Group: Eldamo. Published by

calina

light

calina ("k")adj. "light" (KAL), "bright" (VT42:32) "(literally illumined) sunny, light" (PE17:153) but apparently a noun "light" in coacalina, q.v.

ehtelu-

verb. well, bubble out

Quenya [PE 22:103, 117] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

mai

well

mai (1) adv. "well" (VT47:6), apparently also used as prefix (PE17:17:162, 163, 172)

mai

adverb. well, well; [ᴱQ.] too much

Cognates

  • S. mae “well; excellent, admirable” ✧ PE17/162

Derivations

  • MAY “excellent, admirable, beautiful; make [art]; suitable, useful, proper, serviceable; right” ✧ PE17/162
  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06

Element in

  • Q. mai- “excellent, admirable, excellent, admirable; *well, happily” ✧ PE17/162
  • ᴺQ. maicámima “acceptable, (lit.) well-receivable”
  • ᴺQ. maicarindo “benefactor”
  • ᴺQ. maisinwa “well-known, notable, famous”
  • ᴺQ. maitulië “welcome thing, happy arrival”
  • ᴺQ. maitulya “welcome”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
MAY > maie[maje]✧ PE17/162
MAG > maie[magje] > [maɣje] > [maije]✧ PE17/162
MAG > mai[magje] > [maɣje] > [maije]✧ VT47/06

Variations

  • maie ✧ PE17/162 (maie); PE17/162 (maie)
Quenya [PE17/162; VT47/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Mairen

well

Mairen fem. name(UT:210), initial element perhaps related or identical to mai "well". The second element is obscure; the root REN "recall, have in mind" (PM:372) could be related; if so the name may imply "well remembered", "(of) good memory" or something similar. It may also connect with the adj. maira, q.v. and compare the masc. name Mairon (PE18:163).

mandë

well

mandë (2) adv. "well" (VT49:26; this is "Qenya"). Rather mai in Tolkiens later Quenya.

tampo

well

tampo noun "well" (QL:93)

tampo

noun. well

Derivations

  • TAM “construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge”

Sindarin 

gal-

verb. stem see paradigm PE17:132

v. pres. stem see paradigm PE17:132.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:132] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gal-

 S

 S. ŋ > ʒ > g. ŊAL [ŊGAL] shine clear << ŊAL, ŊGAL shine (golden).

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:169] < ŊAL [ŊGAL] shine clear. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gal-

verb. to shine clear, to shine clear, [G.] shine golden as the Sun

Derivations

  • Ñ(G)AL “gleam, sheen, shine (by reflection)” ✧ PE17/169

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ŊGAL > gal-[ŋgal-] > [gal-]✧ PE17/169
Sindarin [PE17/169] Group: Eldamo. Published by

al-

well

pref. #well. Q. al(a)-. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:172] < ALA good, healthy, prosperous, fortunate. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

galad

noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)

Sindarin [VT/45:13, PM/347, Letters/425] Group: SINDICT. Published by

galad

light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:84] < GAL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

mael

adjective. well

_ adj. _well. adjective << adverb. >> mae

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:162] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

mael

adjective. well

Derivations

  • MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/162

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
MAGA > mael[magla] > [maɣla] > [maila] > [mail] > [mael]✧ PE17/162
Sindarin [PE17/162] Group: Eldamo. Published by

calad

gerund noun. light

Sindarin [Ety/362, UT/65] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

noun. light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:84] < GAL. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

mae

adverb. well

Sindarin [LotR/I:XII, Letters/308] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mae

adverb. well

adv. well. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:16] < (_maZĕ_ <) _măgē_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

mae

well

_ adv. _well. >> mael

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:131:162] < either MAY or MAG. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

cer-

verb. stem see paradigm PE17:132

v. stem see paradigm PE17:132.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:132] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gal-

prefix. well, blessedly

Derivations

  • GAL “grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, grow (like plants), flourish, be healthy, be vigorous, bloom, [ᴹ√] thrive”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

gail

light

(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

gail

light

(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)

gala

grow

gala- (i **ala, i ngalar** = i ñalar)

gala

grow

(i ’ala, i ngalar = i ñalar)

calad

light

_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

calad

light

(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

glaur

golden light

(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).

glawar

sunlight

(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin

lim

light

(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

mae

well

(adverb) mae (lenited vae).

mae

well

(lenited vae).

eithel

well

(= source) eithel (spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

eithel

well

(spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

Telerin 

cala

noun. light

Primitive elvish

gal

root. light; shine, be bright

A Sindarin-only root for “light; shine”, a variant of √KAL of the same meaning. Its most notable derivative is S. galad “radiance, light”, an element in the names Galadriel and Gil-galad. This root did not explicitly appear in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where the base for Qenya light words was given as ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but nearly all the Gnomish derivations of this root begin with g-, as in G. gal- “to shine” and G. glarw(ed) “bright, light” (GL/39). Given that [[eq|initial [g] > [k]]] in early Quenya, this makes it very likely the actual early root was ✱ᴱ√GALA, or at the very least a blending of ᴱ√KALA and ᴱ√GALA.

