hair

noun/adjective. left (hand)

hair

left

(adj.) hair (lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hair

left

HAND (*hair, o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj. LEFT also crom (lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

hair

left

(lenited chair; no distinct pl. form); also used as noun

hair

left hand

o chair, i chair, no distinct pl. form even with article; cited in archaic form heir, LR:365 s.v. KHYAR). Adj.

hair

adjective. left (hand)

find

noun. tress; single hair, tress, [ON.] lock of hair; [ᴱN.] hair (in general); [S.] single hair

This word had a quite lengthy history as an element in the name S. Glorfindel “Golden Hair”. It appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as G. finn “a lock of hair” (GL/35), simply as ᴱN. find or finn “hair” in Early Noldorin Word-lists (PE13/143), and as Old Noldorin sphinde “lock of hair” from The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SPIN (Ety/SPIN). In notes from the mid-1960s Tolkien said that find, finn meant a “single hair (of man or elf)” vs. S. †findel for a head of hair (PE17/17), but in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 Tolkien said it meant “tress” and was derived from primitive ✶phindē (PM/362 note #37).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use fîn for a single hair, find for hair in general or for a tress or lock of hair, and finnel for an entire head of hair.

finellach

masculine name. ?Flame of Hair and Eye

Another title or name for Gil-galad, (PM/351), perhaps a combination of fîn “hair” and lach “flame”. David Salo suggested the middle element is hen “eye”, so that the name means something like “Flame of Hair and Eye” (GS/349).

Conceptual Development: This name was first written Finlachen, changed to Finhenlach and finally Finellach; these preliminary forms support Salo’s theory that the middle element is hen (PM/351).

fingon

masculine name. Hair Shout

Eldest son of Fingolfin and second high king of the Noldor in Beleriand until his father’s death (S/60). His name is an adaptation of his Quenya name Findecáno which roughly means “Hair Shout” (PM/345), a combination of fîn “hair” and the suffix -gon seen in the several names (SA/fin, káno).

Conceptual Development: The name of this character was Fin(n)weg in the earliest Silmarillion drafts (SM/14), though the name Fingon appeared in later revisions of the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/80). In Silmarillion drafts from the early 1930s, the name Finweg was consistently revised to Fingon (SM/89), and remained thus thereafter.

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, N. Fingon was given as a derivative of ᴹ✶Phindekāno containing ON. phinde “skill” and the suffixal form -gon of caun “valour” (Ety/PHIN, KAN). Later Tolkien briefly considered revising this name to S. Fingorn “Revered Finwe” using the same final element as Aragorn, but quickly rejected this idea (PE17/113). He then considered various etymologies for Fingon using the roots √KUN(DU), √KON and √KAN, the last of which is given above.

finnel

noun/adjective. head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair, head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair; [N.] (braided) hair; [G.] tress

This word had a quite lengthy history as an element in the name S. Glorfindel “Golden Hair”. It appeared in the Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin as G. findel “tress” (PE15/24) and in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon with the gloss “a lock of hair”, but in that document it was deleted and replaced by G. finn “a lock of hair” and G. fingl or finnil “tress” (GL/35). It appeared as N. finnel “(braided) hair” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SPIN (Ety/SPIN).

In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 findel was an adjective meaning “having beautiful hair” or “having fine hair” (PE17/119, 151). In a torn half sheet from the late 1950s or early 1960s it was OS. findel, S. finnel “mass of long hair”, and in a document from around 1965 it was (archaic) findel “head of hair, fax” from primitive ✶spindilā (PE17/17). In this last document Tolkien said it was “preserved mainly in such old names as Glorfindel”, so Tolkien may have intended that it was no longer in active use in modern Sindarin.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use fîn for a single hair, find for a tress or lock of hair or hair in general, with finnel used for an entire head of hair, assuming finnel survived into modern Sindarin with the usual sound change of medial nd to nn. I would assume it can also be used adjectivally in reference to having beautiful hair.

fîn

noun. (single) hair, filament

A noun for a single hair appearing in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 derived from primitive ✶phini- (PM/362 note #37). The form fin- also appeared in a torn-half sheet as a derivative of √SPIN- “a single hair, filament” (PE17/17).

Conceptual Development: Earlier words for a single hair include G. fith, pl. fidhin from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/35) and ᴱN. fîr from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/143).

glorfindel

masculine name. Golden-hair

A Noldorin hero of the First and Third Age (S/194, LotR/209), possibly the same individual (PM/377-384). His name is translated “Golden-hair”, a combination of glaur “gold” and †findel “head of hair” (PE17/17, 34), ultimately derived from his Quenya name Laurefindele (PE17/119). The ancient nature of this name is indicated by the fact that the medial nd had not yet become nn as was usual in Sindarin (LotR/1115).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Glorfindel appeared in the earliest Lost Tales, translated “Goldtress” (LT2/216). Several variant forms appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon: Glorfinnl amd Glorfingl, translated “Goldlocks” (GL/40). The name remained N. Glorfindel in Silmarillion drafts (SM/37, LR/142) as well as The Etymologies from the 1930s, with essentially the same derivation as the one given above (Ety/LÁWAR, SPIN). In some Notes on Names (NN) from the 1957, Tolkien experimented with inverting the name to Finglor (PE17/119).

