haiya

far

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

faren

enough

faren, adv. "enough" (VT46:9)

fárëa

enough

fárëa adj.? "enough" (presumably adjective, whereas the adverb is faren); ufárëa"not enough" _(FS). Etym has farëa "enough, sufficient" (PHAR)_

vahaia

adverb. far away

vaháya

far away

vaháya adj. "far away" (LR:47, SD:310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD:247)

anda

adjective. long, far

Cognates

• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/040; PE17/090

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/040
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• Q. Andafalassë “Langstrand”
• Q. Andafangar “Longbeards” ✧ PM/321
• ᴺQ. andalango “giraffe, (lit.) long-neck”
• Q. andamacil “long sword”
• Q. andanéya “long ago, once upon a time” ✧ VT49/31
• ᴺQ. andanyarro “weasel, ferret, mink, stoat, polecat, (lit.) long-rat”
• Q. andatehta “long-mark”
• Q. andavë “long, at great length”
• ᴺQ. andë “length”
• Q. Anduinë “Long River” ✧ PE17/040
• ᴺQ. restandië “furlong”
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; Minor-Doc/1955-CT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANAD > andā	[andā] > [anda]	✧ PE17/040
✶andā > anda	[andā] > [anda]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• andā ✧ PE17/040

haira

remote, far

haira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

avahaira

remote, far

avahaira adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

eccaira

remote, far

eccaira ("k") adj. "remote, far" (KHAYA)

háya

far off, far away

háya adj. "far off, far away" (KHAYA). Also haiya.

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

palan

adverb/adjective. far, wide, afar, distant, far, wide, afar, distant; [ᴹQ.] to a great extent, over a wide space, to a distance

Cognates

• S. palan “afar, abroad, far and wide” ✧ PE17/025

Derivations

• √PAL “wide, broad, extended, wide, broad, extended; [ᴹ√] wide (open); [ᴱ√] flatness” ✧ PE17/065; VT47/08

Element in

• ᴺQ. palallon “telephone, (lit.) far-sound”
• ᴺQ. palanóma “phone”
• ᴺQ. palancen “television, (lit.) far-sight”
• ᴺQ. palantilla “telescope”
• Q. Palantir “Far-sighted” ✧ SA/palan
• Q. palantir- “to watch/look afar” ✧ PE17/086
• Q. palantír “far-gazer, far-seer, (lit.) that which looks far away” ✧ PE17/025; SA/palan; UT/401
• Q. palanyantië “telepathy”
• Q. Palarran “Far Wanderer” ✧ UT/401
• Q. Pallando ✧ UT/401 (palan)
• Q. Palacendo “*Far sighted one”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√PAL > palan	[palan]	✧ VT47/08

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

Cognates

• S. iand “wide” ✧ PE17/115

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

haer

adjective. remote

_adj._remote. >> hae, haered, na-chaered

haer

adjective. remote, remote, *distant

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAY “far, distant, remote”

Element in

• S. haered “remoteness, (remote) distance” ✧ PE17/025
• S. haeron “*distant”

haered

noun. remote distance, the remote

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

and

adjective. long

Cognates

• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/040; PE17/090

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/040
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• S. Anach “?Long Neck”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. andaith “long-mark”
• S. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Andras “Long Cape”
• S. Andrast “Long Cape”
• S. Angast “Long Cape” ✧ VT42/28
• S. Andrath “Long Climb”
• S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”
• S. Androth “*Long Cave”
• S. Anduin “Great River, (lit.) Long River” ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; RC/765; SA/an(d)
• S. Anfalas “Langstrand, (lit.) Long Beach” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Anfang “Longbeard”
• S. angerthas “runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows” ✧ SA/an(d)
• ᴺS. annas “length”
• S. Ann-thennath “*Long-shorts”
• S. Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶andā > ann-	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• ann ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; PE17/121
• ann- ✧ PE17/090
• an(d) ✧ SA/an(d)
• an(n)- ✧ VT42/28

