far

adverb/adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

far

adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

faragon

masculine name. Faragon

Earliest name for Vorondil in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/281). Roman Rausch suggested that this name might be a combination of fara- “hunt” and the suffix -gon “lord”, since he was known for hunting wild oxen (EE/3.26).

faramir

masculine name. Faramir

faron

noun. hunter

A word for “hunter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as an element in the name N. Elfaron “Sky-hunter”, an agental form of the verb N. fara- “to hunt” (Ety/SPAR).

fara-

verb. to hunt

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to hunt” derived from primitive ᴹ✶sparā- under the root ᴹ√SPAR “hunt, pursue” (Ety/SPAR). The root form was initially given as ᴹ√PHAR (EtyAC/PHAR²).

faras

noun. hunting

farn

adjective. enough

farad

gerund noun. hunting

faron

noun. hunter

fara-

verb. to hunt

faradrim

noun. hunters

faras

noun. hunting

farn

adjective. enough

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

helf

noun. fur

helf

noun. fur, fur, *hide

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “fur” appearing beside N. heleth “fur, fur-coat”, both derived from the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). Since N. helf seems to be the cognate of ᴹQ. helma “skin, fell”, I believe helf refers to both skin and fur together and hence = “✱hide”, whereas heleth refers to just the fur itself.

Conceptual Development: Various rejected forms appeared in The Etymologies, including halath “skin, fell” from an earlier version the root ᴹ√SKAL, revised to helath “skin, fell” before being deleted (EtyAC/SKEL). Possible precursors include ᴱN. gwadh “bark, skin, peel” vs. ᴱT. suada “hide” (PE13/146), and G. dafros “bark, skin, peel” (GL/29); see those entries for details.

haen

adjective. far, distant, remote

feredir

noun. hunter

A word for “hunter” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of the verb N. fara- “to hunt” with the agental suffix N. -dir (Ety/SPAR). It had a (class) plural form faradrim; perhaps in this case the class plural was also used as the ordinary plural. This word shows i-affection from its suffix -dir, causing the a’s in the word to become e’s. This is unusual, especially in later Sindarin, where in “recognized compounds” the initial element of the compound did not normally undergo i-affection: compare S. randir “wanderer” with initial element from ran-.

rhui(w)

noun. hunt, hunting

A noun appearing as N. rhui(w) “hunt, hunting” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ROY “chase”, cognate to ᴹQ. roime (Ety/ROY¹). Here the initial r became voiceless rh as was usual in Noldorin, while it seems the medial m became w and then vanished.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had similarly formed G. raust “hunt, chase”, clearly based on the early root ᴱ√RAVA that was the bases for “hunt” words in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/65; QL/79; LT1A/Meássë).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the unvoicing of initial liquids did not occur in Sindarin, many people adapt this word as ᴺS. rui for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD). I would extend its meaning to “hunt, hunting, ✱chase”, to make it more distinct from “hunting” words based on [N.] fara-.

feira-

verb. to suffice

anann

adverb. long

andeith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

ann

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

athan

preposition. beyond

borth

?. [unglossed]

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

diragas

?. [unglossed]

feira-

verb. to suffice

feredir

noun. hunter

heleth

noun. fur, fur-coat

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

mai

adverb. well

mauth

?. [unglossed]

menwed

?. [unglossed]

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

níth

?. [unglossed]

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

porennin

?. [unglossed]

poros

place name. Boundary

rhui

noun. hunt, hunting

rhuiw

noun. hunt, hunting

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

teith

noun. mark

telwen

?. [unglossed]

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

faramir

masculine name. Faramir

Brother of Boromir (LotR/657). The meaning of his name is unclear, but if it is a mixed name like his brother’s, the final element might be from Q. mírë “jewel”.

