lam

tongue

_ n. _tongue. Q. lambe. >> lammen

lam

noun. echo

lam

noun. (physical) tongue; language, (physical) tongue; language, [G.] speech

lam

noun. physical tongue

lam

noun. language

lammas

proper name. Account of Tongues

A book by Pengolodh describing the Elvish languages, translated “Account of Tongues” (MR/415, WJ/393). It is a combination of lam “language” with the abstract-noun suffix -as.

Conceptual Development: Tolkien wrote an excerpt from this book in the 1930s, first titled Lammas but soon revised to N. Lhammas (LR/167), because [[n|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]] in his conception of the languages during this time period. Later the name changed back to S. Lammas when Tolkien abandoned this particular phonetic development.

lammoth

place name. Great Echo

The valley where Morgoth bellowed in pain under the attack of Ungoliant, translated “Great Echo” (S/106), so named because echoes of his cries could still be heard (S/80). It is a combination of lam “echo” with the augmentative suffix -oth. As pointed out by Christoper Tolkien, this name is undoubtedly related to NS. lóm “echo” (SA/lóm).

lammen

adjective. of tongue, spoken with tongue

An adjective for “of tongue, spoken with tongue” appearing in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/46). In Notes on Names (NN) from 1957 Tolkien instead gave lammen as the first singular possessive (“my”) form of S. lam “tongue” as part of a paradigm of possessive suffixes (PE17/46), which is more consistent with the translation “of my tongue” from The Lord of the Rings in the phrase fennas nogothrim, lasto beth lammen (LotR/307). The existence of the possessive form doesn’t necessarily preclude the existence of the adjective; see the discussion of Sindarin possessive pronouns for more information.

Lamthanc

noun. forked tonue

lam(b) (“tongue”) + thanc (“split, forked”)

lammen

noun. my tongue

There was a long controverse between linguists, as to know whether this form was an adjective ("of the tongue, related to the tongue") or the word lam.1 with a suffixed possessive ("my"). See guren for a similar form

lammen

suffix. my tongue

_ n. & poss. suff. my tongue. fennas nogothrim lasto beth lammen _'doorway of the Dwarf-folk listen to the words of my tongue'. Q. lambenya. >> -en, lam

lammad

noun. *echoing

lamath

noun. echoing voices

lammas

noun. account of tongues

lam

tongue

(both body-part and = ”dialect, language”) lam (pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath). (WJ:394, 416) Not: lam is also used = ”echo, voice, echoing voice”.

lam

tongue

(pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath). (WJ:394, 416) Not: lam is also used = ”echo, voice, echoing voice”.

lam

echoing voice

lam, pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath.

lam

echoing voice)

specially ECHOING VOICE) lam, pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath

lam

echoing voice

pl. laim, coll. pl. lammath.

lammad

sound of voices

lammad, pl. lemmaid. May also be spelt with a single m. RUSTLING SOUND (also = ”whisper”) *lhoss (?i thloss or ?i loss [the lenition product of lh is uncertain],_ _construct lhos), pl. lhyss (?i lyss). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloss, floss*. Also (with same meaning) rhoss (?i thross or ?i ross_ _ the lenition product of rh- is uncertain; construct rhos) (whisper), pl. rhyss (?idh ryss). Suggested S form of ”N” thross*. Adj.

lammas

account of tongues

Lammas

lammen

my tongue

lammen.

lamma- Speculative

verb. to echo

lammad

sound of voices

pl. lemmaid. May also be spelt with a single m.

lammad

echo

pl. lemmad. May also be spelt with a single m.

lammas

account of tongues

lammen

my tongue

.

rath celerdain

place name. Lampwrights’ Street

A street in Minas Tirith translated “Lampwrights’ Street” (LotR/768), a combination of rath “street” and the plural of calardan “lampwright” (RC/523, PE17/96).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name first appeared as (singular) N. Rath a Chalardain >> (plural) Rath a Chelerdain (WR/388). This form seems to included the genitive preposition N. an “of”, elided and causing nasal mutation of the following noun, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.25).