Findelor

noun. 'hair-golden'

prop. n. 'hair-golden'. Q. Findelaure. >> findel, Finglor

Finglor

noun. 'hair-golden'

prop. n. 'hair-golden'. Q. Findelaure. >> findel, Findelor

Ulfast

noun. hideous hair

ul (stem “hideous, horrible”) + #fast (“shaggy hair”)

find

noun. single hair

n. single hair (of man or elf). >> finn

finde

noun. fine hair

n. #fine hair. >> deil

findel

adjective. having beautiful hair

adj. having beautiful hair. >> Glorfindel

finn

noun. single hair

n. single hair (of man or elf). >> find

finnel

noun. mass of long hair

n. mass of long hair. >> find, finn

glorfindel

noun. golden hair

glaur (“golden light”) + fîndel (“(braided) hair”) Perhaps AS, that would explain -nd- not changed to -nn-; the name stated by Tolkien to have “escaped reconsideration…and now difficult to fit into S”.

fing

noun. lock of hair

A noun appearing in 1967 notes on the Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings as an element in Finglas “Leaflock” (RC/760). The form fineg appeared unglossed in notes from around 1965 as a derivative of ✶phinik (PE17/17). The word fing is more obscure than S. find of similar meaning.

Conceptual Development: The word G. fingl or finnil “a tress” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/35). In that period, the gl was probably the result of the sound change whereby ðl became gl, since this early form was likely derived from the root ᴱ√FIŘI [FIÐI] (QL/38). When it first appeared, the name N. Finglas (= find + las?) may also have had a similar sound change, but since Tolkien abandoned that phonetic rule in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s (compare S. edlenn vs. N. eglenn “exiled”), Tolkien needed to come up with a new etymology.

Finglas

noun. hair-leaf

fînd (“tress”) + lass (“leaf”) #The medial g is not clear, might be left from Gnomish lexicon, where fingl meant “tress”, or fing is a variant of find.

cathrae

noun. tressure, net for combining the hair

findel

noun/adjective. head of hair, fax, mass of long hair; having fine or beautiful hair

fineg

noun. *lock of hair

fing

noun. lock of hair

finn

noun. tress; single hair, tress; single hair; [ᴱN.] hair; [G.] lock of hair

laws

noun. hair ringlet

bain

fair

_ adj. _fair, good, blessed, wholesome, favourable, without evil/bad element, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bân

bân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, good, wholesome, favourable, not dangerous, evil or hostile. bân or bain << bân pl. bain. >> bain

gwain

adjective. fair

adj. fair. . This gloss was rejected.

gwana

noun/adjective. fair

gwân

adjective. fair

_ adj. _fair, pale.

lind

adjective. fair

fîn

hair

1. (a single hair) fîn (construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362), 2) (lock of hair, tress) find (construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

find

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form, coll. pl. finnath.

fîn

hair

(construct fin), no distinct pl. form. (PM:362)

fidhras

noun. collective hair, *all hair on the body

fidhren

adjective. having hair, -haired

fast

shaggy hair

(pl. faist if there is a pl.).

fast

shaggy hair

fast (pl. faist if there is a pl.).

fast

shaggy hair

fast (pl. faist if there is a pl.)

find

lock of hair

find (tress). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath

find

lock of hair

(tress). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath

fing

lock of hair

fing (no distinct pl. form)

finnel

braided tress of hair

finnel (pl. finnil). Archaic †findel (pl. findil).

finnel

braided tress of hair

finnel (pl. finnil). Archaic †findel (pl. †findil).

finnel

braided tress of hair

(pl. finnil). Archaic †findel (pl. findil).

gwain

adjective. blonde

An adjective meaning “blond” appearing in notes written on or shortly before 1960, cognate to Q. vanya “fair-haired” from the root √WAN, distinct from √BAN “beauty” (PE17/150). A similar form S. gwân “pale, fair” appeared in notes from the same period, but the page where it appeared was marked through (PE17/165). It was part of a paradigm in which the name of the first tribe the Vanyar originally referred to the color of their hair; see bain “beautiful” for further discussion.

Fingon

noun. Fingon

hair shout (if interpretable at all); find (“hair, a tress”) + caun (“outcry, clamour”) S name of Findekáno.

galadriel

feminine name. Glittering-garland

A Noldorin lady and only daughter of Finarfin, Galadriel was the ruler of Lórien at the end of the Third Age (LotR/353). Her name is a compound of galad “radiance, glittering reflection” and -riel “crowned maiden”. Its full meaning is “maiden crowned with a garland of bright radiance” (PM/347), but for the sake of brevity this entry uses the less literal translation “Glittering-garland” (Let/423).

