tuilë

noun. spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green

Cognates

• S. ethuil “spring, spring [the season]” ✧ LotR/1107
• S. tuil “spring”
• Van. twílë “spring” ✧ PE19/107

Derivations

• √TUY “sprout, bud” ✧ VT39/07

Element in

• Q. tuilérë “*spring-day”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TUJU > tuile	[tuile]	✧ VT39/07

Variations

• tuile ✧ PE19/107; VT39/07

tuilérë

spring-day

tuilérë noun *"Spring-day", a day outside the months in the Steward's Reckoning, inserted between Súlimë and Víressë (rough equivalents of March and April). In Tolkien's early "Qenya", Tuilérë was simply glossed "Spring" (LT1:269).

tuia-

sprout, spring

tuia- vb. "sprout, spring" (Tolkien's gloss is actually "sprouts, springs", since tuia is also the 3rd pers. sg. present tense [or aorist]) (TUY)

tuilë

spring, spring-time

tuilë noun "spring, spring-time", also used = "dayspring, early morn" (VT39:7, TUY), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition. Cf. tuilérë, q.v. (Appendix D) - In early "Qenya", the word tuilë is glossed "Spring", but it is said that it literally refers to a "budding", also used collectively for "buds, new shoots, fresh green" (LT1:269). Cf. tuima in Tolkien's later Quenya.

sirilla

flowing

sirilla participle *"flowing", "Qenya" participle of siri- "flow" (Narqelion, cf. QL:xiv)

ehtelë

issue of water, spring

ehtelë noun "issue of water, spring" (SA:kel-, KEL, ET). Compare "Qenya" ectelë ("k")"fountain" (LT1:257, LT2:338; in LotR-style Quenya ehtelë).

ehtelë

noun. spring, issue of water

A noun glossed “spring, issue of water”, derived from the primitive form ✶et-kelē, literally “✱out-flow”, but in ancient times the [tk] was transposed to [kt] giving ektelē (SA/kel; Ety/KEL). In Quenya, this kt became ht [xt].

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, this word appeared as ᴱQ. ektele “fountain”, a variant of ᴱQ. kektele (QL/35). This word was mentioned in a number of other documents from this period, including the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/31), the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/46), and the Name-list to the Fall of Gondolin (PE15/23). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it appeared as ᴱQ. ehtil (PE13/136, 158). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as ᴹQ. ehtele with the gloss and derivation given above (Ety/ET, KEL).

Cognates

• S. eithel “source, spring, well, source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain” ✧ SA/kel

Derivations

• ✶et-kelē “spring, issue of water” ✧ SA/kel

Element in

• ᴺQ. laucehtelë “hot spring”

sirea

adjective. flowing, liquid

tuima

sprout, bud

tuima noun "sprout, bud" (TUY)

Mairen

well

Mairen fem. name(UT:210), initial element perhaps related or identical to mai "well". The second element is obscure; the root REN "recall, have in mind" (PM:372) could be related; if so the name may imply "well remembered", "(of) good memory" or something similar. It may also connect with the adj. maira, q.v. and compare the masc. name Mairon (PE18:163).

celu

stream

celu _("k")_noun "stream" (LT1:257; rather celumë in LotR-style Quenya)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

celumë

stream, flow

celumë ("k")noun "stream, flow" (KEL, LT1:257); locative pl. celumessen ("k") in Markirya (ëar-celumessen is translated "in the flowing sea", lit. *"in sea-streams").

mai

well

mai (1) adv. "well" (VT47:6), apparently also used as prefix (PE17:17:162, 163, 172)

mai

adverb. well, well; [ᴱQ.] too much

Cognates

• S. mae “well; excellent, admirable” ✧ PE17/162

Derivations

• √MAY “excellent, admirable, beautiful; make [art]; suitable, useful, proper, serviceable; right” ✧ PE17/162
• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/162; VT47/06

Element in

• Q. mai- “excellent, admirable, excellent, admirable; *well, happily” ✧ PE17/162
• ᴺQ. maicámima “acceptable, (lit.) well-receivable”
• ᴺQ. maicarindo “benefactor”
• ᴺQ. maisinwa “well-known, notable, famous”
• ᴺQ. maitulië “welcome thing, happy arrival”
• ᴺQ. maitulya “welcome”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAY > maie	[maje]	✧ PE17/162
√MAG > maie	[magje] > [maɣje] > [maije]	✧ PE17/162
√MAG > mai	[magje] > [maɣje] > [maije]	✧ VT47/06

