far

adverb/adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

far

adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

farn

adjective. enough

farn

adjective. enough

hae

adverb. *far

haen

adverb. *far

hoe

adverb. *far

gwahae

adjective. *far away

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haen

adjective. far, distant, remote

athan

preposition. beyond

A word appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s in the name N. Bronwe athan Harthad “Endurance beyond Hope” (SD/62). According to Christopher Tolkien, the form athan is very unclear and uncertain (SD/70 note #6). It might instead be athar, which would be more compatible with the root √THAR “across, beyond” (PE17/14; Ety/THAR).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {athron “further, beyond” >>} adron “further, beyond, over, on other side” based on G. {athra “across, athwart” >>} adr(a) “lying athwart; situated on far side” (GL/17). This hints that later athan “beyond” may be based on N. ath- “across” (Ety/AT(AT)).

ad-

prefix. back, again, re-

anann

adverb. long

ann

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

faren

enough

faren, adv. "enough" (VT46:9)

haiya

far

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

anda

adjective. long, far

The Quenya adjective for “long”, which had an extensive history in Tolkien’s writings.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. ande or andea “long” under the early root ᴱ√ṆÐṆ “stretch” (QL/31). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon had ᴱQ. andra or anda as the equivalent of G. in(d)ra, both derived from ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51). The Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s just had anda “long” (PE14/45, 77), and Tolkien stuck with that form thereafter.

The English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s gave ᴱQ. anda the gloss “long (of space)” (PE15/74). The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. anda “long” as a derivative of the root ᴹ√ÁNAD (Ety/ÁNAD). In notes from the mid-1960s Tolkien said anda meant both “long” and “far” (PE17/90), but everywhere else Tolkien said it only meant “long”.

haia

adverb. afar, afar, [ᴹQ.] far (off), far away

The adverb ᴹQ. hāya “far off, far away” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KHAYA “far, distant, remote” (Ety/KHAYA; EtyAC/KHAYA). It reappeared as haiya “far” in a phrase from the Lament of Atalante of the 1940s: haiya vahaiya sín Atalante “far far away now (is) the Downfallen” (SD/247). It appeared again as haia in the first draft of Löa Yucainen from in 1958: Ai loar melle yassen ekkennen haia palantírielya yárie andavanwer “Alas beloved years in which looking afar I saw in the distance the ages long-departed” (CPT/1296). It is likely that háya, haiya, and haia are just variant spellings of the same word; compare Máya, Maiya vs. Maia.

haila

adverb. far beyond

A word for “far beyond” in notes from 1965, a combination of ᴹ√KHAY “far” and lá “beyond” (PE17/65). In this note it was a “more remote” variant of palla.

palacendo

masculine name. *Far sighted one

A Quenya name for one of the Ithryn Luin (Blue Wizards) appearing in notes from 1959 (NM/95), apparently a combination of Q. palan “far” and some form of Q. cen- “see” so perhaps “✱Far sighted one” as suggested by Carl Hostetter (NM/102 note #7).

palan

adverb/adjective. far (and wide), afar, distant, far (and wide), afar, distant; [ᴹQ.] to a great extent, over a wide space, to a distance

A Quenya word for “far and wide” appearing regularly in Tolkien’s writings, most notably in palantír “far gazer”. It was derived from the root √PAL “wide, broad, extended” (PE17/65; VT47/8; Ety/PAL). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien contrasted with word with ᴹQ. hāya “far off, far away”, saying that palan more properly means “wide, over a wide space, to a distance” (EtyAC/KHAYA). Thus palan is “far” in extent (far and wide) as opposed to haia which is “far” in distance only.

palantir

masculine name. Far-sighted

Tar-Palantir was the 24th ruler of Númenor and the last of the Elf-friends to rule that nation (LotR/1036, S/269). His name is a compound of palan “far” and a form of tir- “to watch” (SA/palan, tir) and was translated as “Far-sighted” (LotR/1035, S/269) or “He who looks afar” (SI/Tar-Palantir).