Etymology: The history of Galadriel’s name is quite complex. Her birth names were Q. Nerwen and Q. Artanis, but her mother Eärwen was Telerin. Later in life Galadriel adopted the Telerin name T. Alatáriel, which in Quenya was Q. Altáriel (PM/346). This new name may have been due to the Telerin influence of her mother, or it may have been given to Galadriel by her husband, who may or may not have been a Telerin elf (see Celeborn for discussion). She was given this name because of her long golden hair (Let/428). Like her older brothers, Galadriel journeyed to Beleriand to aid in the war against Morgoth, where her name Altáriel was adapted into Sindarin as Galadriel (PM/347, PE17/60).

Many years later, when Galadriel became ruler of Lórien, her Silvan-elf subjects associated her name with Nan. galad “tree”. Sometimes her Sindarin name was altered to Galadhriel (S. galadh “tree”) to reflect this association (UT/267), but properly speaking her name had nothing to do with trees.

Conceptual Development: See the entry for the primitive form of her name, ✶Ñ(g)alatā-rigelle, for a discussion of the conceptual developments in this name’s etymology, and N. Galadhrien for a discussion of earlier forms of this name.

bain

fair

bain (beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

bain

fair

(beautiful). Lenited vain. No distinct pl. form.

Fingon

Fingon

Fingon is the Sindarized version of his Quenya father-name, Findekáno. The latter consists of findë ("hair") + káno ("commander").

crûm

left hand

(i grûm, o chrûm, construct crum), pl. cruim (i chruim), coll. pl. crummath. Also ✱hair (i chair), no distinct pl. form (not even with article). Note: hair is also used = ”left” as adjective. Cited in archaic form heir (LR:365 s.v. KHYAR).

find

tress

find (lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

find

tress

(lock of hair). Construct fin; no distinct pl. form; coll pl. finnath.

cathrae

tressure

cathrae (i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

cathrae

tressure

(i gathrae, o chathrae) (hairnet). No distinct pl. form except with article (i chathrae). (VT42:12))

cam

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

dúath

adjective. dark

_ adj. _dark, black shadow.

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

dûr

dark

_ adj. _dark, gloomy, 'hellish'.

fael

adjective. fair minded, just, generous

find

noun. a tress

finn-

noun. a tress

fîn

noun. a tress

gwain

adjective. blonde

_ adj. _blonde.

harvo

noun. left hand

harvo

noun. left side

mab-

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

maw

noun. hand

maw

noun. hand

The Sindarin equivalent of Q. má, likewise derived from the root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield” (PE17/162; VT47/6). However, in Sindarin this word was archaic, used only in poetry, having been replaced in ordinary speech by other words like S. mâb and (less often) cam. Other remnants of this word can be seen in compounds like molif “wrist, (orig.) hand link” and directional words like forvo and harvo for left and right hand side.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. mô from the early root ᴱ√MAHA was the normal word for “hand”, replacing mab “hand” (< ᴱ√MAHA) which in this document Tolkien decided was instead an irregular dual form of mô (GL/55). It had also had an irregular plural mabin based on this dual, replacing an older plural †maith. In the Gnomish Grammar, its archaic form was †mâ, with the usual Gnomish sound change of ā to ō (GG/14), as opposed to later Sindarin/Noldorin ā to au, spelt -aw when final. Tolkien seems to have abandoned mô as a non-archaic word for “hand” early on, preferring ᴱN. mab “hand” by the 1920s and introducing N. cam “hand” in the 1930s.

mor

black

_adj. _black.

mor-

black

_ pref. _black. >> Moria, morn-

morn

adjective. black, dark

morn

adjective. black

adj. black. >> mor, Morgai

morn-

black

_pref. _black. >> Moria, mor-

mâb

noun. a hand-full, complete hand (with all five fingers)

mâb

noun. hand, hand, [N.] grasp

The typical Sindarin word for “hand” (VT47/7, 20), usable in almost any context. It is most notable as an element in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (VT47/8). See below for a discussion of its etymology.

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where G. mab “hand” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√MAPA “seize” (GL/55). Tolkien then revised the gloss to “hands”, saying instead it was an irregular dual of G. mô “hand”. The word reverted to singular ᴱN. mab “hand” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/149). These early versions of the word were already an element of Mablung “Heavy Hand(ed)” (LT2/38; LB/311), but also of Ermabwed “One-handed” (LT2/34; LB/119).

In the 1930s it seems Tolkien decided Ilk. mâb “hand” was primarily an Ilkorin word, and the usual word for “hand” in Noldorin was N. cam. Compare Ilkorin Ermabuin “One-handed” and Mablosgen “Empty-handed” with Noldorin Erchamion and Camlost of the same meaning. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had N. mab “grasp” under the root ᴹ√MAPA “seize”, but the version of the entry with that word was overwritten (EtyAC/MAP), leaving only the Ilkorin form mâb. In this period, Mablung may also have been an Ilkorin name.