Variations

• maie ✧ PE17/162 (maie); PE17/162 (maie)

cap-

verb. leap

celumë

noun. flowing, flood (tide), stream, flow(ing), stream, flood (tide); [ᴱQ.] fountain, spring

A word for a stream or flow of water or other liquid, also for a flood tide, derived from the root ᴹ√KEL(U) (MC/223; Ety/KEL).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, the words ᴱQ. kelu and kelume were glossed “stream” and derived from ᴱ√KELE or ᴱ√KELU “flow” (QL/46). In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa, however, ᴱQ. kelu was glossed “fountain, spring” (PME/46). ᴹQ. kelume “stream, flow” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of ᴹ√KEL “go, run (especially of water), flow away downhill” (Ety/KEL), and kelume appeared in the glossary to the 1960s version of the Markirya poem with the glosses “flowing, flood (tide), stream” (MC/223).

Derivations

• √KEL “flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle”

Element in

• Q. ëar-celumessen “in the flowing sea” ✧ MC/222
• ᴺQ. helcelmë “glacier; (lit.) frozen flow”
• ᴺQ. laicelumir “malachite (lit.) green-flowing-jewel”

Variations

• kelume ✧ MC/223

mandë

well

mandë (2) adv. "well" (VT49:26; this is "Qenya"). Rather mai in Tolkiens later Quenya.

tampo

well

tampo noun "well" (QL:93)

halta-

to leap

halta- vb. "to leap" (LT1:254)

locta-

sprout, put forth leaves or flowers

locta- _("k")_vb."sprout, put forth leaves or flowers" (LT1:258; this would have to become *lohta- in LotR-style Quenya, but later forms like losta- "to bloom" and tuia- "to sprout, spring" are to be preferred.)

ehtelu-

verb. well, bubble out

celwë

noun. spring, source

A neologism for “spring, source” created by Boris Shapiro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, equivalent to N. celw. I prefer ᴺQ. celu as an adaptation of ᴱQ. qelu.

Cognates

• N. celw “spring, source”

Derivations

• √KEL “flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle”

tampo

noun. well

Derivations

• √TAM “construct, construct; [ᴹ√] knock, [ᴱ√] beat; smelt, forge”

ethuil

noun. spring, spring [the season]

Cognates

• Q. tuilë “spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green” ✧ LotR/1107

Element in

• S. anglennatha i Varanduiniant erin dolothen Ethuil “will approach the Bridge of Baranduin on the eighth day of Spring” ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

Variations

• Ethuil ✧ AotM/062; SD/129

tuil

noun. spring

Cognates

• Q. tuilë “spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green”

Element in

• S. Thranduil “Vigorous Spring” ✧ PE17/027

celu

noun. spring, source

ethuil

noun. season of spring

sirith

noun. flowing

sirith

place name. Flowing

A river in Gondor appearing on the maps of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/1186), it is simply the gerund sirith “flowing” used as a name (SA/sîr, VT42/11).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, N. Sirith appeared the list of rivers of Gondor (TI/312).

sirith

noun. flowing

Element in

• S. Sirith “Flowing” ✧ SA/sîr

Elements

Word	Gloss
SIR	“flow”
-th	“abstract noun”

Variations

• Sirith ✧ SA/sîr; VT42/11

eithel

noun. source, spring, well, source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain

A Sindarin noun for a source of water (RC/772). It appeared as an element in several names, such as Mitheithel, the Sindarin name for the river Hoarwell (LotR/200). From its glosses, it seems it could apply to a variety of water sources, including springs, wells and fountains (RC/772, SA/eithel, LR/301). It was derived from the primitive form ✶et-kelē, literally “✱out-flow”, but in ancient times the [tk] was transposed to [kt] giving ektelē (SA/kel; Ety/KEL). In Sindarin, this pair of voiceless stops became spirants [xθ], and then the [[s|[x] vocalized to [i]]] to form the diphthong [ei].

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, there were two distinct precursors to this word, G. aithl “spring” (GL/18) and G. {ecthel >>} ectheluin “fountain, fount” (GL/31) or ecthelin (GL/25); the latter’s form was ecthel in various name lists form this period (PE13/104; PE15/23). In Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, there was an additional form ᴱN. eithlos “fountain” with several variants (PE13/142, 158); ᴱN. aithl “spring, fount, source” also reappeared (PE13/136, 158). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, these two forms seem to have merged into N. eithel “spring, issue of water” (Ety/KEL), and this is the source of derivation given above. All of the earlier forms seem to broadly have the same etymology, and so the changes represent the evolving phonetic development of the languages.