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

hae

adverb/adjective. far, very far away, far, (very) far away

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAY “far, distant, remote”

Element in

• ᴺS. gwachae “far away”
• S. gwahae “*far away”
• S. Haerast “Far Shore” ✧ PE17/027

Variations

• hae- ✧ PE17/027 (hae-)

iand

adjective. wide

Cognates

• Q. yanda “wide” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• S. -ian(d) “-land, country” ✧ PE17/115

land

adjective. wide, broad

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

palan-

adverb. afar, abroad, far and wide

far

enough

(adverb) far (sufficient, quite)

far

enough

(sufficient, quite)

far

sufficient

(adv.) far (enough, quite)

far

sufficient

(enough, quite)

far

quite

(adv.) far (sufficient, enough)

far

quite

(sufficient, enough)

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

farn

enough

(adj.) farn

farn

enough

palan

far off

(adv. prefix) palan- (over a wide area)

palan

far off

(over a wide area)****

haer

remote

(far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.)*

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

gwachae

adjective. far away

Elements

Word	Gloss
gwa-	“*away”
hae	“far, very far away, far, (very) far away”

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

hae

remote

(far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

*gwachae

remote

(adjective) 1) *gwachae (far away), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186). 2) hae (far, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae*; no distinct pl. form, 3) haer (far, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira**.)

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

gwachae

remote

(far away), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

anda

adjective. long

Element in

• T. andané “long ago, once upon a time” ✧ VT49/31

êphal

adjective. far

An adjective (or adverb?) translated as “far” (SD/247, SD/312).

Element in

• Ad. êphalak “far away” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. êphal êphalak îdô hi-Akallabêth “far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē “far far away is now the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/312

Variations

• Ēphal ✧ SD/247
• ēphal ✧ SD/312

êphalak

adjective. far away

A combination of êphal “far” and the suffix -ak (SD/247, 312), which could either mean “away” or be some kind of intensifier. See the entry for -ak for further discussion.

Element in

• Ad. êphalak îdô Yôzâyan “far away now (is) the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphalek īdōn akallabēth “far away lo!now is She-that-is-fallen” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. êphal êphalak îdô hi-Akallabêth “far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē “far far away is now the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/312

Elements

Word	Gloss
êphal	“far”
-ak	“away”

Variations

• ēphalak ✧ SD/247
• ēphalek ✧ SD/312; SD/312

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long

Element in

• Kh. Sigin-tarâg “Longbeards”

khā

adverb. far

andā

adjective. long, far

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Derivatives

• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/090

Variations

• and(a) ✧ PE17/090

anad

root. long; far

Tolkien used a variety of roots as the basis for the meaning “long” throughout his life. Its best known forms are the adjectives Q. anda, S. and “long”. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien first used the root ᴱ√ṆÐṆ “stretch” as the basis for the ᴱQ. adjective ande(a) “long” (QL/31), but its Gnomish cognate took the very different form G. in(d)ra (GL/51). By The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien had revised this root to ᴹ√ANAD with Quenya and Noldorin derivatives basically as given above: ᴹQ. anda, N. ann (Ety/ÁNAD).

There is a later mention of the root √ANAD in a 1959 note, but in that note Tolkien considered transferring the sense “long” to a new root √ƷAN as a variant of √YAN, so that he could use √ANAD < √ANA- as the basis for words meaning “gate” (PE17/40). This new use of √ANAD would be a replacement for the 1930s root ᴹ√AD “gate” (Ety/AD). In another set of 1959 etymological notes, Tolkien did indeed give primitive forms ✶ʒandā “long” vs. yanā/yandā “wide” as derivatives of √ƷAN and √YAN respectively (PE17/155).

Later still, in 1967 notes on comparison, Tolkien gave a new root √NDA as the basis for and(a) “long”, though he said “S †ann- [long] only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) gift, and ann(on) gate, of different origin” (PE17/90). Thus it seems Tolkien had abandoned √ƷAN > ✶ʒandā > Q./S. and(a), and in notes from 1968 Tolkien glossed √ƷAN as “adorn”, and at this later stage √ƷAN was probably connected to or a variant of the 1970 root √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift)” (VT47/26-27).