After Tolkien abandoned Ilkorin in the 1950s, he kept S. Erchamion and Camlost based on cam, but also kept Mablung “Heavy Hand” which must have become Sindarin. In his later writings Tolkien again revisited the etymology of S. mâb “hand”. In a note from Jan-Feb 1968, he wrote:

> It [Q. má = “hand”] did not survive in Telerin and Sindarin as an independent word, but was replaced by the similar-sounding but unconnected C.E. makwā, Q. maqua, T. mapa, S. mab, of uncertain origin, but probably originally an adjectival formation from MAK “strike” ... (VT47/19).

This sentence was struck through, however. In drafts of notes on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals written in or after 1968, Tolkien again derived mâb from √MAP (VT47/20 note #13), but in the final version of these notes he made the remarkable decision to discard this root despite it being a stable part of Elvish for nearly 50 years, declaring it was used only in Telerin and not Quenya or Sindarin (VT47/7). He coined a new etymology for S. mâb “hand” based on ✶makwā “handful” = ✶mā + ✶kwā (VT47/6-7), a variation on the above etymology from √MAK.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I prefer to ignore Tolkien’s 1968 removal of √MAP “seize”, and so would continue to derive S. mâb “hand” from that root. However, its ancient meaning may have been “✱grasp”, and its eventual use as “hand” might have been influenced by ancient ✶makwā “handful”.

Fingon

Fingon (name)

Fingon's father-name was Findekáno (Q: "Skilled Hero", pron. N , V ). Fingon is the Sindarin version of his father-name.

cam

hand

1. cam (i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath; 2) mâb (i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib). 3) Archaic †maw (i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 4) (fist) dond (i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

cam

hand

(i gam, o cham), pl. caim (i chaim), coll. pl. cammath

camlann

of the hand

(i gamlann, o chamlann), pl. cemlain (i chemlain).

crann

ruddy

(of face) crann (lenited grann, pl. crain).

crann

ruddy

1. (of face) crann (lenited grann, pl. crain), 2) gruin (lenited ruin, no distinct pl. form), 3) gaer (copper-coloured, red, reddish); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

crom

left

(lenited grom, pl. crym), with corresponding noun

crumguru

having a cunning left hand

lenited grumguru, pl. crumgyry (or crymgyry if the entire word is umlauted, but this may be unlikely) (VT45:24)

doll

dark

doll (dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

doll

dark

(dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

dond

hand

(i dhond; construct don), pl. dynd (i nynd), coll. pl. donnath (VT47:23).

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith);

dûr

dark

dûr (sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

dûr

dark

(sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

forgam

right-handed

(pl. fergaim, for archaic förgeim)

fuir

right hand

pl. fŷr. Also used as adj. "right, north" (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

gaer

ruddy

(copper-coloured, red, reddish); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. (This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” goer.) Note: homophones mean "dreadful, awful, fearful; holy" and also "sea".

galvorn

black metal

(i ’alvorn), pl. gelvyrn (i ngelvyrn = i ñelvyrn) if there is a pl. (WJ:322). 2) donn (swart, swarty, shady, shadowy) (lenited dhonn, pl. dynn). (VT45:11). Also dunn- in compounds.

graurim

dark people

(VT45:16);

graw

dark

graw (swart), lenited raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

graw

dark

(swart), lenited ’raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

gruin

ruddy

(lenited ’ruin, no distinct pl. form)

guldur

dark sorcery

(i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr)

hâr

left

(noun, the direction) hâr (i châr) (south).

hâr

left

(i châr) (south).

lhê

fine thread

*lhê (?i thlê or ?i lê the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê.

lhê

fine thread

*lhê (?i thlê or ?i lê the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (spider filament), pl. lhî (?i lî). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thlê. -THREAD, see MIST.

maw

hand

(i vaw), pl. moe (i moe). A homophone means ”soil, stain”. (VT47:6) 

morn

dark

morn (black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)

morn

dark

(black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)

mâb

hand

(i vâb; construct mab), pl. maib (i maib).

môr

dark

môr (black), lenited vôr, pl. mŷr (Letters:382), also

môr

dark

(black), lenited vôr, pl. m**ŷr* (Letters:382)*, also

môr

black

1. môr (dark), lenited vôr, pl. mŷr (Letters:382), also morn (dark), pl. myrn, lenited #vorn. Note: the word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386) The lenited form #vorn appears, compounded, in the name of the

môr

black

(dark), lenited vôr, pl. m**ŷr (Letters:382), also morn (dark), pl. **myrn, lenited #vorn. Note: the word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386) The lenited form #vorn appears, compounded, in the name of the

heir

adjective. left (hand)

