hae

adverb. very far away

_adv._very far away. >> haer, haered, na-chaered

hae

adverb/adjective. far, very far away, far, (very) far away

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haer

adjective. remote

_adj._remote. >> hae, haered, na-chaered

haer

adjective. remote, remote, *distant

haered

noun. remote distance, the remote

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

hae

further

(adj.) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

distant

1) hae (far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form, 2) *haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)

hae

on the other side

(adj.) hae (far, distant, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form;

hae

other side, on the

(adj.) hae (far, distant, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

further

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

remote

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

hae

distant

(far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

hae

on the other side

(far, distant, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form;

hae

other side, on the

(far, distant, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

remote

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

haer

distant

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

*gwachae

remote

(adjective) 1) *gwachae (far away), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186). 2) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae*; no distinct pl. form, 3) haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira**.)

gwachae

remote

(far away), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186).

na-

verb. to be

A verb for “to be” based on the root √NĀ of the same meaning. This verb is barely attested in the Sindarin language, and the general consensus is that [for purposes of Neo-Sindarin at least] Sindarin omits the verb “to be” in most phrases, such as in naur an edraith ammen “fire [be] for saving us” (LotR/299) or ✱orchal i adan “tall [is] the man”; see the entry on the copula for further discussion.

The clearest attestation of the verb na- is its imperative form no “be!” in the phrase no aer i eneth lín “hallowed be thy name, (lit.) ✱be holy the name your”, from the Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s (VT44/21). This imperative form was preceded by some hard-to-read deleted forms, perhaps {dôd >> dád >> hae >>} no (VT44/22). The d-forms might be eroded/mutated variants of na-. Compare đa in the phrase inn đa v’im “a mind there is in me = I have a good mind (to do so)” in notes from the late 1960s (PE22/165), where đa could be another eroded form of na-. This phrase was first written as inn no v’im (PE22/165 note #108); see the entry for đa for further discussion.

Another clear attestation of na “be” is an apparent future form natho in the untranslated phrase Sí il chem {na} en i naugrim en ir Ellath {natho} thor den ammen in the so-called “Túrin Wrapper” from the late 1950s (VT50/5). This future[?] form natho was deleted and replaced by thor, and a deleted {na} also appears earlier in the phrase, possibly a false start. Carl Hostetter suggested this phrase might mean something like “✱now all (?hands) of the Dwarves and Elves will be (?against) us” (VT50/22-25). If so, it seems the future of na- “be” was constructed from the bare future suffix (a)tha-, manifesting as tho “✱will be”.

Neo-Sindarin: As noted above, for purposes of Neo-Sindarin the general consensus is that this verb is barely used, and is omitted from most “to be” phrases as in the example orchal i adan given above. The verb’s one widely accepted use is as an imperative, such as in no mae “be well”. Based the Túrin Wrapper, I posit that tho can also be used for a future form “will be”, as in i adan tho orchal “the man will be tall”. I likewise posit a (purely hypothetical) past form [ᴺS.] nî “was”, based on the primitive past-tense element ✶-nē with [[os|long [ē] becoming [ī]]], as in i adan nî orchal “the man was tall”. Neither tho or nî are widely accepted Neo-Sindarin, however.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had the verb G. na- “is” (GL/58), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This irregular Gnomish verb had some inflected forms: plural nain, participle ol· and past form {ni >>} thi, the last of these being another inspiration for Neo-Sindarin nî “was”.

nef

on this side of

also used as an adjectival prefix nev- ”hither, near, on this side”

hae

adverb/adjective. *far

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haen

adverb/adjective. *far

hoe

adverb/adjective. *far

êphal

adjective. far

An adjective (or adverb?) translated as “far” (SD/247, SD/312).

khā

adverb. far

avahaira

remote, far

avahaira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

eccaira

remote, far

eccaira ("k") adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

haira

remote, far

haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

haiya

far

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

The basic Quenya verb for “to be”, based on the root √NĀ (PE17/93). It was typically used as the copula equating a noun to another noun or an adjective:

> √NA joining adjs./nouns/pronouns in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have a certain quality, or to be the same as another (PE22/147).

In many circumstances this verb was optional:

> As a copula “be, is” is not usually expressed in Quenya where the meaning is clear: sc. in such expressions as “A is good” where the adjective (contrary to the usual order in Quenya of a qualifying adjective) follows: the normal Quenya for this is A mára (PE17/93).

For further discussion see the entry on the Quenya copula.

Conceptual Development: This verb dates back all the way to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was given as the early root ᴱ√NĀ “be, exist” (QL/64). This verb and its root appeared regularly throughout Tolkien’s writings thereafter, but at times Tolkien considered alternative verbs for “to be”; see the entry ëa- for further discussion.