Cognates

• Q. ehtelë “spring, issue of water” ✧ SA/kel

Derivations

• ✶et-kelē “spring, issue of water” ✧ SA/kel

Element in

• S. Barad Eithel “Tower of the Well” ✧ SA/eithel
• ᴺS. eithela- “to spring, well forth, *issue forth”
• S. Eithel Ivrin “Ivrin’s Well” ✧ SA/eithel
• S. Eithel Sirion “Well of Sirion” ✧ SA/eithel
• S. Mitheithel “Hoarwell, (lit.) Grey Spring” ✧ RC/772; SA/eithel

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶et-kelē > eithel	[ektele] > [ektʰele] > [exθele] > [eiθele] > [eiθel]	✧ SA/kel

lasbelin

noun. season of autumn

firith

noun. season of fading

sîr

stream

_ n. _stream. >> Nanduhirion

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

echuir

noun. a season, the beginning of spring

cabed

gerund noun. deep gorge

Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad )

cabed

noun. leap

Element in

• S. Cabed-en-Aras “Deer’s Leap” ✧ UT/150
• S. Cabed Naeramarth “Leap of Dreadful Doom” ✧ S/224

Elements

Word	Gloss
cab-	“to leap, to leap, [G.] jump”
-ed	“gerund”

Variations

• Cabed ✧ S/224; UT/150

cabed

gerund noun. leap

Emended by Tolkien from earlier cabad. This is our sole late example that basic verbs should perhaps form their gerund in -ed, whereas derived verbs are well attested to use -ad (cf. aderthad )

laer

noun. season of summer

iavas

noun. season of autumn

cab-

verb. to leap

al-

well

pref. #well. Q. al(a)-. . This gloss was rejected.

mae

adverb. well

mae

adverb. well

adv. well. Ai na vedui Dúnadan. Mae g'ovannen. 'Ah! At last, Dúnadan ! Well met !'.

mae

well

_ adv. _well. >> mael

mae

well

(adverb) mae (lenited vae).

mae

well

(lenited vae).

mael

adjective. well

_ adj. _well. adjective << adverb. >> mae

mael

adjective. well

Derivations

• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE17/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAGA > mael	[magla] > [maɣla] > [maila] > [mail] > [mael]	✧ PE17/162

celu

spring

(of water) 1) celu (i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath. 2) (well) eithel (source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

celu

spring

(i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath.

eithel

spring

(source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

ethuil

spring

(season) ethuil (no distinct pl. form). SPRING-SINGER, see SWALLOW

ethuil

spring

(no distinct pl. form).

tuia

spring

(verb) tuia- (i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

tuia

spring

(i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

celu

noun. spring, source, spring, source; [G.] rill, stream, runlet

Cognates

• ᴺQ. celu “source, origin”

Derivations

• √KEL “flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle”

sirith

stream

(i hirith, o sirith) (flowing), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith)

sirith

flowing

(noun) sirith (i hirith, o sirith) (stream), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith)

sirith

flowing

(i hirith, o sirith) (stream), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith)

tui

sprout

(noun) tui or (older) tuiw (i dui[w], o thui[w]) (bud), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thui[w])

tui

sprout

or (older) tuiw (i dui[w], o thui[w]) (bud), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thui[w])

tuia

sprout

(verb) tuia- (i duia, i thuiar) (swell, spring)

tuia

sprout

(i duia, i thuiar) (swell, spring)

cell

flowing

(adj., used of water) cell (running), lenited gell, pl. cill

cell

adjective. flowing

Derivations

• √KEL “flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle”

cell

flowing

(running), lenited gell, pl. cill

rant

stream

(watercourse, water-channel, lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath.

celeth

stream

(noun) 1) celeth (i geleth, o cheleth), pl. celith (i chelith), 2) sirith (i hirith, o sirith) (flowing), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith), 3) nên (water, lake, pool, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn, 4) rant (watercourse, water-channel, lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath.

celeth

stream

(i geleth, o cheleth), pl. celith (i chelith)

nên

stream

(water, lake, pool, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

eithela-

verb. to spring, well forth, *issue forth

Elements

Word	Gloss
eithel	“source, spring, well, source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain”

celos

water falling swiftly from a spring

(i gelos, o chelos) (freshet), pl. celys (i chelys).