A word appearing as N. {hair >>} heir “left (hand)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, the equivalent of ᴹQ. hyarya (Ety/KHYAR; EtyAC/KHYAR).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers update this form to ᴺS. hair as suggested in HSD (HSD), since in Sindarin ei &gt; ai in final syllables.

heir

noun/adjective. left (hand)

fast

noun. shaggy hair

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “shaggy hair” derived from ON. phasta under the root ᴹ√PHAS (Ety/PHAS).

finnel

noun. (braided) hair

fast

noun. shaggy hair

findel

noun. (braided) hair

finnel

noun. (braided) hair

lhaws

noun. hair ringlet

glorfindel

masculine name. Glorfindel

cam

noun. hand

cam

noun. hand

camb

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

crann

adjective. ruddy (of face)

crom

noun. left

crom

adjective. left

An adjective for “left” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶krumbā under the root ᴹ√KURUM (Ety/KURÚM). See N. crumguru for further discussion.

crum

noun. left hand

crumui

adjective. left-handed

doll

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dolt

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

dûr

adjective. dark

fingon

masculine name. Fingon

gruin

adjective. ruddy

gruin

adjective. ruddy

hargam

noun. left-handed

morn

adjective. black, dark

morn

adjective. black

môr

adjective. black

mō

noun. hand

ON. hand

findë

hair

findë (1) noun "hair" (especially of the head) (PM:340), "a tress or plait of hair" (PM:345), "tress, braid of hair, lock of hair" (SPIN)

finë

hair

finë (1) (stem *fini-, given the primitive form ¤phini) noun "a hair" _(PM:340, PE17:17) or "larch" (SPIN)_

loxë

hair

loxë (1) ("ks")noun "hair" (LOK). In later sources Tolkien uses findë, findessë, findilë for "hair", leaving the conceptual status of loxë uncertain.

findaráto

masculine name. *[Golden] Hair Champion

The father-name of S. Finrod from which his Sindarin name was derived (PM/346). The first element of his name seems to be findë “hair”, perhaps in reference to his golden hair (UT/229), but also alluding to his grandfather Finwë as with the name of his cousin Findecáno (PM/345). The second element seems to be aráto “champion” (SA/ar(a)), though it may actually be a masculinized form of the adjective arata “noble”. Like his brother Angaráto, his name is “Telerin in form” to honour their mother, with the adjectival element arata second. The more natural Quenya form of his name would have been Artafindë (PM/346).

Conceptual Development: In some earlier notes, his (archaic) Quenya name is given as Finaratā >> Finaratō (PE17/39).

findecáno

masculine name. *Hair Commander

The Quenya name of S. Fingon, a compound of findë “hair” and cáno “commander” (PM/345). The initial element of his name alluded to, but was not directly derived from, his grandfather’s name Finwë (PM/345).

Conceptual Development: In earlier genealogy tables, his name was given as Finicáno. In the last such table, he appeared as Findicáno >> Findecáno (PM/361).

findessë

noun. head of hair, person’s hair as a whole

A word for “a head of hair, a person’s hair as a whole” appearing in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/345). In notes from 1965 Tolkien instead gave Q. findilë for “head of hair” (PE17/17). I would use the 1968 word findessë for purposes of Neo-Quenya; see the entry for findë for more suggestions on the application (Neo) Quenya hair words.

finë

noun. (single) hair, filament

A word for “a hair” appearing in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/340). In notes from around 1965 Tolkien also had fine (fini-) for “a hair” (PE17/17). In the 1965 notes derived Tolkien derived it from the root √SPIN, but in the 1968 notes from √PHIN. On a torn half-sheet from the late 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien had Q. phin- derived from the root √SPIN “a single hair, filament”, though the ph indicates it was probably an archaic form (PE17/17). See the entry for findë for more suggestions on the application (Neo) Quenya hair words.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had ᴱQ. filma “fine hair, line” under the early root ᴱ√FILI “fine, thin” (QL/38), as well as ᴱQ. {tilme >>} til (tiln-) “a hair” under the early root ᴱ√TILI, with a variant form tila (QL/92). A similar word tile “a single hair” (pl. tili) appeared in a list of body parts from the 1920s (PE14/117).

vaina

adjective. blonde, fair of hair

A word for “blonde, fair of hair” appearing in notes probably from around 1959, part of a paradigm in which the Elvish tribe names were based on their predominant hair color; it was derived from a root √GWAY “pale, fair” distinct from √BAN “beautiful” (PE17/154-155). Although the note where this word appeared was deleted, a similar derivation of Vanyar appeared in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 from the root √WAN “fair” in reference to hair and complexion (WJ/383). [ᴺQ.] vaina “fair haired” could likewise be derived from that root.

