alqua

noun. swan

swan

alqua

swan

alqua noun "swan" _(ÁLAK [there spelt _alqa, as in LT1:249/LT2:335], SA:alqua, UT:265, VT42:7). The alternative form alquë ("q") mentioned in early material (LT1:249) may or may not be valid in LotR-style Quenya.

alqua

noun. swan

The Quenya noun for “swan” derived from primitive ✶alkwā (NM/378; PE18/100; UT/265; Ety/ÁLAK).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. alqa dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it was a derivative of the early root ᴱ√ḶKḶ (QL/30), though it had a variant form alqe in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/18). Other than this one exception, Tolkien stuck with alqua throughout his life. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. alqa “swan” appeared under the root ᴹ√ALAK “rushing” (Ety/ÁLAK).

Cognates

• S. alph “swan” ✧ NM/378; SA/alqua; UT/265; VT42/07
• T. alpa “swan” ✧ UT/265

Derivations

• ✶alkwā “swan” ✧ NM/378; PE18/100; UT/265; VT42/07
  • √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ PE18/100
• √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ SA/alqua

Element in

• Q. Alqualondë “Haven of the Swans” ✧ SA/alqua; UT/265

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶alkwā > alqua	[alkwā] > [alkwa]	✧ NM/378
✶álkwā > alqua	[alkwā] > [alkwa]	✧ PE18/100
√alak- > alqua	[alakwā] > [alkwā] > [alkwa]	✧ SA/alqua
✶alkwa > alqua	[alkwa]	✧ UT/265
✶alkwa > alqua	[alkwa]	✧ VT42/07

miqu-

to kiss

miqu- vb. "to kiss", the pa.t. minquë ("q") is cited, not to be confused with the cardinal minquë "eleven" (QL:61). Also miquë ("q")noun "a kiss". Old plural form miquilis ("q") "kisses" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")

ninquë

white, chill, cold, palid

ninquë adj. "white, chill, cold, palid" (WJ:417, SA:nim, PE17:168, NIK-W - spelt "ninqe" in Etym and in LT1:266, MC:213, MC:220, GL:60), pl. ninqui in Markirya. Compounded in Ninquelótë noun "White-Flower" (SA:nim), = Sindarin Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor; ninqueruvissë ("q") "white-horse-on" _(MC:216; this is "Qenya", read _ninqueroccossë or *ninquiroccossë in LotR-style Quenya). Normally ninquë would be expected to have the stem-form ninqui-, given the primitive form ¤ninkwi; Ninquelótë rather than *Ninquilótë must be seen as an analogical form.

Narquelië

october

Narquelië noun tenth month of the year, "October" (Appendix D); the word seems to mean "Fire-waning", "Sun-waning". Compare narquelion ("q"), q.v.

ar

conjunction. and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but

Changes

• ara → ar ✧ NM/239
• ar → ar “and” ✧ PE17/041
• ar → ar ✧ PE17/041
• ar → al ✧ PE17/175

Cognates

• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/102; PE17/145; SA/ar

Derivations

• ✶as(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
  • √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31
• ✶ad(a) “and, alongside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/041; PE17/070; PE17/071; PE17/071; PE17/102
  • √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/071
• √AD(A) “by (the side of), beside, alongside; against, opposed to, opposite” ✧ PE17/145
• √AR “beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside, beyond, further than; outside; beside, alongside; [ᴱ√] spread, extend sideways” ✧ SA/ar

