long

adjective. heavy

lung

adjective. heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious

Sindarin adjective meaning “heavy” attested only in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (S/185). Given this name’s Quenya cognate Q. Lungumá (VT47/19), S. lung probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, where the [[s|[u] was prevented from become [o] by the presence of the nasal [ŋ]]].

The Gnomish glosses for this word from the 1910s included the more metaphorical senses of “grave, serious” (GL/55). It’s possible the Sindarin word could be used in this way as well.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was also G. lung (GL/55), an element in the name G. Mablung as well (LT2A/Mablung). Its primitive form was not given, but judging by the related word G. luntha- “to balance, weigh”, it might have been ✱ᴱ√LUŊU. The form ᴱN. lung “heavy” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s (PE13/122), but became ᴱN. lhung in the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary (PE13/163), after Tolkien decided that [[en|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]].

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin form of this word was N. lhong derived from primitive ᴹ✶lungā (Ety/LUG¹), where [[n|the [u] became [o] due to a-affection]]. At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer S. lung for the Sindarin word for “heavy”, but some Neo-Sindarin authors use the reformed word ᴺS. ^long, based on the Noldorin word lhong in The Etymologies, switching to a voiced [l] because the unvoicing of initial [l], [r] does not happen in Sindarin phonology.

long

heavy

long (pl. lyng);

long

adjective. heavy

long

heavy

(pl. lyng);

and

adjective. long

The Sindarin word for “long”, appearing as both and and ann, derived from primitive ✶andā based on the root √ANAD (PE17/12, 40, 90, 121; VT42/28). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. ann “long” of the same derivation (Ety/ÁNAD).

Possible Pronunciation: In one note from the mid-1960s Tolkien said “S †ann- only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) ‘gift’, and ann(on) ‘gate’, of different origin” (PE17/90) and in a note from 1959 Tolkien said “S ann/and rare except in old words or names as anduin” (PE17/40). Despite these claims of rarity, and/and appears in a very large number of compounds, far more than ann “gift”.

One way of resolving this ambiguity is to assume the normal pronunciation of this as a standalone word is and rather than ann, in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115). The reduction an(n) would then only occur in compounds like anann “for long” and Anfang “long beard”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {indra >>} in(d)ra “long (also used of time)” based on primitive ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51).

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

and

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

anach

place name. ?Long Neck

A pass between the Crissaegrim and Ered Gorgoroth (S/201). The meaning of the name is unclear, but it might be a compound of and “long” and ach “neck”. Alternately, it could be the cognate of Q. (a)nacca “narrows, pass” (PE17/166); this second etymology was suggested to me by Matt Dinse in a 2022-07-26 Discord conversation.

anann

adverb. (for) long

An adverb meaning “(for) long” in the phrase cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” (LotR/953; Let/448; PE17/102). It is a combination of an “for” with and “long”.

andram

place name. Long Wall

A wall of hills in Beleriand from Nargothrond to Ramdal, translated “Long Wall” (S/122). This name is a combination of and “long” and ram “wall” (SA/an(d), ram).

Conceptual Development: The name N. Andram first appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s with the same translation “Long Wall” (LR/262). It also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s with the same derivation as above (Ety/ÁNAD, RAMBĀ).

andras

place name. Long Cape

A cape south of Brithombar. This name is similar in form and has the same translation (“Long Cape”) as Andrast (WJ/189, note #56). It is also a combination of and “long” and ras(t) “cape”.

Conceptual Development: This name appeared on Tolkien’s private map of Beleriand (WJ/184) but not in the maps published in The Silmarillion. It is also mentioned in Tolkien’s Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/379).

andrast

place name. Long Cape

A cape in southwest Gondor translated “Long Cape” (UT/214, note #6). This name is a combination of and “long” and ras(t) “cape”.