calardan

noun. lampwright

A word for a “lampwright” (PE17/96; RC/523), appearing in its plural form in the name Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street” (LotR/768).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts of the 1940s it appeared in the mutated plural forms chalardain and chelerdain (WR/287, 388)

calar

noun. lamp

n. lamp. >> calardan

calardan

lampwright

pl1. celerdain n. lampwright. Q. calmatan. >> calar

gorbedui

adjective. lamentable to tell

_ adj. _lamentable to tell (only to be used with horror or grief). >> dirbedui, gor-

calardan

noun. lampwright

conath

noun. lamentation

glam

shouting

glam (i **lam) (din, uproar, confused yelling of beasts; tumult, confused noise; a body of Orcs), pl. glaim (in glaim), coll. pl. glammath**

glamor

echo

(noun) glamor (i **lamor), banalogical pl. glemyr (in glemyr**). Archaic *glamr, glambr. ECHO (or, sound of voices) lammad, pl. lemmad. May also be spelt with a single m.

glamor

echo

(i ’lamor), banalogical pl. glemyr (in glemyr). Archaic ✱glamr, glambr.

calar

noun. (portable) lamp

A noun for a “(portable) lamp” in the word calardan “lampwright” (PE17/96; RC/523), which appear as a plural in the name Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street” (LotR/768).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. dant “lamp”, but this word was deleted (GL/29).

calar

noun. (portable) lamp

gorbedui

adjective. only to be said with horror or grief, lamentable to tell

naer

adjective. sad, lamentable

naergon

noun. woeful lament

lavan

noun. animal

A word for an “animal” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, where Tolkien said it “usually only applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds” (WJ/416). It was derived from the root √LAM in the sense “inarticulate voiced sound”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱN. lafn was mentioned as a cognate to ᴱQ. lama “animal” in the Early Qenya Phonology from the 1920s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶labna (PE14/70).

calar

lamp

#calar (i galar, o chalar), pl. celair (i chelair). Isolated from the pl. compound celerdain "lampwrights", sg. *calardan.

calar

lamp

(i galar, o chalar), pl. celair (i chelair). Isolated from the pl. compound celerdain "lampwrights", sg. ✱calardan.

conath

lamentation

(i chonath), formed from caun "outcry, clamour, cry, should", was used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362)

nírnaeth

lamentation

1) nírnaeth (literally ”tear-gnashing”); no distinct pl. form. 2) The collective plural conath (i chonath), formed from caun "outcry, clamour, cry, should", was used = "lamentation" (PM:345, 362)

ŷl

noun. lamb

Calarind

noun. Lamp of thought

calardan

lampwright

calardan (i galardan, o chalardan), pl. celerdain (i chelerdain)

calardan

lampwright

(i galardan, o chalardan), pl. celerdain (i chelerdain)****

naer

lamentable

naer (dreadful, sad, woeful); no distinct pl. form.

naer

lamentable

(dreadful, sad, woeful); no distinct pl. form.

noe

lament

(noun) *noe (no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

noe

lament

(no distinct pl. form). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” nui.

nírnaeth

lamentation

(literally ”tear-gnashing”); no distinct pl. form.

naena-

verb. to lament, wail for, make moan for, weep

naergon

woeful lament

(pl. naergoen)

norna-

verb. to complain of, bewail, lament

-en

suffix. my

_1st sg. poss. suff. my.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Later -nin_. >> lammen, -nin

nûr

adjective. sad

For an earlier discussion, see Klockzo, 4th volume, p. 160 §147: The meaning of Núrnen long remained highly hypothetical. The current definition is based on Christopher Tolkien's index to UT and on the unfinished index of names published in RC. The Gnomish Lexicon listed nur- (nauri) "growl, grumble", nurn "plaint, lament, a complaint" and nurna- "bewail, lament, complain of" (PE/11:61). Likewise, the Qenyaqetsa included a root NURU- with several derivatives with similar meanings (PE/12:68). See also Q. nurrula "mumbling" (from nurru- "murmur, grumble") in the final version of the poem The Last Ark (MC/222-23). Patrick Wynne therefore noted: S. *nûr in Núrnen "Sad Water" is apparently "sad" in the sense "bewailing, lamenting, complaining, grumbling", no doubt a reference to the general mood of the hapless laborers in "the great slave-worked fields" beside the lake. (See Lambengolmor/856-860)

golof

noun. consonant

< wā-lāma

dem

sad

1) dem (gloomy), lenited dhem, pl. dhim; 2) naer (dreadful, lamentable, woeful); no distinct pl. form. 3) nûr (pl. nuir). Note: homophones mean ”deep” and ”race”.