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as N. Falborn, revised to N. Faramir (WR/149).

faran

noun. rowan, rowan, *ash

A Sindarin word for a “rowan” [a species of ash tree], cognate to Q. farnë and derivative of √PHAR(AN) (PE17/83), possibly a later iteration of N. †fêr “beech-tree” from the root ᴹ√PHER(EN) (Ety/PHER).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. soros “ash-tree” of unclear derivation (GL/68).

faradrim

noun. hunters

farad (ger. of fara- “hunt”) + rim (collective plural suffix)

faran

noun. any growing thing or plant

_ n. _any growing thing or plant. Q. farne/pharne. >> farn-

farn-

noun. any growing thing or plant

_ n. _any growing thing or plant. Q. farne/pharne. >> faran

faroth

noun. (?) hunter, (?) group of hunters

far

enough

(adverb) far (sufficient, quite)

far

sufficient

(adv.) far (enough, quite)

far

quite

(adv.) far (sufficient, enough)

far

enough

(sufficient, quite)

far

sufficient

(enough, quite)

far

quite

(sufficient, enough)

Faramir Took I

Faramir Took I

Faramir is a Sindarin name Meaning 'jewel hunter', Faramir I was named after Faramir who Pippin Took, Faramir I's father saved.

haerast

place name. Far Shore

A name of the coast of Aman translated “Far Shore”, as opposed to Nevrast “Hither Shore” (PE17/27). It is a combination of hae “far” and ras(t) “shore”.

Haerast

noun. far shore

hae (“far, remote”) + #rast (#“shore”)

fara

hunt

(verb) fara-

faradrim

hunters

faradrim (*"hunting-people", a coll. pl.). The word faroth (pl. feryth) possibly refers to a group of hunters.

faras

hunt, hunting

(noun) 1) faras, pl. ferais, 2) rui (ruiw), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rui, idh ruiw), 3) #farad, isolated from the compound faradrim *"hunting-people" = hunters.

farn

enough

(adj.) farn

farad

hunt, hunting

isolated from the compound faradrim ✱"hunting-people" = hunters.

faron

hunter

(pl. feryn, coll. pl. faronnath, but the following attested form may be used instead):

fara

hunt

faras

hunt, hunting

pl. ferais

farn

enough

faroth

hunters

(pl. feryth) possibly refers to a group of hunters.

palan

adverb. afar, abroad, far and wide

palan-díriel

noun. far-gazer

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

palan-

adverb. afar, abroad, far and wide

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

gwachae

adjective. far away

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

palan

far off

(adv. prefix) palan- (over a wide area)

palan

far off

(over a wide area)****

redhor

noun. farmer

A neologism for “farmer” coined by Elaran on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2018-07-14, an agental form of ^redh- “to sow” (updated form of N. rhedh-).

canath

farthing

canath (i ganath, o chanath) (fourth part), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of a mirian. (PM:45)

canath

farthing

(i ganath, o chanath) (fourth part), pl. cenaith (i chenaith). As coin, the fourth part of a mirian. (PM:45)

navaer

interjection. farewell, (lit.) be well

helf

fur, fur coat

(i chelf, o chelf), pl. hilf (i chilf), coll. pl. helvath

*gwachae

remote

(adjective) 1) *gwachae (far away), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186). 2) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae*; no distinct pl. form, 3) haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira**.)

hae

further

(adj.) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

distant

1) hae (far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form, 2) *haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)

Haerast

Haerast

Haerast is a Sindarin name. The meaning "Far Shore"[note 1] is its translation analyzed as hae "far" (cf. na-chaered, haeron, Q. háya) + rast "shore" (cf. Andrast, Nevrast, Q. hresta).

gwachae

remote

(far away), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186).

hae

further

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

hae

remote

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

hae

distant

(far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

haer

remote

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

haer

distant

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

and

adjective. long

haer

adjective. remote, remote, *distant

feredir

hunter

1) feredir, (coll.) pl. faradrim; 2) faron (pl. feryn, coll. pl. faronnath, but the following attested form may be used instead):

feredir

hunter

(coll.) pl. faradrim

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

athar

beyond

1) *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

bâr

dwelling

bâr (house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

eithel

well

(= source) eithel (spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

feiria

suffice

*feiria-. Tentative correction of the form feira- in the source (VT46:9)

gland

boundary

1) gland (i **land, construct glan), pl. glaind (i glaind), coll. pl. glannath, 2) lest (girdle, fence), pl. list**; 3)

golas

foliage

golas (i **olas) (collection of leaves), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. golassath. Archaic pl. göleis**._.

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

lith

ash

lith (sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.

mae

well

(adverb) mae (lenited vae).

said

separate

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

taith

mark

(noun) taith (i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

thanc

split

(adj.) thanc (forked, cleft), pl. thainc

al-

well

pref. #well. Q. al(a)-. . This gloss was rejected.