Element in

• Q. aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie’n aurë “Behold, people of the Eldar and Fathers of Men, the day has come!” ✧ S/190; WJ/166
• Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “[and] lead us not into temptation” ✧ VT43/21
• Q. alcar i Ataren ar i Yondon ar i Airefëan “glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit” ✧ VT43/36
• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31; VT43/31
• Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/25
• Q. ar Elendil Vorondo voronwë “and of the faith of Elendil the Faithful” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers the jewels of Calacirya forever” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar hísië untúpa Calaciryo míri oialë “and mist covers (lit. down-roofs) Calacirya’s jewels forever” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• Q. ar ilyë tier undulávë lumbulë “and all paths are drowned deep in shadow” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier “and (heavy) shadow swallowed (lit. down-licked) all roads” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar mi cemen rainë i hínin “and on earth peace, good will toward men” ✧ VT44/34; VT44/34; VT44/34
• Q. ar sindanóriello caita mornië “and out of a grey country darkness lies” ✧ LotR/0377; RGEO/58
• Q. ar sindanóriello mornië caita “and from a grey country darkness lies” ✧ RGEO/59
• Q. ar súlë Manwëo etsurinyë ar Eldaron indor turyaner “*and the spirit of Manwe went out and the hearts of the Eldar were comforted / or obeyed” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. arta “etcetera” ✧ PE17/071
• Q. ar wingildi wilwarindië “*and the foam-like butterflies” ✧ PE16/096
• Q. cemendë tambe Erumandë “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT43/17
• Q. cuita’r parë “live and learn” ✧ PE22/154
• Q. Elainen tárin Periandion ar meldenya anyáran “*to Elaine, queen of Hobbits and my very old friend” ✧ VT49/40
• Q. Eldarinwë Leperi ar Notessi “Elvish Fingers and Numerals” ✧ VT47/04
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo “I believe that E[lessar] really existed and that he was a King of Gondor” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/27
• Q. násië “now and at the hour of our death: Amen” ✧ VT43/34; VT43/34
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT
• Q. sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “In this place will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ LotR/0967; PE17/103; PE22/147
• Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239; NM/239
• Q. Valar ar Maiar fantaner nassentar fanainen ve quenderinwe coar ar larmar “Valar and Maiar cloaked their true-being in veils, like to Elvish bodies and raiment” ✧ PE17/174; PE17/175; PE17/175
• Q. ványë ar válmë “I and those with me are against it” ✧ PE22/162

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > az > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad(a) > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶as(a) > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ PE17/041
✶ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/070
✶ad(ă)/ad > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ad > ađ > ař > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/071
✶ada > ar	[ada] > [ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/102
√ADA > ar	[ad] > [að] > [ar]	✧ PE17/145
√ar- > ar	[ar]	✧ SA/ar
✶as > ar	[asa] > [aza] > [ara] > [ar]	✧ VT47/31

Variations

• Ar ✧ NM/239
• ara ✧ NM/240 (ara)
• a ✧ PE17/071 (a)
• as ✧ PE17/071 (as); PE17/071
• al ✧ PE17/071; PE17/175
• are ✧ VT43/31 (are); VT43/34 (are); VT47/04

fána

adjective. white, white; [ᴹQ.] cloud

@@@ as suggested by Helge Fauskanger, the form fánë “white” in the Markirya poem may be a slip or misreading

Element in

• Q. man cenuva fána cirya? “Who shall see a white ship?” ✧ MC/221
• Q. man tiruva fána cirya? “Who shall heed a white ship?” ✧ MC/222

Variations

• fáne ✧ MC/221; MC/222

-yë

conjunction. and

-yë (4) conj. "and" as a suffix added to the second of a pair, as Menel Cemenyë "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30, 31, VT49:25). Other "pairs" are mentioned as examples but not actually translated into Quenya by Tolkien: Sun and Moon (*Anar Isilyë), Land and Sea (*Nór Eäryë), fire and water (*nárë nenyë, or *úr nenyë).

and

and

a (2) conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song (that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna "and northwards" in a late text, VT49:26). According to PE17:41, "Old Quenya" could have the conjunction a (as a variant of ar) before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw (f is not mentioned), PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r, þ, s. See ar #1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen "he ran with his speed" (i.e. as quickly as he could) is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is "he ran and [did so] with his speed" (PE17:58).

ar

and

ar (1) conj. "and" (AR2, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40). The older form of the conjunction was az (PE17:41). Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s (PE17:41, 71), but "in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases" (PE17:71). In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar "and raiments" to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation(PE17:175). More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in "Old Quenya", the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant (PE17:41, 71). An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" (VT43:31, cf. VT48:14). In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ar(a) (VT45:6). In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar "as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and" (PE17:145); compare ara.

ar

and

o (1) conj. "and", occurring solely in SD:246; all other sources give ar.