palantír

noun. far-gazer, far-seer, (lit.) that which looks far away

A word for the seeing stones of Númenor, a combination of palan “far” and some form of the root TIR “see” (Let/427), hence: “far-seer” or “far-gazer” (LotR Index; PE17/25, 86). This word is unusual in that it has a long vowel in its final syllable, something that does not normally occur in Quenya words. The ancient form of this word was palantīrā̆ (Let/427), and the reduction of short vowels in long compounds was not unusual in Quenya, for example: Valinor as a shorter form of Valinórë. However, after such reductions long vowels in final syllables tended to shorten, so the expected form would be palantir, not palantír. In one place Tolkien described this word as a “a Numenorean formation” (PE17/86), perhaps as a way of explaining the unusual retention of a long vowel in its final syllable.

Because of this long vowel, the proper pronunciation of this word is in dispute. The usual rules for Quenya stress would put the stress on the second syllable: paLANtír. The speech coaches for Peter Jackson’s Lord of the Rings movies instructed the actors to pronounce this word like English “lantern” to help them remember this stress pattern. However in private notes Tolkien wrote pálan-tìr (PE17/86), indicating primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last: PAlanTÍR. Notes from the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 seem to indicate the stress shift to the middle syllable occurs only for older compounds:

> These compounds being old [my emphasis] were accented as unitary words and the main stress came on the syllable preceding -quen: kirya:quen [kirYAquen], kirya:queni [the implication being the stress remains as a pair of words in later compounds] (WJ/407 note #3).

Hat-tip to Raccoon and Vyacheslav Stepanov for this discovery and pointing it out to me. Assuming this reasoning is correct, the long vowel in the final syllable of palantír may simply be to emphasize the unusual stress pattern; compare also María which also has an abnormal long vowel enforcing a stress pattern that would be atypical for Quenya.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s where it was probably a later addition. In its earliest appearances, both in The Etymologies and the drafts of The Lord of the Rings, it was Palantir with a short i (Ety/PAL, TIR; WR/76).

palarran

proper name. Far Wanderer

Name of one of the ships of Aldarion translated “Far Wanderer” (UT/178). This name is likely a compound of palan “far” and some form of the root RAN “wander”, with the final -n of palan assimilated to the r- of ran (as with Elerrína).

Palarran

far-wanderer

Palarran ship-name "Far-wanderer"; see palan

ambela

further still beyond, far away beyond

ambela adv. "further still beyond, far away beyond" (PE17:91)

avahaira

remote, far

avahaira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

eccaira

remote, far

eccaira ("k") adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

haira

remote, far

haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

háya

far off, far away

háya adj. "far off, far away" (KHAYA). Also haiya.

palantír

far-seer

palantír noun *"Far-seer", used = "Seeing Stone" (pl. palantíri is attested); see palan-. The form palantir (with a short i) appears in Letters:110.

ten-

verb. go as far as

[ten- (3) vb. "go as far as", 1st person sg. aorist tenin, (tenin coaryanna "I arrive at [or come/get to] his house"), endingless aorist tenë, present tense téna- "is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end", past tense tennë "arrived, reached", in this tense usually with locative rather than allative: tennen sís "I arrive[d] here", perfect eténië "has just arrived", future tenuva "will arrive".] (VT49:23, 35, 36; Tolkien emended the initial consonant from t to m throughout)

tenna

until, up to, as far as

tenna prep. "until, up to, as far as" (CO), "unto" (VT44:35-36), "to the point", "right up to a point" (of time/place), "until", "to the object, up to, to (reach), as far as" (VT49:22, 23, 24, PE17:187), elided tenn' in the phrase tenn' Ambar-metta "unto the ending of the world" in EO, because the next word begins in a similar vowel; cf. tennoio "for ever" (tenna + oio, q.v.) The unelided form appears in PE17:105: Tenna Ambar-metta.