The first explicit appearance of the root ᴹ√GAL “shine” was in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/GAL), where it was given along with an extended root ᴹ√GALAN “bright” (EtyAC/GAL¹). Tolkien considered but rejected having some Quenya derivatives of these roots: ᴹQ. ala “day” and ᴹQ. alan “daytime” (EtyAC/GAL¹), but he seems to have decided that ᴹ√GAL was a Noldorin-only root, as described in the ᴹ√KAL entry from the same set of documents (Ety/KAL).

The root √GAL reappeared in various etymological notes from the 1950s and 60s, where Tolkien again iterated it was not used in Quenya, and was a root specific to Sindarin (PE17/59) and possibly also Nandorin (PE17/50). The root was potentially problematic in the name Gil-galad, however, in that it was not mutated to Gil-’alad. It seems likely that when Tolkien first coined this name, the second element was from N. calad “light” from the root ᴹ√KAL. This root and word survived into Sindarin (UT/65), and Tolkien sometimes still considered it the basis for Gil-galad (PE17/50).

However, at one point he decided the elements in the names Galadriel and Gil-galad were the same; to explain the lack of mutation in Gil-galad, he posited that the root was actually strengthened to √ÑGAL (PE17/59). Galadriel’s name in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 was based on the root √ÑAL “shine by reflection” (PM/347), so it seems this was the path Tolkien eventually followed. This makes the ultimate status of √GAL “shine” rather unclear, especially since some of its other derivatives like S. uial twilight (PE17/153) were sometimes derived from √ÑAL (PE17/169).

Changes

  • GALÑGAL “light” ✧ PE17/059

Derivatives

  • gaili “ray”
  • GLAY “light [substance]”
    • S. glae(gal) “light (as an ethereal substance), light (as an ethereal substance), *photons” ✧ NM/283
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
    • Q. nalta “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PE17/050; PM/347
    • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PM/347
    • T. alata “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PM/347
  • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

  • Q. yúyal “twilight” ✧ PE17/153
  • S. Galadriel “Glittering-garland” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Galdor
  • S. galvorn “type of dark metal devised by Eöl, *(lit.) shining-black” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Gil-galad “Starlight, (lit.) Star of Radiance” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. uial “twilight, evendim” ✧ PE17/153

Variations

  • gal ✧ Let/278; PE17/050
  • GAL ✧ PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/084; PE17/146; PE17/153; PE17/153; PE17/153
  • gal- ✧ SA/kal
Primitive elvish [Let/278; PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/084; PE17/146; PE17/153; SA/kal] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kal

root. light; shine, be bright, light; shine, be bright, [ᴱ√] shine golden

This root was the basis for words having to do with “light” for most of Tolkien’s life. Its derivatives include Q. cala “light” and S. aglar “glory” which likewise retained the same basic form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life. The root ᴱ√KALA first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “shine golden” (QL/44) along with a rejected variant ᴱ√ALA “light” (QL/29). In this early iteration, the root ᴱ√KALA included a number of derivatives having to do with daytime, such as ᴱQ. kala “daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” and G. gala “daylight” (QL/44; GL/38). Also of interest is that most of the Gnomish derivatives from this period began with g-, indicating that the true form of the root may have been ✱ᴱ√GALA (or at least a blending with it), since [[eq|initial [g-] became [k-]]] in Early Qenya.

This G/K variation became explicit in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where ᴹ√KAL “shine” had a Noldorin-only variant ᴹ√GAL (Ety/GAL, KAL). Tolkien did consider having a few Quenya derivatives of ᴹ√GAL, but they were all rejected (EtyAC/GAL¹). In the 1930s, it also seems the “daytime” derivatives were transferred to ᴹ√AR “day” (Ety/AR¹). The root √KAL continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings, variously glossed “shine”, “light” and “be bright”, with such frequency that it is impractical to list all the references. Likewise Tolkien continued to refer to the Sindarin-only variant √GAL on a regular basis; see that entry for details.