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

andaith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

athan

preposition. beyond

bar

noun. dwelling, home

bar

noun. inhabited land

cidinn

?. [unglossed]

cinnog

?. [unglossed]

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

glan(n)

noun. boundary

gland

noun. boundary

glandagol

noun. boundary mark

glann

noun. boundary

golas

noun. foliage

_ n. _foliage. Q. walass(s), olassie. >> Legolas

golas(s)

noun. foliage

_ n. _foliage. >> legolas

haer

adjective. remote

_adj._remote. >> hae, haered, na-chaered

haered

noun. remote distance, the remote

iand

adjective. wide

land

adjective. wide, broad

lith

noun. ash, sand, dust

lith

noun. ash, ash; [N.] sand

A noun for “ash” appearing as an element in names like Lithlad “Plain of Ashes” (RC/457) and Dor-nu-Fauglith “Land under Choking Ash” (WJ/239-240), as well as in the adjective lithui “ashy, ashen” (RGEO/66, RC/765). It is translated as “dust” in the name Anfauglith “Gasping Dust” (S/150), but since this is the name for Ard-galen after the region was burned by the forces of Morgoth, this may simply be a loose translation for “ash”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s N. lith was glossed “sand” from primitive ᴹ✶litse under the root ᴹ√LIT (Ety/LIT), and in this document N. Fauglith was translated “Thirsty Sand” (Ety/PHAU), as opposed to its original translation from the 1920s and early-to-mid 1930s which was simply “Thirst” (LB/275; SM/26, 101; LR/280).

Neo-Sindarin: For Neo-Sindarin I’d use lith mainly in its 1950s-60s sense “ash” but also allow its 1930s sense “sand”, but for “dust” I’d use [N.] ast. @@@ Maybe it would be better to coin a neologism for “sand”?

madu

?. [unglossed]

mae

adverb. well

mae

adverb. well

adv. well. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

mae

well

_ adv. _well. >> mael

mael

adjective. well

_ adj. _well. adjective << adverb. >> mae

mael

adjective. well

maud

?. [unglossed]

rui

noun. hunt, hunting

taeg

noun. boundary, limit, boundary line

taith

noun. mark

anann

long

and

long

(pl. aind)

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

bâr

dwelling

(house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

dôr

dwelling place

(i nôr, construct dor) (land, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413).

edlonui

adjective. foreign

eithel

well

(spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

feiria

suffice

. Tentative correction of the form feira- in the source (VT46:9)

gland

boundary

(i ’land, construct glan), pl. glaind (i glaind), coll. pl. glannath

gobel

enclosed dwelling

(i ’obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil.

golas

foliage

(i ’olas) (collection of leaves), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. golassath. Archaic pl. göleis.

grôd

underground dwelling

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, delving, excavation), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

lest

boundary

(girdle, fence), pl. list

lith

ash

(sand, dust), no distinct pl. form.****

mae

well

(lenited vae).

maeras

noun. goodness

@@@ Discord 2022-04-24

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

rhûd

dwelling underground

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid) (PM:365)*.

rui

hunt, hunting

(ruiw), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rui, idh ruiw)

said

separate

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

taeg

boundary, boundary line

(i daeg, o thaeg) (limit), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaeg)

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

taith

mark

(i daith, o thaith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaith). Archaic teith.

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

thanc

split

(forked, cleft), pl. thainc

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

farinyë

farinyë

farinyë, a pa.t. of farya-, q.v.

faralë

noun. hunting

A word for “hunting”, an abstract noun formation from the verb Q. fara- “to hunt” (PE22/110, 138).

faren

enough

faren, adv. "enough" (VT46:9)

farma

carpet

farma noun ?"carpet" (reading of gloss very uncertain; another gloss occurring in the manuscript cannot be certainly interpreted, though the editors suggest "string" or "stray") (VT46:15)

farmë

sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted

farmë noun "sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted" (also fárë) (VT46:9)

farnë

foliage

farnë (1) noun "foliage", archaic faznë (VT46:9). Not to be confused with farnë as the pa.t. of the verb farya-, q.v.

farnë

dwelling

#farnë (2) noun "dwelling", in orofarnë (as translated in Letters:224, but in other notes of Tolkiens the word was interpreted "any growing thing or plant", PE17:83)

farya-

suffice

farya- vb. "suffice", pa.t. farnë (PHAR). An additional pa.t. form, farinyë, was published in VT46:9; this is a most unusual formation.