vaháya

far away

vaháya adj. "far away" (LR:47, SD:310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD:247)

palla

preposition/adverb. far beyond

tenna

preposition. until, up to, as far as, to the point, to reach

arcalima ep’ eleni

far and away brighter than stars

caitas palla i sír

it is far beyond the river

en

adverb. then soon, then soon, [ᴹQ.] in that (future) case; there, yonder; look yon(der); far away; that, [ᴱQ.] that by you; thereupon

enyasse

adverb. there far away

lendes pallan(na) i sír

he came (to a point) far beyond the river

vahaia

adverb. far away

palallon

noun. telephone, (lit.) far-sound

A neologism appearing in ABNW (ABNW) from the early 2000s, a combination of palan “sound” and hlón(a) “sound”. The NQW instead had ᴺQ. palanóma where the second element was óma “voice”, but in this case I prefer the older neologism.

palancen

noun. television, (lit.) far-sight

A neologism appearing in ABNW (ABNW) from the early 2000s, a combination of palan “sound” and cen “sight”.

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

caita-

verb. lie

caita- vb. "lie" (= lie down, not "tell something untrue"), aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" (Nam, RGEO:67), caitas lá/palla i sír "it is [lit. lies] (far) beyond the river" (PE17:65); the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that "lies" in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related (VT27:7, 21)

fárëa

enough

fárëa adj.? "enough" (presumably adjective, whereas the adverb is faren); ufárëa"not enough" _(FS). Etym has farëa "enough, sufficient" (PHAR)_

men-

verb. go

#men- (4) vb. "go" (VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23), attested in the aorist (menë) in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- "return" (or go/come back), -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- "back" (etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166). In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of "go as far as": 1st person sg. aorist menin (menin coaryanna "I arrive at [or come/get to] his house"), endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- "is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end", past tense mennë "arrived, reached", in this tense usually with locative rather than allative (mennen sís "I arrive[d] here"), perfect eménië "has just arrived", future menuva "will arrive". All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant.

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

en

there, look! yon (yonder)

en (1) interjection "there, look! yon (yonder)" (EN, VT45:12)

enwa

adverb. yet

enya

adverb. then soon

furu

lie

furu noun "a lie" _(LT2:340, GL:36) _Read perhaps *huru in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

han

beyond

han prep. "beyond" (compare the _postposition pella of similar meaning) (VT43:14)_

han

preposition. beyond

A word for “beyond” in the final version of the Átaremma prayer of the 1950s in the phrase Átaremma i ëa han Eä, equivalent to “our Father who art in Heaven” but more literally “✱who is beyond Creation” (VT43/12). This word also appeared with the gloss “beyond” in notes from around 1970 as a derivative of √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift)” (VT43/14).

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

landa

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad

lelya-

verb. go, proceed (in any direction), travel

lelya- (1) vb. "go, proceed (in any direction), travel", pa.t. lendë / elendë (WJ:363, VT14:5, PE17:139) At one point Tolkien assigned a more specific meaning to the underlying root LED: "go away from the speaker or the point in mind, depart" (PE17:52), which would make lelya- a near synonym of auta-. The same source denies that the derivatives of _LED _were used simply for "go, move, travel", but elsewhere Tolkien assigns precisely that meaning to lelya-.

lenna-

verb. go

lenna- vb. "go", pa.t. lendë "went" (LED; cf. lelya-). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word lenna- wrongly appears as **linna-; see VT45:27.

mennai

until

mennai prep. "until" (VT14:5; in Tolkien's later Quenya rather tenna)

opto

noun. back

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

pella

beyond

pella "beyond", apparently a postposition rather than a preposition: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars" (Nam, RGEO:66, Markirya) In one version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, Tolkien used pell' (evidently an elided form of pella) as a _preposition, but this version was abandoned (VT43:13)_

pontë

back, rear

pontë (ponti-) noun "back, rear" (QL:75)

sanomë

there

sanomë adv. "there" (PE17:71). Cf. sinomë, tanomë.

sanomë

adverb. there

A word for “there” appearing in notes from mid-1960s in the phrase sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno, Eomer, Imrahil “There stood Gandalf, Aragorn, Eomer and Imrahil” (PE17/71). A similar form ᴹQ. sanome(s) appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from the late 1940s, where it was based on ᴹ√NOM “spot, place” (PE23/112).