arë

and

arë conj. "and", longer form of ar, q.v. (VT43:31)

az

and

az, archaic form of the conjunction ar "and"; see ar #1.

cé

may be

cé ("k"), also ce ("k") "may be" (VT49:19, 27), particle indicating uncertainty (VT42:34; ce in Bill Welden's note is a misspelling, VT44:38, but the short form ce does occur in other texts, cf. VT49:18-19). In VT42, Welden wrote that Tolkien altered ké to kwí (or kwíta, q.v.), but Welden later noted that "it does not follow that because the form was changed in another sentence it would necessarily have been corrected in the examples cited" (VT44:38). So cé/ké may still be a conceptually valid form. (The forms in kw- rather than qu- seem abnormal for Quenya, at least as far as spelling is concerned.) In another conceptual phase, cé was also used = "if" (VT49:19), but this conjunction appears as qui elsewhere. Examples of cé, ce meaning "if" (said to be "usually [used] with aorist") include cé mo quetë ulca ("k", "q") "if one speaks evil", cé tulis, nauvan tanomë ("k") "if (s)he comes, I will be there" (VT49:19), cé mo… "if one…", ce formenna "if northwards" (VT49:26)

fána

white

fána, fánë (1) adj. "white" (Markirya - fánë as a sg. form in may be a misreading). Compare fanya.

fánë

adjective. white

naicelë

sharp pain

naicelë ("k")noun, apparently "sharp pain" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquelë ("q")(VT45:37)

naicelëa

painful

naicelëa ("k")adj. "painful" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquelëa ("q")(VT45:37)

naicë

sharp pain

naicë ("k")noun "sharp pain" (NÁYAK); changed by Tolkien from naiquë ("q")(VT45:37)

narca-

to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

orco

orc

orco ("k") noun "Orc", pl. orcor or orqui (WJ:390, ÓROK; pl. Orcor also in WJ:12, MR:74, 194). If the pl. form orqui is preferred, the word should be assigned the stem-form orcu-. Early "Qenya" has orc ("k") (orqu-) ("q") "monster, demon" (LT1:264; in LotR-style Quenya, no word can end in -rc.)

ranco

arm

ranco ("k")noun "arm", stem *rancu- given the primitive form ¤ranku, hence also pl. ranqui ("q")(RAK)

rá

arm

rá (3) noun "arm" (LT2:335, there spelt râ; probably obsoleted by # 2 (and # 1) above. In Tolkien's later Quenya, "arm" is ranco)

sirpë

stem, stalk

sirpë noun "stem, stalk" (QL:84)

telco

stem

telco noun "stem" of a Tengwa symbol (Appendix E). The Etymologies gives telco ("k") pl. telqui ("q") "leg" (the pl. form is said to be analogical) (TÉLEK). It seems, then, that the word can refer to a "stem" or "leg" in general as well as the stem of a Tengwa. In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, telco is used to refer to a carrier symbol (VT46:18, 33)

urco

orc

urco ("k"), stem *urcu- and pl. urqui, noun: an old word used in the lore of the Blessed Realm for anything that caused fear to the Elves during the March; by the Exiled Noldor the word was recognized as the cognate of Sindarin orch and used to mean "Orc". The Sindarin-influenced form orco was also used. (WJ:390)

yo

and

yo conj. "and", "often used between _two _items (of any part of speech) that were by nature or custom clearly associated, like the names of spouses (Manwë yo Varda), or "sword and sheath" (*macil yo vainë*), "bow and arrows" (quinga yo pilindi), or groups like "Elves and Men" (Eldar yo Fírimor but contrast eldain a fírimoin [dative forms] in FS, where Tolkien joins the words with a, seemingly simply a variant of the common conjunction ar). In one source, yo is apparently a preposition "with" (yo hildinyar* = "with my heirs", SD:56).

miquë

noun. kiss

Cognates

• ᴺS. mib “(little) kiss, peck”

Derivations

• √MIKW “kiss”