cab

leap

(i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;

cab

leap

(vb.) cab- (i gâb, i chebir), pa.t. camp;

cabed

leap

(i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)

cabed

leap

(noun) cabed (i gabed, o chabed), pl. cebid (i chebid)

eithel

well

(= source) eithel (spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

eithel

well

(spring, issue of water), pl. eithil

eithel

issue of water

eithel (spring, well), pl. eithil

eithel

issue of water

eithel (spring, well, source), pl. eithil.

eithel

issue of water

(spring, well), pl. eithil

twílë

noun. spring

Cognates

• Q. tuilë “spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green” ✧ PE19/107

Variations

• twīle ✧ PE19/107

khibil

noun. spring

A noun translated “spring” and fully declined as an example of a Strong I noun (SD/430).

et-kelē

noun. spring, issue of water

Derivatives

• Q. ehtelë “spring, issue of water” ✧ SA/kel
• S. eithel “source, spring, well, source, spring, well, [N.] issue of water, fountain” ✧ SA/kel

Elements

Word	Gloss
et	“out (of), forth”
KEL	“flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, flow (down or away), run (of water or rivers), go away, [ᴹ√] run away especially downwards or at end; [ᴱ√] ooze, trickle”

sīru

noun. stream

Derivations

• √SIR “flow”

Variations

• sīrŭ ✧ PE21/80

mai

adverb. well

Derivations

• √MAY “excellent, admirable, beautiful; make [art]; suitable, useful, proper, serviceable; right”

Derivatives

• S. mae “well; excellent, admirable” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/017

Variations

• măgē ✧ PE17/016

ethuil

noun. spring

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tuile “spring, spring-time” ✧ PM/134

Variations

• Ethuil ✧ PM/135

celw

noun. spring, source

celw

noun. spring, source

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as N. celw “spring, source” derived from the root ᴹ√KEL “go, run (especially of water), flow away downhill” (Ety/KEL). A similar form G. celu appeared in Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s beside variant celwin, but there it had the gloss “rill, stream, runlet” (GL/25).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. celu as suggested in HSD (HSD).

Cognates

• ᴺQ. celwë “spring, source”

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEL “flow, flow away (downhill), run (of water or rivers), run away especially downwards or at end” ✧ Ety/KEL

Element in

• N. Kelufain “?White Source”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEL > celw	[kelwe] > [kelw] > [kelu]	✧ Ety/KEL

tuia-

verb. to sprout, spring

lhasbelin

noun. season of autumn

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

tuia-

verb. to sprout, spring; to swell

A verb appearing in its [Noldorin] infinitive form tuio in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√TUY “spring, sprout”, the cognate of ᴹQ. tuia “sprouts, springs” (Ety/TUY). Under the root ᴹ√TIW “fat, thick”, Tolkien said the verb tuio meant “to swell” and was cognate to ᴹQ. tiuya- (Ety/TIW). I suspect it was the result of a blending of these two roots and meanings: “sprout, spring” when applied to plants and “swell” otherwise.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had the similarly-derived G. tuitha- “sprout, spring, gush”, likely based on the early root ᴱ√TUẎU (GL/71; QL/96).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tiuya- “to swell, grow fat” ✧ Ety/TIW
• ᴹQ. tuia- “to sprout, spring” ✧ Ety/TUY

Derivations

• On. tuio- “to swell” ✧ Ety/TIW
  • ᴹ√TIW “fat, thick” ✧ Ety/TIW
• ᴹ√TUY “sprout, spring” ✧ Ety/TUY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. tuio- > tuio	[tuia-]	✧ Ety/TIW

tui

noun. a sprout, bud

tuiw

noun. a sprout, bud

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well, fountain

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ehtele “spring, issue of water” ✧ Ety/KEL

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ektele “spring, issue of water” ✧ Ety/KEL
  • ᴹ✶et-kelē “spring, issue of water” ✧ Ety/KEL

Element in

• N. Ivrineithil “Ivrin’s Well”
• N. Eithel Nínui “Fountain of Tinúviel” ✧ LR/301
• N. Eithel Sirion “Sirion’s Well”
• N. Mitheithel “Hoarwell”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶ektele > eithel	[ektele] > [ektʰele] > [exθele] > [eiθele] > [eiθel]	✧ Ety/KEL

Variations

• Eithel ✧ LR/301

mai

adverb. well

Element in

• N. mai govannen “well met” ✧ RS/194

tuia-

verb. to swell