The root √KAL had a couple of extended forms of note, in particular √KALAR glossed “be radiant” in the 1930s (PE18/62), also appearing in the vowel-suppressed variant ᴹ√AKLA(R) “radiance, splendour” which served as the basis for Q. alcar/S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” (PE17/105, 124; PE18/36, 87; VT47/13; Ety/AKLA-R, KALAR); in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s this variant root was given as ᴱ√ḶKḶ instead (QL/30). Tolkien frequently used the extension √KALAT as the representation of triconsontal roots (PE18/33, 86; WJ/392), though the only derivative he ever gave for it was ✶kalatta “a light, lamp” (PE21/80).

Derivatives

  • akkal- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/088
    • ᴺQ. accal- “to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly”
  • akla- “to shine out, flash” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/087
    • Q. alca- “to glitter, to glitter, *shine out, flash” ✧ PE18/087
    • ᴺS. agla- “to shine out, flash”
    • ᴺS. agol “flash”
  • aklar(a) “radiance, brilliance, glory” ✧ PE17/024
    • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • T. aclar “glory, splendour” ✧ VT47/13
  • kal- “to shine, be bright”
  • KALAR “*be radiant, [ᴹ√] be radiant” ✧ PE18/087
    • aklar(a) “radiance, brilliance, glory” ✧ PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/085; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ PE17/024; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE18/087; VT47/13
    • T. aclar “glory, splendour” ✧ VT47/13
    • aklāra “brilliant, glorious” ✧ PE18/087
    • S. aglor “brilliant, glorious” ✧ PE18/087
    • Q. calar “lamp” ✧ VT47/13
    • T. calar “lamp” ✧ VT47/13
  • kalma “a light”
    • Q. calma “lamp, (device for shining) light, lamp, (device for shining) light, [ᴱQ.] candle; (day)light”
  • kalta- “cause to shine, kindle” ✧ PE22/129
    • Q. calta- “to kindle, to kindle, [ᴹQ.] (cause to) shine, light up, [ᴱQ.] set light to”
  • k’la “*light” ✧ PE18/087
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
    • Q. nalta “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PE17/050; PM/347
    • S. galad “radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss, radiance, glittering reflection; light, fire, brightness, shining; bliss; [ᴱN.] dawn” ✧ PM/347
    • T. alata “radiance, glittering reflection” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. alcar “glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance” ✧ SA/aglar
  • Q. cal- “to shine”
  • Q. cala “light, light; [ᴱQ.] daytime (sunlight), 12 hours” ✧ PE17/084
  • ᴺQ. calainë “serenity, serene”
  • ᴺQ. calas “brass”
  • Q. calima “bright, luminous” ✧ Let/278; PE17/153
  • Q. calina “light, bright, sunny, (lit.) illumined” ✧ PE17/153
  • ᴺQ. callë “fair weather, clear sky, blue sky”
  • ᴺQ. calta “picture, photography”
  • ᴺQ. calwa “lurid”
  • ᴺS. aglann “ray of light”
  • S. aglar “glory, brilliance, splendour, radiance” ✧ SA/aglar
  • S. cal- “to shine”
  • S. calad “light, fire, brightness, shining, light, brightness, shining, fire” ✧ PE17/050; PE17/084
  • S. calan “day(light)”
  • S. calar “(portable) lamp”
  • S. calen “green; fresh, vigorous; †bright, green; †bright, [N.] bright-coloured; [S.] fresh, vigorous” ✧ PE17/153; PE17/153; SA/calen; SA/kal
  • ᴺS. celia- “to illuminate, light up; to illustrate”

Element in

  • KALAR “*be radiant, [ᴹ√] be radiant” ✧ PE17/105; PE17/124; PE17/156; VT47/13
  • KALAT ✧ WJ/392
  • Kalatāna ✧ PE17/084
  • ñ(g)alatā “(reflected) radiance, glitter (of reflected light), glory” ✧ PE17/050
  • SKAL “cover, veil, cloak, conceal, cover, veil, cloak, conceal, [ᴹ√] screen, hide (from light), overshadow” ✧ PE17/184
  • Q. Altáriel “Galadriel” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. Caltáriel “woman crowned with glory, radiance” ✧ PE17/084
  • Q. Calacirya “Pass of Light” ✧ PE17/073; SA/kal
  • Q. Calantar “Light-giver” ✧ NM/280
  • Q. Calaquendi “Elves of the Light, (lit.) Light Elves” ✧ SA/kal
  • Q. Calion “*Son of Light” ✧ SA/kal
  • S. Glingal “Hanging Flame”