Findaráto

hair-champion

Findaráto masc. name *"Hair-champion", Sindarized as Finrod(SA:ar(a) )

fassë

tangled hair, shaggy lock

fassë noun "tangled hair, shaggy lock" (PHAS)

finda

having hair, -haired

finda (1) adj. "having hair, -haired" (Tolkien's gloss "-haired" evidently means that finda may be used in compounds, like *carnifinda "red-haired") (PM:340)

finda

adjective. having hair, -haired

A word in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 glossed “having hair, -haired”, it is simply an adjectival form of Q. findë “hair” (PM/340).

findel

having beautiful hair

findel adj. "having beautiful hair" (PE17:119); it is possible that this is intended as Sindarin.

findessë

head of hair, a person's hair as a whole

findessë noun "a head of hair, a person's hair as a whole" (PM:345). Compare findilë.

findilë

head of hair

findilë noun "a head of hair". Compare findessë. (PE17:17)

findl

lock of hair, tress

findl noun "lock of hair, tress" (but findil elsewhere in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -dl). (LT2:341)

losca

brown of hair

[losca, loxa adj. "brown of hair" (PE17:155)]

loxa

brown of hair

[loxa , losca adj. "brown of hair" (PE17:155)]

lócë

noun. bight, bend, curl of hair

A word for “bight, bend, curl of hair” in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD), a derivative √LOK “bend” that was elsewhere the basis for “snake” words (PE17/160). According to Christopher Gilson, the gloss “curl of hair” might instead apply to the root.

narwa

ruddy, red of hair

*narwa adj. "ruddy, red of hair" (PE17:154), also "fiery red" in general _(NAR1; only the archaic form narwā is given in the Etymologies)_

phin-

single hair, filament

phin- noun "a single hair, filament" (PE17:17); this is may be seen as an "element" rather than a regular word; the spelling ph rather than f is unusual for Quenya. See fine.

phindelë

mass of long hair

phindelë noun "mass of long hair" (PE17:17; the normal Quenya spelling should be findelë, cf. findilë

russë

(a head or pelt of) red hair

russë (1) noun "(a head or pelt of) red hair" (VT41:10)

silquelosseën

blossom-white hair

silquelosseën ("q") noun "blossom-white hair" (MC:216; this is "Qenya", but compare lossë)

waina

blonde, fair of hair

waina adj. "blonde, fair of hair"; the "late" form vaina is given (PE17:154)

artafindë

masculine name. *Noble [Golden] Hair

A “Quenyarized” form of Findrod’s father-name: Findaráto, with the adjectival element arta- first (PM/346).

findilë

noun. head of hair

hróva

adjective. dark, dark brown (of hair)

loxa

adjective. brown of hair

narwa

adjective. ruddy, red of hair

russë

noun. head or pelt of red hair

vanya

fair

vanya (1) adj. "fair" (FS), "beautiful" (BAN), a word referring to beauty that is "due to lack of fault, or blemish" (PE17:150), hence Arda Vanya as an alternative to Arda Alahasta for "Arda Unmarred" (ibid., compare MR:254). Nominal pl. Vanyar "the Fair", the first clan of the Eldar; the original meaning of this stem was "pale, light-coloured, not brown or dark" (WJ:382, 383, stem given as WAN), "properly = white complexion and blonde hair" (PE17:154, stem given as GWAN); stems BAN vs. WAN discussed, see PE17:150.

vanë

fair

vanë adj. "fair" (LT1:272; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather vanya)

vanë

adjective. fair, fair, [ᴱQ.] lovely

laurefindele

masculine name. Golden Haired

The Quenya name of Glorfindel from which his Sindarin name is derived (PE17/17, 119). It is a compound of laurë “gold” and findelë “lock, head of hair”.

Conceptual Development: In an early name list, ᴱQ. Laurifindl or ᴱQ. Kulufindl was given as the Quenya equivalent of G. Glorfindel (PE13/104). In later writings, the name appeared variously as Laurefindil, Laurefin(de) and Laurefindele, and in one place was inverted to Findelaure (PE17/17, 119).

vaina

adjective. blonde, fair of hair

Findecáno

-káno

Findecáno ("-káno") masc. name *"Hair-commander"; Sindarized as Fingon(PM:344)

carrëa

tressure

carrëa (for cas-raya) noun "tressure" (net for confining the hair). (VT42:12)

hróva

dark, dark brown

hróva adj. "dark, dark brown", used to refer to hair (PE17:154)

morna

dark, black

morna adj. "dark, black" (Letters:282, LT1:261; also used of black hair, PE17:154), or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). Used as noun in the phrase mi…morna of someone clad "in…black" (PE17:71). In tumbalemorna (Letters:282), q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya**(the first version of this poem had "green rocks", MC:215, changed to ondolisse mornë** "upon dark rocks" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8).

vaina

late

vaina (2) adj., the "late" pronunciation of waina "blonde, fair of hair" (PE17:154)

ipsin

noun. fine thread

A word for “fine thread” derived from the root √SPIN- in notes from the mid-1960s (PE17/17).

