arta

exalted, lofty

arta (1) adj. "exalted, lofty" (PM:354), "high, noble" (PE17:118, 147); cf. names like Artaher, Artanis.

halda

adjective. high, tall

varda

feminine name. Exalted, Lofty, Sublime

Valië of the stars, spouse of Manwë (S/26). Her name is variously translated “Exalted” (RGEO/61), “Lofty” (Let/282) or “Sublime” (WJ/402). It is derived from the primitive name ✶Baradā from the root √BARAD “lofty, high” (PE17/22).

Conceptual Development: The name ᴱQ. Varda dates back to the earliest Lost Tales (LT1/58), though at this early stage it was a derivative of the root ᴱ√VṚÐṚ along with ᴱQ. varni “queen” and the verb ᴱQ. vard- “rule, govern” (QL/102, LT1A/Varda). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, Tolkien changed the derivation of ᴹQ. Varda to the one given above (Ety/BARAD), and this etymology reappeared in writings from the 1950s (PE17/22).

Cognates

• Ad. Avradî “*Varda”

Derivations

• ✶Baradā “Varda” ✧ PE17/022
  • √BARAD “lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty” ✧ PE17/022
  • √BAR “[ᴹ√] raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)”
• √BARAD “lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty” ✧ PE17/022
  • √BAR “[ᴹ√] raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)”

Element in

• Q. Andúnë pella Vardo tellumar nu luini “beyond the West, beneath the blue vaults of Varda” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. Andúnë pella Vardo nu luini tellumar “West beyond [the borders of] Varda’s under blue domes” ✧ RGEO/58
• Q. an sí Tintallë Varda Oiolossëo ve fanyar máryat Elentári ortanë “for now the Kindler, Varda, the Queen of the Stars from Mount Everwhite has uplifted her hands like clouds” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. an sí Varda, Tintallë, Elentári ortanë máryat Oiolossëo ve fanyar “for now Varda, Star-kindler, Star-queen [has] lifted up her (two) hands from Mount Everwhite like (white) clouds” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ma Varda enquantuva i yulma nin sí “will Varda now refill the cup for me?” ✧ PE22/161
• Q. Varda Aratarya “Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity” ✧ WJ/369
• Q. Vardamir “*Varda-jewel”
• Q. vardarianna “fragrant evergreen tree”
• Q. Vardilmë “?Friend of Varda”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶baradā > Varda	[baradā] > [bardā] > [βardā] > [βarda] > [varda]	✧ PE17/022
√BARAD > Varda	[baradā] > [bardā] > [βardā] > [βarda] > [varda]	✧ PE17/022

Variations

• Várda ✧ RGEO/58

arata

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

Cognates

• S. raud “noble, eminent; lofty, high, tall; excellent” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/118; PE17/147
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráto “*noble” ✧ PM/346

Derivations

• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• Q. Ambarto “*High and Lofty” ✧ PM/354
• Q. Artanga “*Noble Iron” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme”
• Q. Artaher “Noble Lord” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Artaresto
• Q. Artamir “*Noble Jewel”
• Q. Artanáro “*Noble Fire”
• Q. Artanis “Noble Woman” ✧ PM/346
• ᴺQ. artapano “chessboard”
• ᴺQ. artatúrë “government”
• Q. Artafindë “*Noble [Golden] Hair” ✧ PM/346
• Q. Varda Aratarya “Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity” ✧ WJ/369

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶(a)rātā > arata	[arātā] > [aratā] > [arata]	✧ PE17/049
✶áratā > arta	[aratā] > [artā] > [arta]	✧ PE17/118
√ARAT > arta	[arata] > [arta]	✧ PE17/147
✶arāta > arata	[arāta] > [arata]	✧ PE17/186
✶arăta > arta-	[arata-] > [arta-]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• arta ✧ PE17/118; PE17/147; PM/354
• arta- ✧ PE17/186
• aráta- ✧ PM/346

arta

adjective. high, noble, exalted, lofty

Ara-

noble

Ara-, ar- a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" (PM:344). In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername (amilessë, q.v.) of Fingolfin (PM:360, cf. 344), Arafinwë "Finarfin" (MR:230)

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arato

noble

arato noun "a noble" (PE17:147), in PE17:118 given as aratō and there glossed "lord" (often = "king"). Cf. aráto. The form cited in the latter source, aratō with a long final vowel, is evidently very archaic (compare Enderō under Ender); later the vowel would become short. (PE17:118)

arquen

noble

arquen noun "a noble" (WJ:372), "knight" (PE17:147)

tána

high, lofty, noble

tána (meaning unclear, probably adj. "high, lofty, noble") (TĀ/TA3). Compare tára.