Variations

  • kal ✧ Let/278; PE17/050
  • KAL- ✧ PE17/024
  • CAL ✧ PE17/084; PE17/150
  • kal- ✧ PE18/091; SA/aglar; SA/calen; SA/kal
  • Kala ✧ WJ/392
Primitive elvish [Let/278; NM/280; PE17/024; PE17/050; PE17/059; PE17/073; PE17/084; PE17/105; PE17/124; PE17/146; PE17/150; PE17/153; PE17/156; PE17/184; PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/088; PE18/091; PE18/103; PE22/129; SA/aglar; SA/calen; SA/kal; VT47/13; WJ/392] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kalat

noun. light

Derivatives

Variations

  • kalā́t- ✧ PE18/087
Primitive elvish [PE18/087; PE21/71] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mai

adverb. well

Derivations

  • MAY “excellent, admirable, beautiful; make [art]; suitable, useful, proper, serviceable; right”

Derivatives

  • S. mae “well; excellent, admirable” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/017

Variations

  • măgē ✧ PE17/016
Primitive elvish [PE17/016; PE17/017] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

gal-

prefix. light

Noldorin [galvorn, etc.] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gala-

verb. to grow

Noldorin [Ety/357] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gail

noun. bright light

Noldorin [Ety/362] Group: SINDICT. Published by

galad

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GAL “shine” ✧ Ety/GAL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√GAL > galad[galata] > [galat] > [galad]✧ Ety/GAL
Noldorin [EtyAC/GAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glor-

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/368] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

gerund noun. light

Noldorin [Ety/362, UT/65] Group: SINDICT. Published by

calad

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAL > calad[kalata] > [kalat] > [kalad]✧ Ety/KAL
Noldorin [Ety/KAL; Ety/KIL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glaur

noun. golden light (of the golden tree Laurelin)

Noldorin [Ety/358, Ety/368] Group: SINDICT. Published by

mai

adverb. well

Element in


Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Valarin 

ithīr

noun. light

Qenya 

kala

noun. light

Cognates

  • N. glaw “radiance” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶k’lā “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶k’lā́ > kala[kala]✧ Ety/KAL

kalina

adjective. light

Cognates

  • N. calen “green, (orig.) bright-coloured” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√KAL > kalina[kalina]✧ Ety/KAL

Doriathrin

gôl

noun. light

A (rejected?) Doriathrin noun for “light” derived from primitive ᴹ✶gālæ appearing in The Etymologies (Ety/KAL, EtyAC/KAL). According to Christopher Tolkien’s notes, it was part of a rejected etymology for the name Thingol, but it isn’t clear whether this noun was rejected or if it was just the etymology. Its long primitive vowel [[ilk|[ā] became [ō]]] as was the norm in Ilkorin.

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶gālæ “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
    • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • Ilk. ThingolGrey-wise” ✧ Ety/KAL (Thingol*)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶gālæ > gôl[gālæ] > [gāla] > [gōla] > [gōl]✧ Ety/KAL

Variations

  • gôl ✧ Ety/KAL (Dor. gôl); EtyAC/KAL (N. gôl)
Doriathrin [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

gal

root. grow, thrive

Changes

  • GALGAL(AS) “grow, thrive, prosper, be healthy, be glad” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶galā- “to grow” ✧ PE22/098
    • ᴹQ. ala- “to grow” ✧ PE22/098; PE22/106
    • On. gala- “to grow” ✧ PE22/026
    • N. gala- “to grow”
  • ᴹ√GALAD “tree” ✧ Ety/GALA
    • Ilk. gald “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD
    • galadā “great plant, tree”
    • Nan. galad “tree” ✧ PE17/050
    • Q. alda “tree, tree, [ᴱQ.] branch” ✧ Let/426; NM/352; PE17/025; PE17/050; PE17/063; PE17/135; PE17/153; PE17/153; VT39/07
    • S. galadh “tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/349; NM/352; PE17/025; PE17/050; PE17/063; PE17/135; PE17/153; PE17/153; UT/266
    • T. galada “tree” ✧ NM/352
    • ᴹ✶galadā “tree”
    • ᴹQ. alda “tree” ✧ SD/302
    • N. galadh “tree” ✧ SD/302
    • galādu “thicket”
    • ᴹQ. alda “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD
    • N. galadh “tree” ✧ Ety/GALAD; Ety/GALAD
  • ᴹ√GALAS “joy, be glad” ✧ Ety/GALA
    • ᴺ✶. galast- “marble, (orig.) thing pleasant to touch”
    • ᴺQ. alas “marble”
    • ᴺS. glast “marble”
    • ᴺQ. alarya- “to be happy or merry, rejoice”
    • ᴺQ. alasta- “to be merry, rejoice”
    • Q. alassë “happiness, happiness, [ᴹQ.] joy, merriment”
    • ᴹQ. alasse “joy, merriment” ✧ Ety/GALÁS
    • ᴺQ. alasta- “to make happy, cheer (up)”
    • ᴹQ. alla “hail!” ✧ Ety/GALÁS; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
    • ᴺS. galtha- “to be glad”
    • ᴺS. glaich “merry, joyous, happy”
    • N. glass “joy, *happiness” ✧ Ety/BOR; Ety/GALÁS
    • ᴺS. glasta- “to make happy”
  • ᴹQ. al- “to thrive” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. alla “hail!” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. almare “blessedness, blessings, good fortune, bliss” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. alma “good fortune, weal, wealth, *well-being” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. alta- “to (make) grow” ✧ EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. alwa “well-grown” ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • ᴹQ. alya “rich, prosperous, abundant, blessed” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL(AS)
  • N. gala- “to grow” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²
  • N. galas “growth, plant, plant, growth” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²
  • N. Galdor ✧ Ety/GALA
  • N. galw “?increase, growth” ✧ Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²