Conceptual Development: An earlier form of this name Angast appeared in Tolkien’s essay on the “Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor” (VT42/8, 15), composed between 1967-9 (VT42/5). The revised name Andrast is mentioned in notes for the posthumously published story “Aldarion and Erendis” (UT/214, note #6). The name was first published in the Pauline Baynes poster map of Middle-earth, made in consulation with Tolkien in 1969 (RC/lxiv).

andrath

place name. Long Climb [or Long Street]

This name was used to two distinct tracks. The first is a road crossing the Greenway between the Barrow-downs and the South Downs (UT/348) and running from ancient Fornost down to Tharbad (TI/305). The second is the pass from Rivendell over the Misty Mountains translated by Christopher Tolkien as “long climb” (UT/271, 278 note #4). This name is a combination of and “long” and rath “(climbing) street”.

Conceptual Development: The road crossing the Greenway was first mentioned in Lord of the Rings drafts with the name N. Amrath (perhaps “✱up-course”), soon changed to Andrath (TI/72, 79). It also appeared on draft maps for the Lord of the Rings (TI/298, 305), but the name did not appear in the published book or its maps. The road was mentioned again in Tolkien’s private essays on “The Hunt for the Ring” (UT/348). I believe Tolkien intended name this road crossing the Greenway to mean something like “✱Long Street or Long Course”.

In a different essay on “The Disaster at Gladden Fields”, the name Andrath was applied to the “high-climbing pass” over the Misty Mountains [named only in this essay], the pass that Bilbo and the Dwarves used in the Hobbit, more fully named Cirith Forn en Andrath; Christopher Tolkien suggested in this second instance it meant “long climb” (UT/271, 278 note #4).

androth

place name. *Long Cave

Caves where Tuor dwelled in his youth (S/238). The name was not translated, but it is most likely a compound of and “long” and the lenited form roth of groth “cave”.

ann-thennath

proper name. *Long-shorts

A mode of Elvish verse (LotR/193), possibly a combination of and “long”, thent “short” and the class-plural suffix -ath, as suggested by Patrick Wynne and Carl Hostetter (Tolkien’s Legendarium, p. 115).

cair andros

place name. Ship of Long Foam

An island in the river Anduin (LotR/812), translated “Ship of Long Foam” (PM/371), sometimes appearing as just Andros “Long Foam (LotR/1115). This name is a combination of cair “ship”, and “long” and ross “foam, spray” (SA/an(d), ros).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this island was first named N. Tol Varad “Defended Isle”, soon revised to Men Falros “✱Place of Splashing Foam” (WR/326). Later in the drafts it was changed to N. Cairros “✱Ship Foam” then Andros before Tolkien settled on its full form N. Cair Andros (WR/340 note #15).

foen

place name. Long Sight

A mountain in Dorthonion appearing in Silmarillion map revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/183) and translated “Long Sight” in a philological fragment of uncertain date (WJ/187 note #32).

Achad Tarlang

place name. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech

topon. The long narrow 'col' or passage over the long spur of the mountains that separated Lamedon from the plain of Erech. It is not certain whether this was named after some ancient man with the Sindarin name Tarlang ('stiff-neck', sc. 'proud') or was due to the obsolescence of Tarlang 'the stiff, tough passage' to which S. ached had been prefixed in explanation, so that Achad Tarlang 'the crossing called Tarlang' was interpreted as 'Tarlang's Neck'. The neck was not the name of the passage but of the lower, narrower ridge (crossed by the road) between the main mountains, and the mountainous region at southern end of the spur. Fachad, lang

An(d)fang

noun. long beard

and (“long”) + fang (“beard”)

Andram

noun. long wall

and (“long”) + ramb (“wall”)

Andras(t)

noun. long cape

and (“long”) + #rast (#“shore”) #The second element is probably the same as in Nevrast and Haerast.