The word can be contrasted with tanome “there” in different notes from the late 1960s (VT49/11, 19), and also in DRC from the 1940s. DRC made the distinction between these two words clear, in that tanome was “demonstrative there” pointing to a place not previously mentioned, while sanome was “anaphoric there” referring back to a place mentioned before. So “go there” would be á mene tanome, but “I went to the city and found Aragorn there” would be mennen i ostonna ar hirnen Aracorno sanome.

Lokyt originally suggested this distinction to me in a Discord conversation from 2022, and was eventually proven right by the publication of DRC in 2024.

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

ta

there

ta (5) adv. "there" (VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or "element" rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta #1).

tar

beyond

tar (2) prep. "beyond" (FS)

tasse

there

tassë

there

tassë adv. "there" (VT49:11), short form tás. These seem to be properly locative forms of ta "that, it", hence "in that [place]". Compare allative tanna "thither" and ablative talo "thence".

tassë

adverb. there

The words tās and tasse “there” appeared in a list of demonstratives from 1968 (VT49/11), combinations of ta “that” and the locative suffix -ssë. Short form tas appeared in the phrase tas kennen nótime eldali “I saw a few elves there” in notes from 1969 (PE22/155). Similarly formed ᴹQ. tasse “there” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948, also with a short variant tas (PE23/97, 111).

tás

there

tás adv. "there" (VT49:11); also tassë, q.v.

tás

adverb. there

vanya-

verb. go, depart, disappear

vanya- (2) vb. "go, depart, disappear", pa.t. vannë (WAN). The verb auta- may have replaced this word in Tolkien's later conception.

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

catta

noun. back

A neologism for “back” coined by Paul Strack in 2022 specifically for Eldamo, based on Q. ca(ta) “behind, at back of place”. This word can refer to the back of body as well as the back of other things.

far

enough

(adverb) far (sufficient, quite)

far

sufficient

(adv.) far (enough, quite)

far

quite

(adv.) far (sufficient, enough)

far

enough

(sufficient, quite)

far

sufficient

(enough, quite)

far

quite

(sufficient, enough)

gwahae

adjective. *far away

A word appearing as an element in Gwahaedir, the Sindarin name of the palantír from drafts of The Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/186 note #15). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, the word N. gwahae was the equivalent of ᴹQ. (a)vahāya under the root ᴹ√KHAYA “far, distant, remote” (EtyAC/KHAYA), so likely meaning “✱far away”, a combination of gwa- “away” and hae “far”.

It is not clear why this word does not have the form gwachae with the proper soft mutation of soft mutation h → ch; compare na-chaered from the A Elbereth Gilthoniel. It could be that Gwahaedir is a Gondorin word, comparable to Gondorian Rohan vs. “proper Sindarin” Rochan(d). There are, however, other cases where this mutation did not occur in the second element of an obvious compound: Gwaihir, Eruhîn, arahadhw, etc.

gwahaedir

proper name. ?Far Watcher

Sindarin name of the palantír (PM/186 note #15), perhaps a compound of gwahae “?far away” and the lenited form of tir- “watch”.

hae

adverb. far, very far away, far, (very) far away

An adverb(?) for “far” or “very far away” based on the root ᴹ√KHAYA (PE17/25; EtyAC/KHAYA). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it had the variant forms hae, hoe, haen (EtyAC/KHAYA).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hai “there (by him)” (GL/47), a possible precursor. In this document the basic adverb for “far” was G. eg or êg “faraway, wide, distant, far off” based on the early root ᴱ√eika (GL/32; QL/29). This word reappeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document with the gloss “far” (PE13/113). Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. eg- {“†wide, far” >>} “far” (PE13/142).

haerast

place name. Far Shore

A name of the coast of Aman translated “Far Shore”, as opposed to Nevrast “Hither Shore” (PE17/27). It is a combination of hae “far” and ras(t) “shore”.