tá

high

tá 2) adj. "high" (LT1:264; there spelt tâ. This is hardly a valid word in Tolkien's later Quenya, but cf. tára "lofty".)

tar-

affix. high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)

Cognates

• S. -dor “*king, lord”

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• Q. Alatar
• Q. Annatar “Lord of Gifts” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Arantar “*High King”
• Q. Tar Calimos “*Royal Bright City”
• Q. Hyarantar “?Southern Height”
• Q. Sorontar “King of Eagles”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarannon
• Q. Tarcil “High Man, Númenórean”
• Q. Tarciryan
• Q. Tareldar “High-elves”
• Q. tarhanwa “throne, (lit.) high seat” ✧ PE22/148
• Q. tári “queen, queen, [ᴱQ.] mistress, lady” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarindor “*High minded one”
• Q. tarma “pillar” ✧ SA/tar
• Q. Tarmenel “High Heaven”
• Q. tarminas “great towering building (fort/city/castle), tower”
• ᴺQ. tarolwen “sceptre, (lit.) royal branch”
• Q. Tarondor “?King of Stones”
• Q. Tarostar “?King of the Lands”
• Q. Tarquesta “High Speech, High Language”
• Q. Tarumbar “King of the World”
• S. Tarmund “Noble Bull”

Variations

• tar- ✧ PE22/148; SA/tar

arata

high, lofty, noble

arata adj. "high, lofty, noble" (PE17:49, 186). Also used as a a noun with nominal pl. form Aratar "the Supreme", the chief Valar, translation of the foreign word Máhani adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:402). Aratarya "her sublimity"; Varda Aratarya "Varda the lofty, Varda in her sublimity" (WJ:369). In one source, Aratar is translated as a singular: "High One" (PE17:186)

arphen

noun. a noble

arod

adjective. noble

arod

noble

1b _adj._noble. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

adj. #noble.

arod

adjective. noble

d adj. noble. Q. arata. >> raud

arod

adjective. noble

Cognates

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/049; PE17/186
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶rāta “lofty, high, noble” ✧ PE17/049
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186
• √ARAT “good, excellent, noble” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

• S. Arodreth “Noble Endurance” ✧ PE17/182
• S. Arothir “Noble Lord”
• S. Finrod ✧ VT41/09
• S. Thinrod “noble member of the Thindrim” ✧ VT41/09

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶arātā > arod	[arātā] > [arāta] > [arǭta] > [arauta] > [araut] > [araud] > [arod]	✧ PM/363

arth

adjective. (unknown meaning, perhaps (?) noble, lofty, exalted)

Ara-

prefix. high, noble, royal

ar-

prefix. high, noble, royal

or

high

(adjectival pref.) or- (above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

or

high

(above, over), also ar- (noble, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain. Nouns:

arth

exalted

1) arth (lofty, noble), pl. erth;

arth

exalted

(lofty, noble), pl. erth

hall

exalted

hall (high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

hall

exalted

(high); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

brand

tall

(lofty, noble, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind.

hall

tall

(exalted); lenited chall; pl. hail. Note: a homophone means ”veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady”.

raud

noble

(eminent, high), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed.  4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

raud

tall

(eminent, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”.

taur

tall

(also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime, noble; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”.

telu

high roof

(i delu, o thelu) (dome), pl. tely (i thely).

ar

noble

(adjectival prefix) ar- (high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

ar

noble

(high, royal). In the form ar(a)- this is an element in the names of the kings of Arnor and Arthedain.

arn

noble

(adjective) 1) arn (royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic *araud), pl. aroed. 2) brand (high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind; 3) raud (eminent, high), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. 4) taur (also tor-, tar- in compounds) (lofty, high, sublime; vast, masterful, mighty, overwhelming, huge, awful), lenited daur, pl. toer. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”great wood, forest”. Also used as noun ”a noble”; see below.

arn

noble

(royal), pl. ern, also arth (lofty, exalted), pl. erth, or arod (archaic ✱araud), pl. aroed.

arphen

noble

(noun, "a noble") 1) arphen, pl. erphin; 2) raud (eminent man, champion), pl.roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

arphen

noble

pl. erphin

arwen

noble woman

(pl. erwin).****

brand

noble

(high, lofty, fine), lenited vrand, pl. braind

andrath

high pass

(literally "long climb"), pl. endraith.

duinen

high tide

(i dhuinen), pl. duinin (i nuinin). (VT48:26).