The ultimate fate of 1967 √NDA “long” is itself unclear. In the notes where it appeared, Tolkien was also considering it as the basis for the intensive prefix Q. an-. But Tolkien abandoned this idea and decide the intensive prefix was actually am- derived from √AMA “addition, increase, plus” (PE17/91). However, this change in the intensive does not necessarily invalidate the use of √(A)NDA for “long”, and that is the last word we have in the published corpus on this topic.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, it’s probably best to assume the meaning “long” came from √ANAD or √ANDA or some similar root, much like it did in the 1930s.

Derivatives

• ✶and(ă) “moreover, to go on further, to say more” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an “for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • S. and “long” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/040
• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/040

Variations

• NDA ✧ PE17/090; PE17/166

nda

root. long; far

yad

root. wide

ʒandā

adjective. long

Derivations

• √ƷAN “adorn; extend; long” ✧ PE17/155; VT47/27

far

adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

far

adverb/adjective. sufficient, enough, quite

Cognates

• ᴹQ. faren “enough” ✧ EtyAC/PHAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√PHAR “reach, go all the way, suffice” ✧ Ety/PHAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√PHAR > far	[pʰaren] > [ɸaren] > [ɸare] > [fare] > [far]	✧ Ety/PHAR

hae

adverb/adjective. *far

Cognates

• ᴹQ. haiya “far off, far away” ✧ Ety/KHAYA

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAY “far, distant, remote” ✧ Ety/KHAYA

Element in

• N. gwahae “*far away” ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAYA > hae	[haia] > [hai] > [hae]	✧ Ety/KHAYA

Variations

• hoe ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA
• haen ✧ EtyAC/KHAYA

haen

adverb/adjective. *far

hoe

adverb/adjective. *far

farn

adjective. enough

farn

adjective. enough

Cognates

• ᴹQ. fárea “enough, sufficient” ✧ Ety/PHAR; EtyAC/PHAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√PHAR “reach, go all the way, suffice” ✧ Ety/PHAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√PHAR > farn	[pʰarna] > [ɸarna] > [farna] > [farn]	✧ Ety/PHAR

ann

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anda “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD

Derivations

• On. anda “long”
• ᴹ✶andā “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD
  • ᴹ√ANAD “*long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. andeith “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
• N. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. anrand “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle” ✧ Ety/RAD
• N. Andrath
• N. Anduin “Great River”
• N. Anfalas “Langstrand”
• N. An(d)fang “Longbeard” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. annabon “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD
• N. Cair Andros
• N. ennin “Valian year”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶andā > and > ann	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ Ety/ÁNAD
ᴹ✶anda > anna-	[anda-] > [anna-]	✧ Ety/MBUD

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

Derivations

• ᴹ✶patnā “wide” ✧ Ety/PAT
  • ᴹ√PAT “*open, [ᴱ√] open, wide, spreading” ✧ Ety/PAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶patnā > pann	[patnā] > [padnā] > [padna] > [panna] > [pann]	✧ Ety/PAT

Variations

• pann ✧ Ety/PAT

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

Changes

• ûr → ûr “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. úra “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Derivations

• ᴹ√UR “wide, large, great” ✧ Ety/UR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√UR > ûr	[ūra] > [ūr]	✧ Ety/UR

Variations

• ûr ✧ Ety/UR; EtyAC/UR (ûr)

anann

adverb. long

Element in

• N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046

Elements

Word	Gloss
an	“of”
ann	“long”

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

Cognates

• ᴹQ. landa “wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad” ✧ Ety/LAD

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” ✧ Ety/LAD

Element in

• N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
• N. Lhandroval “Wide-winged”
• N. Lhothlann “Empty and Wide” ✧ Ety/LAD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAD > lhand > lhann	[landa] > [land] > [l̥and] > [l̥ann]	✧ Ety/LAD