palan

adverb. afar, abroad, far and wide

A word for “afar” in the song A Elbereth Gilthoniel from the phrase na-chaered palan-díriel “to lands remote I have looked afar”, and also the phrase o menel palan-diriel “from heaven gazing far” (LotR/238; RGEO/63-64). In The Road Goes Ever On (RGEO) from 1967, Tolkien indicated the actual meaning was “abroad, far and wide” (RGEO/64). S. palan is equivalent to Q. palan of similar meaning, and was probably borrowed directly from Quenya (PE17/25). The main evidence for borrowing is that the ancient final n was not lost as was usually the case in Sindarin; compare S. êl vs. Q. elen “star”.

palan-díriel

noun. far-gazer

A pseudo-compound from the song A Elbereth Gilthoniel in the phrase na-chaered palan-díriel “to lands remote I have looked afar” (LotR/238; RGEO/63-64). It is a combination of palan “far”, and the lenited form of the past active participle tíriel “having gazed” of the verb tiria- “watch, gaze” (PE17/25; Let/427).

Haerast

noun. far shore

hae (“far, remote”) + #rast (#“shore”)

Haerast

'the Far Shore'

topon. 'the Far Shore', the east coast of Aman. The opposite coast of Nevrast. >> hae, Nevrast

Losshoth

noun. people living in far North

_ pl2. n. _people living in far North. >> los, loss

ann-

prefix. long and far

_ pref. _long and far. Only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann 'gift' and ann(on) 'gate'.

hae

adverb. very far away

_adv._very far away. >> haer, haered, na-chaered

farn

enough

(adj.) farn

farn

enough

o menel palan-diriel

from heaven gazing far

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

palan-

adverb. afar, abroad, far and wide

palan-tîriel

noun. *far-gazer

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

and

adjective. long

The Sindarin word for “long”, appearing as both and and ann, derived from primitive ✶andā based on the root √ANAD (PE17/12, 40, 90, 121; VT42/28). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. ann “long” of the same derivation (Ety/ÁNAD).

Possible Pronunciation: In one note from the mid-1960s Tolkien said “S †ann- only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) ‘gift’, and ann(on) ‘gate’, of different origin” (PE17/90) and in a note from 1959 Tolkien said “S ann/and rare except in old words or names as anduin” (PE17/40). Despite these claims of rarity, and/and appears in a very large number of compounds, far more than ann “gift”.

One way of resolving this ambiguity is to assume the normal pronunciation of this as a standalone word is and rather than ann, in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115). The reduction an(n) would then only occur in compounds like anann “for long” and Anfang “long beard”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {indra >>} in(d)ra “long (also used of time)” based on primitive ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51).

haer

adjective. remote, remote, *distant

An adjective for “remote” as an element in haered “remoteness”, based on S. hae “very far away” (PE17/25).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would also use this word to mean “distant”.

naden

preposition. until, up to, as far as

@@@ Discord 2022-06-04

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

palan

far off

(adv. prefix) palan- (over a wide area)

gwachae

far away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.

palan

far off

(over a wide area)****

*gwachae

remote

(adjective) 1) *gwachae (far away), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186). 2) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae*; no distinct pl. form, 3) haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira**.)

hae

distant

1. hae (far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form, 2) *haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)

Haerast

Haerast

Haerast is a Sindarin name. The meaning "Far Shore"[note 1] is its translation analyzed as hae "far" (cf. na-chaered, haeron, Q. háya) + rast "shore" (cf. Andrast, Nevrast, Q. hresta).

gwachae

remote

(far away), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186).

hae

remote

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

hae

distant

(far, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

haer

remote

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

haer

distant

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

ad

back

(as prefix) ad-, also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

athar

beyond

1. *athar (across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation. 2) (adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, over)

bad

go

#bad- (i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

dan

back

(prep.) dan (lenited nan) (again, against);

ennas

there

ennas (SD:128-31)

laden

wide

1. laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

renia

wander

renia- (sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).

said

separate

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

athan

preposition. beyond

ennas

adverb. there, in that place

ennas

adverb. there

haer

adjective. remote

_adj._remote. >> hae, haered, na-chaered

haered

noun. remote distance, the remote

iand

adjective. wide

land

adjective. wide, broad

ad

back

also meaning "second, again, re-", e.g. aderthad "reunion".

aden

preposition. until

anann

long

and

long

(pl. aind)

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

athar

beyond

(across). Suggested correction of the reading "athan" in SD:62. As prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

bad

go

(i vâd, i medir), pa.t. bant. Isolated from trevad- ”traverse”.

