Quenya 

yaisa

steel

yaisa noun "steel" (GL:37)

erë

iron

erë, eren noun "iron" or "steel"; Eremandu variant of Angamandu (Angband) (LT1:252; "iron" should be anga in LotR-style Quenya, but erë, eren may still be used for "steel". See also yaisa.)

tornanga

noun/adjective. hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel

Cognates

anga

iron

anga noun "iron", also name of tengwa #7 (ANGĀ, Appendix E, SA, PM:347, LT1:249, 268). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, anga was the name of letter #19, which tengwa Tolkien would later call noldo instead (VT45:6). Masc. names Angamaitë "Iron-handed" (Letters:347), Angaráto "Iron-champion", Sindarin Angrod(SA:ar(a) ). See also Angamando, tornanga and cf. Angainor as the name of the chain with which Melkor was bound (Silm)

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347; SA/anga

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Element in

  • Q. Angainor ✧ SA/anga
  • Q. Angamaitë “Iron-handed” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. Angamando “Iron Prison, Iron-gaol”
  • Q. Angaráto “*Iron Champion” ✧ PM/347
  • Q. Artanga “*Noble Iron”
  • ᴺQ. angaraxa “train”
  • ᴺQ. angatië “railway line, railroad track, (lit.) iron-road”
  • ᴺQ. angamendar “train station, (lit.) iron way-stop”
  • Q. tornanga “hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel” ✧ PE17/056

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶angā > anga[aŋgā] > [aŋga]✧ PM/347
Quenya [LotR/1122; PE17/056; PM/347; SA/anga] Group: Eldamo. Published by

axë

noun. steel

Derivations

  • ᴺ✶. GAK “steel”

Element in

  • ᴺQ. axina “(of) steel, like steel”

Sindarin 

angren

adjective. of iron

Sindarin [Ety/348, S/428] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Sindarin [Ety/348, S/428, PM/347] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

iron

ang; adj.

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347; SA/anga

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Element in

  • S. Angband “Iron Prison” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angbor “*Iron-fist”
  • S. Anghabar “Iron-delvings” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Anglachel “*Iron-of-the-flaming-star” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angmar “*Iron Home” ✧ RC/020
  • S. angren “of iron” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angrist “Iron-cleaver” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angrod “*Iron Champion” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Angruin “Iron Fire”
  • S. Anguirel “*Iron-of-the-fiery-star” ✧ SA/anga
  • S. Gurthang “Iron of Death” ✧ SA/anga
  • ᴺS. hadang “javelin, (lit.) hurling iron”
  • ᴺS. thornang “steel”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶angā > ang[aŋgā] > [aŋga] > [aŋg] > [aŋ]✧ PM/347
Sindarin [PM/347; RC/020; SA/anga] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ang

iron

; adj.

gaes

noun. steel

@@@ very dubious etymology, revisit

Derivations

  • ᴺ✶. GAK “steel”

Element in

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

thornang

noun. steel

Cognates

  • Q. tornanga “hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel”

Elements

WordGloss
thorn“steadfast”
ang“iron”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

angren

of iron

(pl. engrin);

angwedh

iron-bond

(pl. engwidh)

Telerin 

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347

Derivations

  • ✶angā “iron” ✧ PM/347

Primitive elvish

anga

root. iron

The root √ANGA was established as the Primitive Elvish root for “iron” quite early in Tolkien’s writing, with the derivatives Q. anga and S. ang. The form ANGA appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/31) serving as both the root and the Early Qenya form, and G. ang appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19). The root ᴹ√ANGĀ reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/ANGĀ), and it appeared once more in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 (PM/366).

Derivatives

  • ✶angā “iron”
    • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
    • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347
    • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
Primitive elvish [PM/366] Group: Eldamo. Published by

angā

noun. iron

Derivations

Derivatives

  • Q. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • S. ang “iron” ✧ PM/347
  • T. anga “iron” ✧ PM/347
Primitive elvish [PM/347] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gak Reconstructed

root. steel

Derivatives

  • ᴺQ. axë “steel”
  • ᴺS. gaes “steel”

Noldorin 

angren

adjective. of iron

Noldorin [Ety/348, S/428] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Noldorin [Ety/348, S/428, PM/347] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. anga “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ANGA “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ANGĀ > ang[aŋgā] > [aŋga] > [aŋg] > [aŋ]✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Noldorin [Ety/ANGĀ; Ety/WED] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • N. ang “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ANGA “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. angaina “of iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
  • ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ANGĀ > anga[aŋgā] > [aŋga]✧ Ety/ANGĀ
Qenya [Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ; PE22/021; PE22/022; PE22/051] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

anga

root. iron

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶angā
  • ᴹQ. anga “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ
  • N. ang “iron” ✧ Ety/ANGĀ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. Angamanda “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ EtyAC/ANGĀ (Angavanda)
  • N. Angband “Iron Prison, Hells of Iron” ✧ EtyAC/ANGĀ (Angband)

Variations

  • ANGĀ ✧ Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ (ANGĀ)
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANGĀ; EtyAC/ANGĀ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gais

noun. steel

Cognates

  • Eq. yakse “steel” ✧ GL/37; GL/37

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ı̯aisa ✧ GL/37; GL/37
    • ᴱ√YAYA “*steel, possession”

Element in

  • G. gaisin “of steel” ✧ GL/37
  • G. gaithrin “like steel” ✧ GL/37

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶ı̯aisa > gais[jaisa] > [gaisa] > [gais]✧ GL/37
ᴱ✶ı̯aksĕ > gais[jakse] > [gakse] > [gaks] > [gaxs] > [gais]✧ GL/37
Gnomish [GL/37; LT1A/Ilsaluntë] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Eq. anga “iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi

Element in

  • G. Angband “Hells of Iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi; PE13/110
  • G. Angol “Ironcliffs” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Eriol
  • G. angrin “of iron, iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi
  • G. Angorodin “Iron Mountains” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi
  • G. hadang “javelin, (lit.) hurling iron” ✧ GL/48
Gnomish [GL/19; GL/48; LT1A/Angaino; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Eriol; PE13/110] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

ang

noun. iron

Cognates

  • Eilk. ank ✧ PE13/159
  • Eq. anga “iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • Et. anga ✧ PE13/159

Element in

  • En. angeb “like iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • En. angren “of iron” ✧ PE13/159
  • En. angath “fetters” ✧ PE13/159
Early Noldorin [PE13/137; PE13/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

eðe

root. *iron, steel

Variations

  • ‘EÐE ✧ QL/105
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yaya

root. *steel, possession

A root implied by the primitive form {ᴱ✶ı̯aksĕ >>} ᴱ✶ı̯aisa in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that was the basis for derivatives like G. gais/ᴱQ. yaisa “steel” and similar words (GL/37); in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon, the word was ᴱQ. Y̯akse “steel”, consistent with the deleted form in GL (QL/105). In the Early Qenya Grammar and English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s, the Qenya word was ᴱQ. akse “steel” (PE14/48, 81; PE15/77). I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root √GAK “steel” to salvage these early words.

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶ı̯aisa
    • Eq. yakse “steel” ✧ GL/37; GL/37
    • G. gais “steel” ✧ GL/37; GL/37
  • ᴱ✶yai-ka ✧ GL/43
    • G. gaig “weapon, tool” ✧ GL/43
  • Eq. yaim- “to possess”
  • Eq. yaima “implement”
  • G. gôtha- “to possess, have, hold” ✧ GL/43

Variations

  • yai ✧ GL/43 (yai)
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/43] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yere(ne)

root. *iron

This root appeared in two different forms in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: as ᴱ√DYEÐE = ‘EÐE equivalent of ᴱQ. anga “iron” (QL/105), and as ERE(N) “iron or steel” = ᴱ√YEREN (QL/36). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had related forms G. ger “ore, metal” and G. geth “ore of metals (esp. raw iron)” (GL/38); the second of these was deleted, which probably means Tolkien selected ᴱ√YEREN over ᴱ√DYEÐE. In any cases, none of these forms appear in later writings, where Tolkien largely used √ANGA for “iron”.

Derivatives

  • Eq. yere(n) “pig iron” ✧ QL/105
  • G. ger “ore, metal” ✧ GL/38
  • G. geth “ore of metals (esp. raw iron)” ✧ GL/38

Variations

  • yĕrĕ(n) ✧ GL/38
  • YEREN ✧ QL/036
  • DYEÐE ✧ QL/105
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/38; QL/036; QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

akse

noun. steel

Element in

Early Quenya [PE14/048; PE14/081; PE15/77] Group: Eldamo. Published by

aksina

adjective. steel

Early Quenya [PE15/77] Group: Eldamo. Published by

yaisa

noun. steel

yakse

noun. steel

Changes

  • yakse → yaisa ✧ GL/37

Cognates

  • G. gais “steel” ✧ GL/37; GL/37

Derivations

  • ᴱ✶ı̯aisa ✧ GL/37; GL/37
    • ᴱ√YAYA “*steel, possession”

Element in

  • Eq. yaksina “of steel” ✧ QL/105

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ✶ı̯aisa > yaisa[jaisā] > [jaisa]✧ GL/37
ᴱ✶ı̯aksĕ > yakse[jaksē] > [jakse]✧ GL/37

Variations

  • yaisa ✧ GL/37; GL/37
  • yakse ✧ GL/37 (yakse)
  • Y̯akse ✧ QL/105
Early Quenya [GL/37; QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ere(n)

noun. iron, steel

Cognates

  • G. ger “ore, metal” ✧ GL/38

Derivations

  • ᴱ√EÐE “out”

Element in

  • Eq. Eremandu “Hells of Iron” ✧ LT1A/Eriol; QL/036
  • Eq. Eriollo “Ironcliffs” ✧ LT1A/Eriol

Variations

  • ĕrĕ(n) ✧ GL/38
  • ERE(N) ✧ QL/036
Early Quenya [GL/38; LT1A/Eriol; QL/036] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tongo

noun. iron

Derivations

  • ᴱ√TOŊO “to hammer” ✧ QL/094

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√TOŊO > tongo[toŋō] > [toŋo] > [toŋgo]✧ QL/094
Early Quenya [QL/094] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anga

noun. iron

Cognates

  • G. ang “iron” ✧ GL/19; LT1A/Angamandi
  • En. ang “iron” ✧ PE13/159

Element in

  • Eq. angaina “of iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Angamandi “Hells of Iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Angasan “Halls of Iron”
  • Eq. Angien “Iron-god”
  • Eq. Angoronti “Mountains of Iron” ✧ LT1A/Angamandi; QL/031
  • Eq. Tilkal ✧ LT1/100; LT1A/Tilkal

Variations

  • Anga ✧ LT1/100
  • ANGA ✧ QL/031
Early Quenya [GL/19; LT1/100; LT1A/Angamandi; LT1A/Tilkal; PE13/159; PE14/107; QL/031; QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by