fara-

verb. to hunt

A verb for “to hunt” based on the root √SPAR. In the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948, Tolkien gave it as an example of an a-verb with an inherently continuative sense (PE22/113).

fara-

verb. hunt

farale

noun. hunting

farastea

adjective. proper to hunt

farea

adjective. hunting

farina

participle. fugitive, hunted

farino

noun. hunted man, outlaw

farna

noun. quarry, prey

fárë

sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted

fárë noun "sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted" (also farmë) (PHAR)

haiya

far

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

palantir

masculine name. Far-sighted

Tar-Palantir was the 24th ruler of Númenor and the last of the Elf-friends to rule that nation (LotR/1036, S/269). His name is a compound of palan “far” and a form of tir- “to watch” (SA/palan, tir) and was translated as “Far-sighted” (LotR/1035, S/269) or “He who looks afar” (SI/Tar-Palantir).

palarran

proper name. Far Wanderer

Name of one of the ships of Aldarion translated “Far Wanderer” (UT/178). This name is likely a compound of palan “far” and some form of the root RAN “wander”, with the final -n of palan assimilated to the r- of ran (as with Elerrína).

Palarran

far-wanderer

Palarran ship-name "Far-wanderer"; see palan

ambela

further still beyond, far away beyond

ambela adv. "further still beyond, far away beyond" (PE17:91)

avahaira

remote, far

avahaira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

eccaira

remote, far

eccaira ("k") adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

haira

remote, far

haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

háya

far off, far away

háya adj. "far off, far away" (KHAYA). Also haiya.

palantír

far-seer

palantír noun *"Far-seer", used = "Seeing Stone" (pl. palantíri is attested); see palan-. The form palantir (with a short i) appears in Letters:110.

vaháya

far away

vaháya adj. "far away" (LR:47, SD:310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD:247)

farinë

noun. vermin

anda

adjective. long, far

haila

adjective. far beyond

palla

preposition/adverb. far beyond

ambela

adverb. further still beyond, far away beyond

en

adverb. then soon, (then) soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon

palan

adverb/adjective. far, wide, afar, distant, far, wide, afar, distant; [ᴹQ.] to a great extent, over a wide space, to a distance

vahaia

adverb. far away

namárië

Farewell

This was the poem that Galadriel recited to Frodo and the fellowship as they departed Lórien (LotR/377). It is the longest canonical Elvish text published by Tolkien, and one of the longest texts in the corpus. In the literature, it is usually called the Namárië or “Farewell” poem, though in one place Tolkien gave it the formal title Altariello nainië Lóriendesse “Galadriel’s lament in Lórien” (RGEO/58).

As a poem, this text is freer in word order and syntax than ordinary Quenya prose (RGEO/58). This makes it somewhat difficult to interpret the poem, since the English translation of the poem does not correspond directly with the Elvish wording. Fortunately, Tolkien published an extensive commentary on the poem within his lifetime (RGEO/58-62), making the proper interpretation the poem abundantly clear. In this commentary, Tolkien included a prose version of the poem, written in a “normal style” and with more ordinary (and therefore easier to follow) word order. The prose version of the poem is discussed in a separate entry.

The text below mostly divides the poem into one phrase for each line of the original poem. The exceptions are lines 5-6, 9-10 and 13-14 which are organized differently to facilitate discussion. The English glosses are from the translation of the poem in the 50th anniversary edition of The Lord of the Rings. Only proper names are capitalized. Interpretations are discussed in the entries for individual phrases.

namárië

farewell

namárië interjection "farewell" (Nam, RGEO:67)

namárië! nai hiruvalyë valimar

farewell! maybe thou shalt find Valimar

Sixteenth line @@@

namárië! nai hiruvalyë valimar

farewell! be-it-that you will find Valimar

The 16th phrase in the prose Namárië, which is essentially the same as its poetic version, differing only in its more literal translation. This is nothing particularly notable about its word order.