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

dan

back

(lenited nan) (again, against);

ennas

there

(SD:128-31)

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

renia

wander

(sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).

said

separate

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

tass

1,D adverb. then, there

A Quenya-influenced neologism meaning "there, then, in that (place/time)", from Q. tassë.

thar

beyond

(across, athwart, over)

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

êphal

adjective. far

An adjective (or adverb?) translated as “far” (SD/247, SD/312).

êphalak

adjective. far away

A combination of êphal “far” and the suffix -ak (SD/247, 312), which could either mean “away” or be some kind of intensifier. See the entry for -ak for further discussion.

êphalak îdô yôzâyan

far away now (is) the Land of Gift

The 13th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). The first word êphalak “far away” is an adverb or emphatic adjective; see the entry for -ak for further discussion. The second word îdô “now” is an adverb. The last word Yôzâyan “Land of Gift” is one of the names for Númenor. There is no subjective noun or a verb, so this phrase is a fragment rather than a full sentence.

The typescript version (and all earlier versions) had īdōn “now (is)” instead of īdō “now”. See the entry for îdô for further discussion.

êphal êphalak îdô hi-akallabêth

far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen

The 14th (and final) phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (VT24/12). The first two words êphal “far” and êphalak “far away” are repeated adjectives (or adverbs), the second with the added suffix -ak. This suffix either means “away” or is some kind of emphatic marker; see the -ak entry for further discussion. The third word îdô “now” is an adverb. The last word Akallabêth “The Downfallen” is the Adûnaic name for Númenor after its destruction. It is prefixed with the pronoun hi “she”, turning the name into a small sentence “She that hath fallen”.

The typescript version (and all earlier versions) had īdōn “now (is)” instead of īdō “now” (SD/247, 312). See the entry for îdô for further discussion.

ēphalek īdōn akallabēth

far away lo!now is She-that-is-fallen

The first draft of the 13th phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). It differs from the final version mainly in its use of ēphalek “far away” for later êphalak and akallabēth instead of later Yôzâyan (Akallabêth appears instead in the last sentence of the final version). Like the final typescript version but unlike the final manuscript version, it uses īdōn “lo! now is” instead of īdō “now”. This is may be a combination of the adverb īdō “now” and the predicate suffix -n “is” used elsewhere in the draft version.

ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē

far far away is now the Land of Gift

The first draft of the 14th (and final) phrase of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). It differs from the final version mainly in its use of ēphalek “far away” for later êphalak and athanātē “Land of Gift” instead of later Akallabêth. In the final version of the Lament, another word for “Land of Gift” (Yôzâyan) appears in the second-to-last sentence instead. Like the final typescript version but unlike the final manuscript version, is uses īdōn “is now” instead of īdō “now”. This is likely a combination of the adverb īdō “now” and the predicate suffix -n “is” used elsewhere in the draft version.

khā

adverb. far

andā

adjective. long, far

khan

root. back

lā̆

preposition/adverb. beyond

tō/oto

root. back

The earliest appearance of this root was ᴹ√TOTO- “repeat” from Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109). The root appeared as √TŌ/OTO in a discussion of prefixes for “back” from around 1959, where Tolkien specified its meaning as “back as an answer, or return by another agent to an action affecting him, as in answering, replying, avenging, requiting, repaying, rewarding”; Tolkien also considered the forms √UTU/TŪ (PE17/166). In this 1959 note Tolkien crossed √TŌ/OTO through and seems to have replaced it with √KHAN. Tolkien mentioned the root √OT in a discussion of numbers from the late 1960s, but only to specify that “there was no primitive base OT-” (VT47/16).

yad

root. wide

ʒandā

adjective. long

anda

adjective. long

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long