Element in

• ᴺQ. miquelë “kissing”
• Q. miquelis “(soft, sweet) kiss”

a

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

a

and

conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> ad, ada, adh

a

and

conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

a

and

a, or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

a

conjunction. and

conj. and. Pedo mellon a minno! 'Say friend and enter'. Q. ar

a

and

or ah when the next word begins in a vowel: Finrod ah Andreth, Finrod and Andreth. In some sources, Tolkien uses ar as the conjunction "and", but a(h) would seem to be the proper Sindarin form.

ad

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ada, adh

ada

conjunction. and

conj. and. a/adh before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, adh

adh

conjunction. and

ah

preposition/conjunction. and, with

The title Athrabeth Finrod ah Andreth is translated as "converse of Finrod and Andreth", but some scholars actually believe this word to be unrelated with the conjunction a.1 , ar "and", and they render it as "with". Other scholars consider that "and" and "with" (in the comitative sense) are not exclusive of each other, and regard ah as the form taken by this conjunction before a vowel. That a, ar and ah are etymologically related has finally been confirmed in VT/43:29-30. Compare also with Welsh, where the coordination "and" also takes different forms whether it occurs before a vowel or a consonant (respectively ac and a). In written Welsh, a often triggers the aspirate mutation: bara a chaws "bread and cheese". This usage is seldom applied in colloquial Welsh (Modern Welsh §510)

ah

conjunction. and

alph

noun. swan

alph

noun. swan

n. Zoo. swan.

alph

swan

alph (pl. eilph)

alph

noun. swan

The Sindarin noun for “swan” derived from primitive ✶alkwā (NM/378; UT/265; Ety/ÁLAK), where first the [[at|ancient [kw] became [p]]] and then the [[os|[lp] became [lf] (spelled lph)]].

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, this word appeared as {alcwi >>} alfa (GL/18), which is perhaps the moment that Tolkien decided that labialized velars became labials in the Sindarin branch of Elvish (though in Gnomish this sound change applied only medially). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying this document, the word became alf (PE13/109), and Tolkien stuck with this form thereafter, though eventually revising the spelling to alph once he decide that final [f] was spelled ph. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. alf “swan” appeared under the root ᴹ√ALAK “rushing” (Ety/ÁLAK).

Cognates

• Q. alqua “swan” ✧ NM/378; SA/alqua; UT/265; VT42/07

Derivations

• ✶alkwā “swan” ✧ NM/378; VT42/07
  • √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ PE18/100
• √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ SA/alqua
• T. alpa “swan” ✧ UT/265
  • ✶alkwā “swan” ✧ UT/265
  • √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ PE18/100

Element in

• ᴺS. alfeg “cygnet, young swan”
• ᴺS. alfuil “large white sea-bird, albatross, †swan”
• S. Alphros
• S. Elphir
• S. Nîn-in-Eilph “Swanfleet, Waterlands of the Swans” ✧ NM/378; VT42/07

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶alkwā > alpa > alf	[alkwā] > [alpā] > [alpa] > [alpʰa] > [alɸa] > [alfa] > [alf]	✧ NM/378
T. alpa > alph	[alpa] > [alpʰa] > [alɸa] > [alfa] > [alf]	✧ UT/265
T. alpa > eilph	[alpi] > [alpʰi] > [alɸi] > [alfi] > [elfi] > [eilf]	✧ UT/265
✶alkwa > alf	[alkwa] > [alpa] > [alpʰa] > [alɸa] > [alfa] > [alf]	✧ VT42/07

Variations

• alf ✧ NM/378; VT42/07

alph

swan

(pl. eilph)

ar

conjunction. and

See ah for the form that this conjunction might take before a vowel

ar

conjunction. and, and, [G.] too, besides

faen

white

(radiant). No distinct pl. form.

fain

noun/adjective. white

fain

noun/adjective. cloud

fain

white

; no distinct pl. form.