Andrath

noun. long climb

and (“long”) + rath (“course, passage”)

Androth

noun. long cave

and (“long”) + groth (“underground dwelling”)

Anduin

noun. long river

and (“long”) + duin (“long and large river”)

Anfalas

noun. long strand

and (“long”) + falas (“coast, beach, shore”)

Anfauglir

noun. long-thirsty-jaws (Carcharoth)

an(d) (“long”) + faug (“thirst”) + lîr (“row, range #of teeth”)

Cair Andros

noun. ship of long foam

cair (“ship”), and (“long”) + ros (“foam, rain”) Nd doesn’t become nn before r; the original form of ros would probably be ross, with the final s dropped at the end of a polysyllable [HKF].

anfangrim

noun. long bearded dwarves

and (“long”) + fang (“beard”) + rim (collective plural suffix)

angerthas

noun. long rune-rows

and (“long”) + certhas (“rune rows”) > certh (“a rune”) + as (#abstract colletive suffix)

finnel

noun. mass of long hair

n. mass of long hair. >> find, finn

ídha

long for

v. long for, desire. >> ídhra, ídhril. This gloss was rejected.

ídhra

long for

{ð} v. long for, desire. >> ídha, ídhril. This gloss was rejected.

ann-

prefix. long and far

_ pref. _long and far. Only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann 'gift' and ann(on) 'gate'.

andaith

noun. long-mark

andreth

noun. long-suffering, patience

cuio i pheriain anann

may the Halflings live long

foen

noun. long sight

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

andaith

noun. long-mark, sign used in writing alphabetic tengwar over a vowel, to indicate that it is lengthened.

angast

place name. Long Cape

An earlier form of Andrast appearing in Tolkien’s essay on the “Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor” (VT42/8, 15), composed between 1967-9 (VT42/5). The second element of this name appears to be the lenited form gast of an otherwise unattested word cast “cape”, perhaps related to the root √KAS “head”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/28, note #16).

angerthas

noun. runic alphabet, long rune-rows (extended version of the Certhas)

ann-thennath

noun. a verse mode, lit. "long-shorts" (alternance of long and short vowels, or rather alternance of long and short verse units, possibly of masculine and feminine rhymes)

The word is not translated by Tolkien. Refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 115 for a discussion of its probable meaning

duin

noun. (long and large) river (having strong current)

gûl

noun. magic lore, long study (being used mostly of secret knowledge, especially such as possessed by artificers who made wonderful things)

i arben na megil and

Knight of the Long Sword

imrath

noun. long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise

iphant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

laer

noun. song, long lay

loss

noun. snow (especially fallen or long-lying snow)

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

Andrath

Long Climb

Andrath means "Long Climb", apparently consisting of the Sindarin elements and + rath.

Anduin

long river or great river

Anduin is a Sindarin name meaning "long river" or "great river", composed of and + duin.

Cair Andros

Ship of Long Foam

The Sindarin name Cair Andros translates to "Ship of Long Foam". Cair means "ship", and means "long", and ros means (in this context at least) "foam".

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand. LONG RUNE-ROW (a certain system of runes) Angerthas (and + certhas). LONG YEAR (Valian year) ennin. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

andaith

long mark

andaith (no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters.

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

iphant

long-lived

iphant (aged, literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E. LONG-SNOUTED ONE (= elephant), annabon, pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

Andrath

long climb

andrath (high pass), pl. endraith,

Andrath

long climb

andrath (high pass), pl. endraith.

anann

for a long time

anann.

anann

for a long time

.

andrann

noun. cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle

andrath

long climb

(high pass), pl. endraith,

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

brûn

long endured/established/in use

brûn (old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

brûn

long endured

under

brûn

long established

under

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

brûn

long in use

under

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

glaer

long lay

glaer (i **laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer**)

glaer

long lay

glaer (i **laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer**);

glaer

long lay

(i ’laer) (narrative poem), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glaer)

iphant

long-lived

iphant (aged, literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

long-lived

(aged,  literally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

taen

long (and thin)

taen (lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

caul

heavy burden

(i gaul, o chaul) (affliction), pl. coel (i choel), coll. pl. colath; 

dram

heavy stroke

(i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim)

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.