gondrath

highway

(i ’ondrath) (street of stone, causeway), pl. gendraith (i ngendraith = i ñendraith). Archaic pl. göndreith. (WJ:340). Possibly the pl. can also be gondraith, without umlaut of the first element.

aráta

adjective. noble

Cognates

• S. arod “noble” ✧ PM/363

Derivations

• ✶arātā “high, lofty, noble” ✧ PM/363
  • √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
  • √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Element in

• T. aráto “*noble”

Variations

• arāta ✧ PM/363

arātā

adjective. high, lofty, noble

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118; PM/363
• √RAT “tower up” ✧ PE17/186

Derivatives

• Q. arata “high, noble, exalted, lofty” ✧ PE17/118; PE17/186; PE17/186
• S. arod “noble” ✧ PE17/039; PE17/186; PM/363; VT41/09
• T. aráta “noble” ✧ PM/363

Element in

• ✶findarātō ✧ VT41/09
• Q. Aratar “High Ones, The Exalted, The Supreme” ✧ PM/363
• Q. Findaráto “*[Golden] Hair Champion” ✧ PE17/039

Variations

• aratā ✧ PE17/039
• áratā ✧ PE17/118
• arāta ✧ PE17/186
• arăta ✧ PE17/186
• arat- ✧ PM/363
• arata- ✧ VT41/09

tā/taʒ

root. high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble

This root and ones like it were used for “high” things for much of Tolkien’s life. It first appeared as unglossed ᴱ√TAHA in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tā “high; high above, high up”, ᴱQ. tahōra or tayóra “lofty”, and ᴱQ. tāri “queen”; it had a variant form ᴱ√TAʕA where the ʕ might be a malformed Y (QL/87). The corresponding forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon were G. dâ “high” and G. dara “lofty” (GL/29), indicating the true form of the root was ᴱ√DAHA, since initial voiced stops were unvoiced (d- > t-) in Early Qenya (PE12/17). Primitive forms like ᴱ✶dagá > ᴱN. dâ/ᴱQ. tá “high” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s indicates the root continued to begin with D for the following decade (PE13/141, 161).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave this root as ᴹ√TĀ/TAƷ “high, lofty; noble” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high”, ᴹQ. tári “queen” and N. taen “height, summit of high mountain” (Ety/TĀ). In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 Tolkien gave the root as √TAG or Tā- “high”, and in notes from around 1967 Tolkien gave √TAƷ as the explanation of the initial element of Q. Taniquetil and contrasted it with √TĂR “stand” (PE17/186). In 1970 green-ink revisions to the Outline of Phonology (OP2), Tolkien wrote a marginal note giving √TAƷ > TĀ “high”, but this note was rejected with a statement “transfer to Gen. Structure. No [ʒ] existed in Eldarin” (PE19/72-73 note #22).

This last rejection seems to be part of Tolkien’s general vacillation on the nature and phonetic evolution of velar spirants in Primitive Elvish in 1968-70. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume the root form was √TAH or √TAƷ > √TĀ as the basis for “high” words, much like √MAH or √MAƷ > ✶mā was the basis for “hand” words.

Derivatives

• ✶tagra ✧ PE17/186
  • Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
  • S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tāra “high”
• Q. -tar “honorific”
• Q. tar “honorific, sir, madam”
• Q. tar- “high, high; [ᴹQ.] king or queen (in compounds)”
• Q. tára “lofty, tall, high” ✧ PE17/186
• S. taer “lofty, lofty, *high” ✧ PE17/186

Variations

• TAG/Tā- ✧ PE17/186
• TAƷ ✧ PE17/186; PE17/186; PE19/073 (TAƷ)
• TĀ ✧ PE19/073 (TĀ)

tāra

adjective. high

Derivations

• √TĀ/TAƷ “high, high, [ᴹ√] lofty; noble”

Element in

• ✶tār(a)-ninqui-tilte “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/186
• ✶tārī “queen, (lit.) she that is high” ✧ PE17/067

Variations

• tār(a) ✧ PE17/186

hall

adjective. exalted, high

hall

adjective. exalted, high

Derivations

• On. khalla “noble, exalted” ✧ Ety/KHAL²
  • ᴹ✶khalnā “noble, exalted” ✧ Ety/KHAL²
  • ᴹ√KHAL “uplift, erect, lift from ground, (make) stand up” ✧ Ety/KHAL²

Element in

• S. Halbarad
• ᴺS. hallas “height”
• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. khalla > hall	[xalla] > [xall] > [hall]	✧ Ety/KHAL²

Variations

• hall ✧ Ety/KHAL²