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

glamog

noun. an Orc, "a yelling one"

gloss

white as snow, dazzling white

(in compounds -los), lenited ’loss; pl. glyss.

glân

white

1) glân (clear), lenited lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”. 2) nimp (nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form. 3) faen (radiant). No distinct pl. form. 4) fain; no distinct pl. form.

glân

adjective. white, [bright shining] white; [N.] clear; [G.] pure, †bright; [ᴱN.] clean

Derivations

• ᴹ√GALAN “bright”

Element in

• S. Curunír ’Lân “Saruman the White” ✧ UT/390

glân

white

(clear), lenited ’lân, pl. glain. (UT:390, VT45:13). Note: a homophone means ”hem, border”.

mib-

verb. kiss

narbeleth

noun. october (month)

narbeleth

october

Narbeleth

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

nim

white

_adj. _white. >> Nimbrethil

nim

white

_adj. _white (usual word). >> nimp, nimras

nim

adjective. white

Cognates

• Q. ninquë “white; chill, cold; pallid” ✧ SA/nim

Derivations

• At. nimbi “white” ✧ PE17/019
  • ✶ninkwi “white, pale”
  • √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168
• ✶ninkwi “white, pale” ✧ PE17/168
  • √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168
• S. nimp “pale, pallid, white, pale, pallid, white; small and frail, [ᴱN.] wan, sickly” ✧ SA/nim
  • √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168
  • ✶nimpĭ “small” ✧ VT48/18
  • √NIP “small (usually with connotation of weakness)” ✧ VT48/18

Element in

• S. Barad Nimras “White Horn Tower” ✧ SA/nim
• S. Ered Nimrais “White Mountains, (lit.) White-horns Mountains” ✧ SA/nim
• S. Nimbrethil “Silver-birches” ✧ PE17/019; PE17/019; SA/nim
• S. Nimloth “White Blossom, Pale Blossom” ✧ SA/nim
• S. Nimras “White Horn” ✧ PE17/168
• S. Nimrodel “Lady of the White Cave”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
At. nimbi > nim	[nimbi] > [nimbe] > [nimb] > [nimm] > [nimm] > [nim]	✧ PE17/019

nimp

white

(nim-) (pale); no distinct pl. form.

orch

Orc

pl1. yrch, pl2. orchoth** ** n. Orc. Nand. ūriſ.

orch

orc

orch (pl. yrch**, archaic †yrchy, coll. pl. orchoth). (RGEO:66, Names:171, Letters:178, MR:195; WJ:390-91, VT46:7). Other terms: 1) urug (monster, bogey), pl. yryg, 2) glamog (i **lamog), pl. glemyg (in glemyg) (WJ:391), 3) ”

orchoth

noun. the Orcs (as a race)

ranc

noun. arm

ranc

arm

ranc (pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

ranc

noun. arm

ranc

arm

(pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

silivren

adjective. (white) glittering

silivren

glittering white

(lenited hilivren; pl. *silivrin**). *Verb

telch

stem

telch (i delch, o thelch), pl. tilch (i thilch)

telch

stem

(i delch, o thelch), pl. tilch (i thilch)

uilos

noun/adjective. always white, ever white as snow

uilos

noun/adjective. a small white everlasting flower also called simbelmynë or "evermind"

urug

noun. Orc (rarely used)

urug

noun. "bogey", anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature

Ídh

and

{ð}_ conj. _and. It was not mutated before vowels. >> a

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and.Form of ad/ada before vowel, with soft mutation. Q. ar. >> a, ad, ada

Ídh

and

{ð} conj. and. About his mutation, see PE17:145.

alpa

noun. swan

Cognates

• Q. alqua “swan” ✧ UT/265

Derivations

• ✶alkwā “swan” ✧ UT/265
  • √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ PE18/100

Derivatives

• S. alph “swan” ✧ UT/265

nimbi

adjective. white

About Nimrodel: "Nim is evidently the Telerin word nimbi 'white'." >> Nimrais >> Nimrodel

nimbi

adjective. white

Derivations

• At. nimbi “white”
  • ✶ninkwi “white, pale”
  • √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168

ealc

noun. swan

Primitive form given as alk-wâ, derived from a stem ÁLAK "rushing" (LR:348); alk-wâ would seem to be an adjectival formation (ending -wâ), so the primitive word probably had the same meaning as the stem: "rushing", later used as a noun "rushing (one)" and applied to an animal. According to Tolkien's later conception, kw should probably have come out as p rather than c in Nandorin; see cwenda.