Ipsin

fine thread

Ipsin noun "fine thread" (PE17:17)

alima

fair, good

alima adj. "fair, good" (also alya) (PE17:146)

alya

fair, good

alya (1) adj. "fair, good" (PE17:146), "prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed" (GALA). In a deleted entry in Etym, the glosses provided were "rich, blessed"; another deleted entry defined alya as "rich, prosperous, blessed". (GALA, [ÁLAM], VT42:32, 45:5, 14)

cambë

noun. hand, (hollow of) hand

carrëa

noun. tressure, tressure, *headdress

A noun for “tressure” in notes from the late 1960s derived from ✶cas-raya = √KAS “head” + √RAY “net, lace” (VT42/12). Given this word’s etymology, Tolkien was probably using “tressure” with its Middle English sense = “headdress”.

findelë

tress, lock

findelë noun "tress, lock" (PE17:119); apparently a synonym of findë #1, q.v.

hyarya

left

hyarya adj. "left" (opposite of right). (KHYAR). Compare hyarma.

lendë

left, went

lendë vb. "left, went" (pa.t. of lelya- "go") (FS, LR:47, SD:310, WJ:362), or, according to the Etymologies, the pa.t. of lenna- "go" and lesta- "leave" (LED, ELED. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, lenna- was misread as "linna-"; see VT45:27)

lia

fine thread, spider filament

lia noun "fine thread, spider filament" (SLIG).

linda

fair, beautiful

linda adj. "fair, beautiful" (of sound) (SLIN, LIND; VT45:27), "soft, gentle, light" (PE16:96), "beautiful, sweet, melodious of sound" (PE17:150); for Linda as a noun, see Lindar.

lóna

dark

?lóna (4) adj. "dark" (DO3/DŌ). If this is to be the cognate of "Noldorin"/Sindarin dûr, as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript.

lúna

dark

lúna adj. *"dark" in Lúnaturco and Taras Lúna, Quenya names of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). (PE17:22). In the Etymologies, lúnë "blue" was changed by Tolkien from lúna (VT45:29).

lúrëa

dark, overcast

lúrëa adj. "dark, overcast" (LT1:259)

mori-

dark, black

mori- "dark, black" in a number of compounds (independent form morë, q.v.):Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD, VT45:33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, VT49:42). Moriquendi "Dark Elves" (SA:mor, WJ:361, 373), Moringotto "Black Foe", Sindarin Morgoth, later name of Melkor. The oldest form is said to have been Moriñgotho (MR:194). In late material, Tolkien is seen to consider both Moringotto and Moricotto _("k") _as the Quenya form of the name Morgoth (VT49:24-25; Moricotto also appears in the ablative, Moricottollo). Morion "the dark one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM:353) In the name Morinehtar, translated "Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM:384, 385)

morqua

black

morqua adj. "black" (LT1:261; rather morna in LotR-style Quenya)

morë

black

morë adj. "black" (MOR), "dark, darkness" (Letters:282). In compounds the stem-form mori- (q.v.) appears, since the primitive form was ¤mori.

morĭ

adjective. dark

PQ. dark

má

noun. hand

hand

má

hand

má noun "hand" (MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, [VT45:30], VT47:6, 18, 19); the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát (VT47:6) and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her (pair of) hands" (see -rya, -t) (Nam, RGEO:67). The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már (VT47:6), though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" (FS). Mánta "their hand", dual mántat "their hands" (two hands each) (PE17:161). Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" (VT47:9) and Lungumá "Heavyhand" (VT47:19); also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.

má

noun. hand

má

noun. hand

The most common Quenya word for “hand”, which Tolkien usually derived from a root √MAH or √MAƷ “hand; handle, wield”. The weak consonant h or ʒ in the root was lost very early, so that primitive ✶mā was one of a rare set of ancient monosyllabic nouns ending in a vowel. Tolkien said that of the various hand words, má was “the oldest (probably) and the one that retained a general and unspecialized sense - referring to the entire hand (including wrist) in any attitude or function” (VT47/6).

As a part of the body, má “hand” was usually referred to in the singular (má) or dual (mát). This was true when referring to the hands of groups of people as well. For example, to say that “the Elves raised their hands”, you would say either i Eldar ortaner mánta (singular, one hand each) or i Eldar ortaner mántat (dual, both hands each), with the possessive suffix -nta “their”.

The plural form már “hands” (or archaic †mai) was almost never used, in part because it conflicted with Q. már “dwelling”. The singular form was also used in general statements and proverbs: “hand is cleverer than foot” má anfinya epe tál (ná). A collection of otherwise unrelated hands would likely use the partitive-plural form: máli “some hands”, which in this case could also serve as the general plural (VT47/12 Note 2). See the discussions on PE17/161 and VT47/6 for more information.