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

fárëa

enough

fárëa adj.? "enough" (presumably adjective, whereas the adverb is faren); ufárëa"not enough" _(FS). Etym has farëa "enough, sufficient" (PHAR)_

men-

go

#men- (4) vb. "go" (VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23), attested in the aorist (menë) in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- "return" (or go/come back), -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- "back" (etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166). In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of "go as far as": 1st person sg. aorist menin (menin coaryanna "I arrive at [or come/get to] his house"), endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- "is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end", past tense mennë "arrived, reached", in this tense usually with locative rather than allative (mennen sís "I arrive[d] here"), perfect eménië "has just arrived", future menuva "will arrive". All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant.

cemendur

noun. farmer

A neologism for “farmer” coined by Helge Fauskanger for his NQNT (NQNT), a combination of cemen “earth” and -(n)dur “servant”, a suffix sometimes used in the names of professions such as arandur “minister” and ornendur “forester”.

faznë

faznë

faznë, archaic form of farnë, q.v.

márië

goodness

márië (1) "goodness", "good" as noun (abstract formation from the adj. mára). (PE17:58, 89). Genitive máriéno, dative máriena, locative máriessë (PE17:59, occurring in the greeting (hara) máriessë "(stay) in happiness", PE17:162) Allative márienna *"to goodness", used as an interjection "farewell" (archaic namárië, q.v.),

Mairen

well

Mairen fem. name(UT:210), initial element perhaps related or identical to mai "well". The second element is obscure; the root REN "recall, have in mind" (PM:372) could be related; if so the name may imply "well remembered", "(of) good memory" or something similar. It may also connect with the adj. maira, q.v. and compare the masc. name Mairon (PE18:163).

amya-

verb. [unglossed]

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

arra

adjective. [unglossed]

cairë

?. [unglossed]

conta-

verb. [unglossed]

cúma

noun. [unglossed]

ehtelu-

verb. well, bubble out

en

there, look! yon (yonder)

en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)

enya

adverb. then soon

ettelëa

foreign

ettelëa adj. "foreign", perhaps also noun ?"stranger"; the reading of the second gloss is uncertain. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, even the former gloss is presented as an uncertain reading and the Quenya word is given as ettelen. According to VT45:13, the gloss "foreign" is certain and the Quenya word may also be read as ettelëa, which normal Quenya morphology would also suggest to be the correct reading of Tolkien's manuscript.

felca

adjective. [unglossed]

felehta-

verb. [unglossed], *to excavate, tunnel, mine

An untranslated form appearing in Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 derived from the root √PHELEG/PHELEK (PE17/118), possibly a verb derived from ✱phelektā- or ✱phelegtā-. The derivatives of this root had to do with mines and tunnels, so perhaps this verb meant “✱to excavate, tunnel, mine”.

finca

noun. [unglossed]

han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

hendas

?. [unglossed]

hindo

noun. [unglossed]

hindë

noun. [unglossed]

holdë

noun. [unglossed]

háro

?. [unglossed]

landa

boundary

landa (1) noun "boundary" (VT42:8)

landa

noun. boundary

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

lelya-

go, proceed (in any direction), travel

lelya- (1) vb. "go, proceed (in any direction), travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë (WJ:363, VT14:5, PE17:139) At one point Tolkien assigned a more specific meaning to the underlying root LED: "go away from the speaker or the point in mind, depart" (PE17:52), which would make lelya- a near synonym of auta-. The same source denies that the derivatives of _LED _were used simply for "go, move, travel", but elsewhere Tolkien assigns precisely that meaning to lelya-.

lenna-

go

lenna- vb. "go", pa.t. lendë "went" (LED; cf. lelya-). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word lenna- wrongly appears as **linna-; see VT45:27.

lingi-

verb. [unglossed]

mai

well

mai (1) adv. "well" (VT47:6), apparently also used as prefix (PE17:17:162, 163, 172)

mai

adverb. well, well; [ᴱQ.] too much

maitya

?. [unglossed]

malsa

?. [unglossed]

mandë

well

mandë (2) adv. "well" (VT49:26; this is "Qenya"). Rather mai in Tolkiens later Quenya.

marda

dwelling

marda noun "dwelling" (PE17:107)

melya-

verb. [unglossed], *to be in love

máralë

noun. goodness

máriën

noun. goodness

naue

?. [unglossed]

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

raust

hunting, preying

raust noun "hunting, preying" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather roimë [misreading "raime" in LR:384]. Normally, LotR-style Quenya does not permit final consonant clusters.)

roimë

hunt, hunting

roimë noun "hunt, hunting" (the spelling "raime" in the entry ROY1 in the Etymologies as printed in LR is a misreading, VT46:12)

sal-

verb. [unglossed]

sanomë

there

sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanomë

adverb. there

sélo

?. [unglossed]

sóla

?. [unglossed]

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

ta

there

ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).

tampo

well

tampo noun "well" (QL:93)

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

tasse

there

tassë

there

tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".

tassë

adverb. there

tehta

mark, sign

tehta noun "mark, sign" (TEK, VT39:17, Appendix E), especially diacritics denoting vowels in Fëanorian writing (pl. tehtar is attested); these diacritics are explicitly called ómatehtar "vowel-marks", q.v.