gaer

dreadful

1) gaer (awful, fearful; holy); lenited aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea". 2) naer (lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.

naer

dreadful

(lamentable, woeful, sad); no distinct pl. form.

naer

sad

(dreadful, lamentable, woeful); no distinct pl. form.

nín

my

nín (following a noun with article: i adar nín, ”my father”). Not to be confused with nîn ”watery, wet” or as noun ”tear”, or the pl. form of nên ”water”. In a very few attested cases, the pronoun ”my” appears as an ending -en added to a noun (lammen ”my tongue”, guren ”my heart”).

nín

my

(following a noun with article: i adar nín, ”my father”). Not to be confused with nîn ”watery, wet” or as noun ”tear”, or the pl. form of nên ”water”. – In a very few attested cases, the pronoun ”my” appears as an ending -en added to a noun (lammen ”my tongue”, guren ”my heart”).

dring

noun. hammer, hammer, *beater

law

noun. sound

dring

noun. hammer

Lossoth

noun. the Snowmen

anfangrim

noun. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

anglennatha

verb. (he) will approach

avo

verb. don't!

Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro

avon

verb. I won't

baw

interjection. no, don't!

calad

gerund noun. light

calad

noun. light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> galad

conath

noun. many voices

cuio

verb. live!

daer

adjective. dreadful

_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, ghastly.

dagorath

noun. all the battles

drúwaith

noun. the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.)

falathrim

noun. people of the Falas

galad

noun. light, radiance, glittering, reflection (from jewels, glass or polished metal, or water)

galad

light

_ n. _light, fire, brightness, shining. >> calad, Caras Galadon

galadh

noun. tree

galadh

tree

_n. Bot._tree, like oak (nordh) and beech. A galadh was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn

galadh

tree

{ð} n. tree. In Sindarin, there was no much distinction in size between galað and orn. A galað was more thick, dense and branching than a orn. Birch, ash and oak are of the orn kind. Q. alda. >> orn

galadh

noun. tree

The basic Sindarin word for “tree” (LotR/1113), derived from primitive ✶galadā and very well attested. This word dates back at least to The Etymologies of the 1930s, where N. galadh “tree” appeared under the root ᴹ√GALAD (Ety/GALAD). See also orn “(tall) tree” of similar meaning.

Conceptual Development: Gnomish of the 1910s had some earlier version of this “tree” word: G. galdon >> alwen “tree” in the Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin (PE15/24) and archaic/poetic G. †alwen “tree” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/19), the latter probably from the early root ᴱ√ALA “spread” that was the basis for ᴱQ. alda “tree” (QL/29).

galadhad

noun. the Two Trees of Valinor

glim

noun. voice, voice, *utterance

goeol

adjective. dreadful, terrifying

lavan

noun. animal (usually applied to four-footed beasts, and never to reptiles or birds)

lebethron

noun. a tree - its black wood was used by the woodwrights of Gondor

In the original manuscript, one of the earlier (rejected) form of this name was lebendron. Didier Willis proposed the etymology lebed+doron "finger-oak", actually a real tree name (Finger Oak or Quercus digitata)

leweg

noun. snake

_ n. _snake.

lhûg

noun. snake, serpent

lâf

verb. (he) licks

lôd

verb. (he) floats

lýg

noun. snake

_ n. Zoo. _snake. Q. leuka.

lŷg

noun. snake

lŷg

noun. snake

The best known Sindarin word for “snake”, appearing in Appendix E of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1115). In 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD), Tolkien said it was derived from the root √LEWEK “worm” (PE17/160), likely from ✱leukā where the ancient eu became ȳ as was usual in Sindarin (LotR/1115).

malhorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

mallorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

malthorn

noun. golden tree of Lothlórien

naer

adjective. dreadful

_ adj. _dreadful, horrible, unendurable. Q. naira.

noro

verb. run! ride!

Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. A verb nor- is attested in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:61, with the meaning "to run, roll"

nín

adjective. my

The acute accent in nín has sometimes been regarded as an error for a slanted macron in the manuscript, since all the other attested personal adjectives from Sauron defeated all have a circumflex accent. It was however noted that if the acute accent is confirmed, then this word is probably an enclitic, see HL/73. The acute accent is now confirmed by VT/44

nín

pronoun. my

orn

noun. (any large) tree

oron

noun. tree

n. Bot. tree. Also in compound -(o)rŏnō. >> orn

pêd

verb. (he) says

rammas

noun. (great) wall

rochirrim

noun. horse-lords, the people of Rohan

romru

noun. sound of horns

rû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

ónen

noun. I gave

Written onen in some editions of LotR. In the Qenyaqetsa, Qenya anta- is marked as having an irregular past tense áne. Assuming the same sound-shifts as observed in other words, this would indeed lead to onen in Sindarin, see PE/12:31 and TT/14:48-49

ú

prefix. no, not (negative prefix or particle)

û

interjection. no

adv. or interj. no, not (of fact).

baw!

no

! (interjection expressing refusal or prohibition, not denying facts) baw! (dont!) Prefix

baw!

no

(don’t!) Prefix

calad

light

_(noun) _1) calad (i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i **aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i **âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

calad

light

(i galad, o chalad), pl. celaid (i chelaid), 2) gaul (i ’aul), pl. goel (i ngoel = i ñoel), coll. pl. golath. Note: A homophone means "wolf-howl", but has different mutations. 3) (bright light) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid). 4) gâl (gal-, -al in compounds, with article i ’âl), pl. gail (i ngail = i ñail).

dam

hammer

(noun) 1) dam (i nam, o ndam), pl. daim (i ndaim), coll. pl. dammath, 2) dring (i dhring), no distinct pl. form except with article (in dring).

dam

hammer

(i nam, o ndam), pl. daim (i ndaim), coll. pl. dammath

damma

hammer

(verb) damma- (i namma, i ndammar), pa.t. dammant (VT45:37)

damma

hammer

(i namma, i ndammar), pa.t. dammant (VT45:37)

dem

sad

(gloomy), lenited dhem, pl. dhim

dring

hammer

(i dhring), no distinct pl. form except with article (in dring).

gaer

dreadful

(awful, fearful; holy); lenited ’aear; no distinct pl. form. Note: homophones mean "reddish, copper-coloured, ruddy" and also "sea".

gail

light

(adjective) 1) gail (bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18), 2) lim (clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

gail

light

(bright), lenited ngail, no distinct pl. form (VT45:18)

galadh

tree

1) galadh (i **aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302). 2) orn (pl. yrn**). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.

galadh

tree

(i ’aladh), pl. gelaid (i ngelaidh = i ñelaidh) (Letters:426, SD:302).

galadhon

of or related to trees

(lenited ‘aladhon, pl. galadhoen). Archaic ✱galadhaun. The latter is based on David Salo’s analysis of the name Caras Galadhon; others have interpreted the last word as some kind of genitive plural, maybe influenced by Silvan Elvish.

galadhrim

people of the trees

(Elves of Lórien). Adj.

glaur

golden light

(i ’laur), pl. gloer (in gloer).

glawar

sunlight

(i ’lawar) (gold, radiance of the Golden Tree Laurelin), pl. glewair (in glewair) if there is a pl. (VT41:10)

glóren

shining with golden light

(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin

gú

no, not

also ú

huorn

walking tree of fangorn

(i chuorn, o chuorn), pl. huyrn (i chuyrn).

lae-

verb. to not be

lav-

verb. to lick

lavan

animal

(quadrupedal mammal) lavan, pl. levain (WJ:416)

lavan

animal

pl. levain (WJ:416)

lebethron

oak tree

.

lhûn

making sound

lenited ?thlûn or ?lûn (the lenition product of lh is uncertain), pl. lhuin. Verb

lim

light

(clear, sparkling), no distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means ”fish”.

lŷg

snake

1) lŷg (constuct lyg), no distinct pl. form. 2) lhûg (construct lhug, with article ?i thlûg or ?i lûg the lenition product of lh is uncertain) (dragon, serpent), pl. lhuig (?i luig). See SERPENT.

maenor

noun. craftsman

nellad

sound of bells

(pl. nellaid);

nothlir

family tree

(family line); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.

nûr

sad

(pl. nuir). Note: homophones mean ”deep” and ”race”.

orn

tree

(pl. yrn). Note: a homophone means ”tall”.

romru

sound of horns

pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry;

toss

low-growing tree

(i** doss, o thoss, construct tos), pl. tyss (i** thyss). Tolkien mentioned ”maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.” as examples of the low-growing trees covered by this word. Specific trees, see

û

noun. voice