This word is also unusual in that it retains its long vowel before consonant clusters in inflected forms such as mánta “their hand” (PE17/161) or márya “his/her hand” (PE17/69). As Tolkien described it:

> Lá is usually shortened to la before 2 consonants, according to the usual Q. procedure, but the long vowel can be retained, especially for additional emphasis, as in other cases where pronominal affixes follow a long vowel, as in márya “his hand” (PE22/160).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to ᴱQ. mā “hand” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√MAHA “grasp” (QL/57). ᴹQ. má “hand” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MAƷ “hand” (Ety/MAƷ). Tolkien mentioned this word with great frequency, usually derived from √MAH or √MAƷ (as noted above) though he sometimes considered deriving it from √MAG instead.

móri

dark

móri adj. "dark" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)

nonda

hand, especially in [?clutching]

nonda noun "hand, especially in [?clutching]" (VT47:23; Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible)

nulla

dark, dusky, obscure

nulla adj. "dark, dusky, obscure" (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45:11.

núla

dark, occult, mysterious

núla ("ñ")adj. "dark, occult, mysterious" (PE17:125)

roina

ruddy

roina adj. "ruddy" (ROY2)

ulca

adjective. dark

dark, gloomy, sinister

phin

root. hair

phini-

noun. a single hair

spindilā

noun. head of hair

spindē

noun. tress, braid of hair

bani

adjective. fair

wanyā

adjective. fair

mornā

adjective. dark

phindē

noun. tress

phiniñgornā

masculine name. Fingon

mori

adjective. black

dom

root. dark, dark, [ᴹ√] faint, dim

This root was the basis for the main Elvish words for “dusk, night”, which was established as Q. lómë in Quenya for most of Tolkien’s life. The earliest form of this root was ᴱ√LOMO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with various derivatives having to do with “dusk” and “shadow” (QL/55). One notable derivative was ᴱQ. lóme “dusk, gloom, darkness”, which survived in Tolkien’s later writings as “night” and in the 1910s was the basis for ᴱQ. Hisilóme/G. Hithlum “Shadowy Twilights”. Another notable derivative was G. lómin “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)” (GL/45) used in the name G. Dor Lómin, which in the 1910s was translated as “Land of Shadow” (LT1/112).

The “shadow” meaning of this early root seems to have transferred to ᴹ√LUM from The Etymologies of the 1930s, which served as the new basis for N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM), as opposed contemporaneous N. Dor-lómen which was redefined as “Land of Echoes (< ᴹ√LAM via Ilkorin or in later writings, via North Sindarin). The “dusk” sense was transferred to a new root ᴹ√DOM “faint, dim”, which (along with ᴹ√DOƷ) was the basis for the pair words ᴹQ. lóme/N. dû “night” (Ety/DOMO).

These two words for “night” survived in Tolkien’s later writing in both Quenya and Sindarin (Let/308; SA/dú). In notes from the 1940s Tolkien clarified that it “has no evil connotations; it is a word of peace and beauty and has none of the associations of fear or groping that, say, ‘dark’ has for us” (SD/306). The Elves were quite comfortable being under the night sky, dating back to the time when the Elves lived under the stars before the rising of the Sun and the Moon. The root √DOM reappeared in etymologies for star-words from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/152). It appeared again in some very late notes from 1969 where it was glossed “dark” and served as the basis for words meaning “blind” as well as “night”, though this paragraph was rejected (PE22/153, note #50).

mā

noun. hand

du Reconstructed

root. dark

búrz

adjective. dark

búrz

adjective. dark

pâ

noun. hand

A noun translated “hand”, given as an example of an apparent Adûnaic uniconsonantal noun, which had a biconsonantal-root but lost one of its consonants from its ancient form ✶Ad. paʒa (SD/416, 426).

narâg

adjective. black

camba

noun. hand

mapa

noun. hand

má

noun. hand

dunna

adjective. black

This might seem to be derived from dunnâ, sc. the stem DUN "dark (of colour)" (LR:355) either with the adjectival ending -nâ or with medial fortification n > nn and the simpler adjectival ending -â. However, other Nandorin words seem to have lost their final -â's, e.g. ealc "swan" from alk-wâ, and (to quote a wholly parallel example) cogn "bow" from ku3nâ. The descendant form is not cogna with the final vowel intact as the case would seem to be in dunna. However, primitive -ô does come out as -a in Nandorin, cf. golda "Noldo" from ñgolodô, so a form dunnô might be capable of yielding dunna, but this primitive form would rather be a noun "dark person/thing", since primitive -ô, -nô are nominal rather than adjectival endings. Of course, Nandorin may have turned an original noun into an adjective, or developed an adjectival ending -a afresh. But all things considered *dunnâ still appears to be the best reconstruction of the primitive form.

The words dunna and scella raise the question of whether original final -â is actually preserved as -a following double consonants (as opposed to clusters of different consonants) in Nandorin.