bar

root. [ᴹ√] raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)

The root ᴹ√BAR appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where its original sense was probably “raise” but the basic root gained the added sense of “uplift, save, rescue” (Ety/BAR). The basic root included derivatives like ᴹQ. varna “safe” and ᴹQ. varya-/N. beria- “to protect”. But it seems it also had several extensions as in ᴹ√BARAD or ᴹ√BARATH with the meaning “lofty, sublime” and ᴹ√BARAT which was the basis for the word N. barad “tower” (Ety/BARAD, BARAT, BARATH).

Tolkien mentioned this set of extended roots in later writings (date unclear, but probably the late 1950s or early 1960s) along with a fourth extension √BARAS, all having to do with “great height combined with strength, size, majesty” (PE17/22-23). √BARAT was still the basis for S. barad “tower”. The roots √BARAD and √BARATH were respectively the basis for Q. Varda and S. Elbereth (< Elen-barathī) as they had been in the 1930s. The new root √BARAS had derivatives tied to cliffs, as opposed to the 1930s where ᴹ√BARAS was an (unrelated) root having to do with heat (Ety/BARAS).

There was no mention of the base root √BAR in later writings, so it is unclear whether it retained the meaning “save”. In addition, there were certain phonological problems in the derivation of Elbereth from √BARATH in Sindarin that were not present in Noldorin (where frequently ei > e in polysyllables), and this word may have been transferred to the root √BER “marry”; see the entry on Elbereth for further details.

barad

root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty

baradā

adjective. Varda

baras

root. height combined with strength/majesty

barat

root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty

barath

root. height combined with strength/size/majesty

barathī

noun. queen

barani

adjective. russet, brown

ṃbar

noun. ṃbar

mbar-ndor

noun. home land, native land

mbartanō

masculine name. World-artificer

barak

root. wrap

A hypothetical Neo-Root serving as the basis of salvaged Gnomish words brach “shawl, wrap” and braetha- “to wrap, swathe”.

stama-

verb. bar, exclude

paran

adjective. bare, bald, naked, unclad

par

root. peel, peel, *bare

keg

noun. snag, barb

kwap

root. chaffer, *haggle, bargain

porok

root. hen

An onomatopoeic root appearing in notes from the late 1960s with variants porok- and korok and the gloss “hen” (VT47/36). It seems to be a restoration of the form ᴱQ. poroke “barn fowl” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/75) with Gnomish cognate G. porog “fowl (domestic)” in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/64). ᴱQ. poroke “hen” reappeared in Qenya Word-lists from the 1920s (PE16/132), and primitive ✶porokĭ “fowl” and ✶porokē “hen” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s (PE21/82). Thus this root seems to be a pretty enduring notion.

ndorē

noun. land

porokē

noun. hen

(ñ)guruk

noun. horror

artaurē

noun. Realm

karani

adjective. red

keme

noun. earth

kemen

noun. earth

kholyē

noun. hen

korok

root. hen

ndē̆r

noun. man

ndōro

noun. land

ngur

root. horror

urkā

adjective. horrible

árātō

noun. lord