Element in

Variations

  • GALA ✧ Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/GALA
  • GAL ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) (GAL); PE22/098
  • gal- ✧ PE22/113
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ÁLAM; Ety/GALA; EtyAC/GAL²; EtyAC/GAL(AS); PE22/098; PE22/113] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gālæ

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gôl “light” ✧ Ety/KAL
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kalat

noun. light

Variations

  • kalat- ✧ PE21/56
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ol

root. grow

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶golā- “to grow”
    • ᴹQ. ola- “to grow [up], to grow, grow up, reach its prime, become” ✧ PE22/113
  • ᴹQ. ol- “to become” ✧ PE22/103
  • ᴹQ. ola- “to grow [up], to grow, grow up, reach its prime, become”

Variations

  • ol ✧ EtyAC/GAL(AS) (ol)
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/GAL(AS); PE22/103] Group: Eldamo. Published by

k’lā

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴹ√KAL “shine” ✧ Ety/KAL; PE18/038

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. kala “light” ✧ Ety/KAL

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Kalion “Son of Light, Valinorian Elda” ✧ PE21/37 (kalion)

Variations

  • k’lā́ ✧ Ety/KAL
  • klā́ ✧ PE18/038
  • kalĭ ✧ PE21/37 (kalĭ)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KAL; EtyAC/KAL; PE18/038; PE21/37] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gal-

verb. to shine (golden, as the Sun)

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” ✧ LT1A/Galmir

Element in

  • G. gal(a) “daylight, light” ✧ GL/37
  • G. Galmir “Goldgleamer” ✧ GL/37; LT1A/Galmir
  • G. galtha- “to kindle” ✧ GL/37

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√KALA > gal-[gal-]✧ LT1A/Galmir
Gnomish [GL/37; LT1A/Galmir] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gaul

noun. light

mai

adverb. well

Changes

  • mâ/maimai ✧ GL/56

Cognates

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MANA “*good (moral)”

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ GL/20 ()
  • mâ/mai ✧ GL/56 (mâ/mai)
Gnomish [GL/20; GL/52; GL/56] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

glaiw

noun. light

Derivations

  • ᴱ√KALA “shine golden”
Early Noldorin [PE13/144] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

ausi-

prefix. well

Derivations

  • ᴱ√AW̯A “*wealth” ✧ QL/033

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√AW̯A > ausi-[awsi-] > [ausi-]✧ QL/033
Early Quenya [QL/033] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mande

adverb. well

Cognates

  • G. mai “well”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√MANA “*good (moral)” ✧ QL/058

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√MANA > mande[mandē] > [mande]✧ QL/058
Early Quenya [QL/058] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tampo

noun. well

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱQ. tampo “a well”, derived from the root ᴱ√TṂPṂ “build”; Tolkien considered transferring the word to ᴱ√TAPA “✱stretch” (QL/93). This word also appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/93).

Neo-Quenya: I think ᴺQ. tampo “well” might be salvaged in Neo-Quenya as a derivative of √TAM “construct”; it is used this way in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (NQNT).

Derivations

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TṂPṂ > tampo[tṇ̄pō] > [tṇ̄po] > [tampo]✧ QL/093
Early Quenya [PME/093; QL/093] Group: Eldamo. Published by

vande

adverb. well

Derivations

  • ᴱ√VANA “*beauty” ✧ QL/099

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√VANA > vande[βandē] > [βande] > [vande]✧ QL/099

Variations

  • vande ✧ QL/099
Early Quenya [QL/099] Group: Eldamo. Published by