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

tomba

noun. [unglossed]

tompë

noun. [unglossed], *pulse, beat

@@@ Neo-meaning “✱pulse, beat” suggested by Röandil on 2023-04-20

tás

there

tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.

tás

adverb. there

um(ba)-

prefix. [unglossed]

umbacarin

noun. [unglossed]

vanya-

go, depart, disappear

vanya- (2) vb. "go, depart, disappear", pa.t. vannë (WAN). The verb auta- may have replaced this word in Tolkien's later conception.

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

éna

?. [unglossed]

úpa-

verb. [unglossed]

þúna

?. [unglossed]

littë

noun. ash

A neologism for “ash” coined by Helge Fauskanger in his NQNT (NQNT), the Quenya equivalent of S. lith “ash”. In The Etymologies of the 1930s the Quenya cognate of N. lith was ᴹQ. litse (Ety/LIT), but in that document these words were glossed “sand”. Introducing a separate neologism ᴺQ. littë “ash” helps keep these two senses distinct.

tampo

noun. well

farin

masculine name. Farin

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long

êphal

adjective. far

An adjective (or adverb?) translated as “far” (SD/247, SD/312).

êphalak

adjective. far away

A combination of êphal “far” and the suffix -ak (SD/247, 312), which could either mean “away” or be some kind of intensifier. See the entry for -ak for further discussion.

êphalak îdô yôzâyan

far away now (is) the Land of Gift

The 13th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). The first word êphalak “far away” is an adverb or emphatic adjective; see the entry for -ak for further discussion. The second word îdô “now” is an adverb. The last word Yôzâyan “Land of Gift” is one of the names for Númenor. There is no subjective noun or a verb, so this phrase is a fragment rather than a full sentence.

The typescript version (and all earlier versions) had īdōn “now (is)” instead of īdō “now”. See the entry for îdô for further discussion.

êphal êphalak îdô hi-akallabêth

far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen

The 14th (and final) phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (VT24/12). The first two words êphal “far” and êphalak “far away” are repeated adjectives (or adverbs), the second with the added suffix -ak. This suffix either means “away” or is some kind of emphatic marker; see the -ak entry for further discussion. The third word îdô “now” is an adverb. The last word Akallabêth “The Downfallen” is the Adûnaic name for Númenor after its destruction. It is prefixed with the pronoun hi “she”, turning the name into a small sentence “She that hath fallen”.

The typescript version (and all earlier versions) had īdōn “now (is)” instead of īdō “now” (SD/247, 312). See the entry for îdô for further discussion.

ēphalek īdōn akallabēth

far away lo!now is She-that-is-fallen

The first draft of the 13th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). It differs from the final version mainly in its use of ēphalek “far away” for later êphalak and akallabēth instead of later Yôzâyan (Akallabêth appears instead in the last sentence of the final version). Like the final typescript version but unlike the final manuscript version, it uses īdōn “lo! now is” instead of īdō “now”. This is may be a combination of the adverb īdō “now” and the predicate suffix -n “is” used elsewhere in the draft version.

ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē

far far away is now the Land of Gift

The first draft of the 14th (and final) phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). It differs from the final version mainly in its use of ēphalek “far away” for later êphalak and athanātē “Land of Gift” instead of later Akallabêth. In the final version of the Lament, another word for “Land of Gift” (Yôzâyan) appears in the second-to-last sentence instead. Like the final typescript version but unlike the final manuscript version, is uses īdōn “is now” instead of īdō “now”. This is likely a combination of the adverb īdō “now” and the predicate suffix -n “is” used elsewhere in the draft version.

asdi

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation (pronounced [azdi]) without giving its meaning (SD/421).

sapda

?. [unglossed]

A word Tolkien used to illustrate Adûnaic pronunciation without giving its meaning (SD/421).

khā

adverb. far

anad

root. long; far

Tolkien used a variety of roots as the basis for the meaning “long” throughout his life. Its best known forms are the adjectives Q. anda, S. and “long”. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien first used the root ᴱ√ṆÐṆ “stretch” as the basis for the ᴱQ. adjective ande(a) “long” (QL/31), but its Gnomish cognate took the very different form G. in(d)ra (GL/51). By The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien had revised this root to ᴹ√ANAD with Quenya and Noldorin derivatives basically as given above: ᴹQ. anda, N. ann (Ety/ÁNAD).

There is a later mention of the root √ANAD in a 1959 note, but in that note Tolkien considered transferring the sense “long” to a new root √ƷAN as a variant of √YAN, so that he could use √ANAD < √ANA- as the basis for words meaning “gate” (PE17/40). This new use of √ANAD would be a replacement for the 1930s root ᴹ√AD “gate” (Ety/AD). In another set of 1959 etymological notes, Tolkien did indeed give primitive forms ✶ʒandā “long” vs. yanā/yandā “wide” as derivatives of √ƷAN and √YAN respectively (PE17/155).

Later still, in 1967 notes on comparison, Tolkien gave a new root √NDA as the basis for and(a) “long”, though he said “S †ann- [long] only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) gift, and ann(on) gate, of different origin” (PE17/90). Thus it seems Tolkien had abandoned √ƷAN > ✶ʒandā > Q./S. and(a), and in notes from 1968 Tolkien glossed √ƷAN as “adorn”, and at this later stage √ƷAN was probably connected to or a variant of the 1970 root √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift)” (VT47/26-27).

The ultimate fate of 1967 √NDA “long” is itself unclear. In the notes where it appeared, Tolkien was also considering it as the basis for the intensive prefix Q. an-. But Tolkien abandoned this idea and decide the intensive prefix was actually am- derived from √AMA “addition, increase, plus” (PE17/91). However, this change in the intensive does not necessarily invalidate the use of √(A)NDA for “long”, and that is the last word we have in the published corpus on this topic.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, it’s probably best to assume the meaning “long” came from √ANAD or √ANDA or some similar root, much like it did in the 1930s.

andā

adjective. long, far

nda

root. long; far

spar

root. hunt, hunt, [ᴹ√] pursue

The root ᴹ√SPAR “hunt, pursue” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. faro “to hunt” and N. feredir “hunter” (Ety/SPAR). Tolkien first considered making this root ᴹ√PHAR⁽²⁾ (EtyAC/PHAR²). The root ᴹ√SPAR “hunt, pursue” reappeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s with the derived verb ᴹQ. fara- “hunt” (PE22/113). √SPAR “hunt” was mentioned a couple times in Tolkien’s later writings as well (PE17/83; PE18/94).

pharalē

noun. hunting

pharne

noun. any growing thing or plant

gwa-lassiē

noun. foliage

lemek

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s illustrating certain phonetic combinations (PE19/98), and therefore possibly not a “real” root.

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

mai

adverb. well

phut

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root appearing in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) as an etymological variation of √PUT (PE18/90).

sal

root. [unglossed], *harp(ing), lyre

The unglossed root ᴱ√SALA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. salma “lyre, small harp” and ᴱQ. salumbe “harping, music” (QL/81). The root √SAL appeared again Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s to illustrate the reformed perfect form of its verb Q. asálie (PE22/132), but since these later forms are unglossed it is unclear whether they have the same meaning (“✱harp(ing)”) as the earlier version of the root.

stuk

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in a rejected section of the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, serving to illustration certain phonetic developments: ✶stuknā > Q. thúna (PE19/86).

tig

root. [unglossed]

A root appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as the basis for the verb Q. tinga- “go (for a long while)” (PE22/157). The etymology was marked with an “X” and so was probably a transient idea (PE22/157 note #70).

yad

root. wide

ʒandā

adjective. long

graw Reconstructed

root. [unglossed], [ᴹ√] dark, swart

This root appeared as a primitive form grawa serving as the basis of the word Q. roa “bear” >> “dog” in notes on monosyllabic roots from 1968 (VT47/35); a Sindarin derivative S. graw “bear” appeared in other notes written around the same time (VT47/12). Patrick Wynne suggested that in the sense “bear” grawa might be connected to the root ᴹ√GRAWA “dark, swart” from The Etymologies of the 1930s (EtyAC/GRAWA).

anda

adjective. long