Primitive a becoming ea is a strange shift with no direct parallels even where it might have been expected, but compare eo from i in meord (and from e in beorn), as well as ie from a in sciella. Perhaps we are to understand that the liquids l, r trigger such changes in a preceeding vowel, but then we might expect for instance *ealm instead of alm as the word for "elm-tree".

urc

noun. Orc

pl. yrc. In the Etymologies, the primitive form of this word is given as órku (defined as "goblin"), derived from an undefined stem ÓROK (LR:379).

This stem may be understood as a vowel-prefixed variant of the stem ROK "horse", assuming that this originally referred to the steed of the monstrous "dark Rider upon his wild horse" that haunted the Elves by Cuiviénen, assuming that the stem ROK was originally associated with Melkor's creatures. However, Tolkien later derived the Elvish words for "Orc" from a stem RUKU having to do with fear (WJ:389) and listed tentative primitive forms: urku, uruku, urkô. Since primitive final -u is lost in Nandorin (cf. Utum from Utubnu), the forms urku and uruku would evidently be capable of yielding Green-elven urc (while urkô would rather come out as *urca; cf. golda "Noldo" from ñgolodô). The plural form yrc clearly shows umlaut caused by the lost Primitive Quendian plural ending -î; cf. the umlaut caused by the primitive adjectival ending -i, primitive lugni "blue" yielding lygn.

ūriʃ

noun. orcs

agh

conjunction. and

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011

alkwā

noun. swan

Derivations

• √ALAK “rushing, rushing, [ᴹ√] swift” ✧ PE18/100

Derivatives

• Q. alqua “swan” ✧ NM/378; PE18/100; UT/265; VT42/07
• S. alph “swan” ✧ NM/378; VT42/07
• At. alpa “swan” ✧ VT42/07
• T. alpa “swan” ✧ UT/265
  • S. alph “swan” ✧ UT/265

Variations

• álkwā ✧ PE18/100
• alkwa ✧ UT/265; VT42/07

as(a)

preposition. and

Changes

• as(a) → ad(a) “and” ✧ PE17/041

Derivations

• √AS “beside” ✧ VT47/31

Derivatives

• Q. ar “and, and; [ᴱQ., ᴹQ.] but” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT47/31
• S. a “and; †by, near, beside” ✧ PE17/041; PE17/041; VT43/30; VT47/31

Variations

• as ✧ VT43/30; VT47/31

mikw Reconstructed

root. kiss

Derivatives

• Q. miqu- “to kiss”
• ᴺQ. miquë “kiss”
• ᴺS. mib “(little) kiss, peck”
• ᴺS. mib- “to kiss”
• ᴺS. mítha- “to kiss”

a

conjunction. and

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ar “and; but”

Element in

• N. pedo mellon a minno “speak, friend, and enter” ✧ TI/182

alf

noun. swan

alf

noun. swan

Cognates

• ᴹQ. alqa “swan” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK

Derivations

• On. alpha “swan” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
  • ᴹ✶alkwā “swan” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK
  • ᴹ√(A)LAK “swift, rushing” ✧ Ety/ÁLAK; PE18/050

Element in

• N. Alfobas “*Swan-harbourage”
• N. Alflon “*Swan-haven”
• N. Hobas in Elf “*Harbourage of the Swans” ✧ Ety/KHOP

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. alpha > alf	[alɸa] > [alfa] > [alf]	✧ Ety/ÁLAK
On. alpha > Elf	[alɸi] > [alfi] > [elfi] > [elf]	✧ Ety/ÁLAK

ar

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside”

Element in

• N. lheben teil brann i annon ar neledh neledhi gar godrebh “five foot high the door and three may walk abreast” ✧ TAI/150

brassen

adjective. white-hot

fein

noun/adjective. white

fein

noun/adjective. cloud

glamhoth

noun. barbaric host of Orcs

rhanc

noun. arm

rhanc

noun. arm

A noun appearing as N. rhanc “arm” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶ranku under the root ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach” (Ety/RAK). It had the irregular plural form rhengy, presumably from final -ui becoming -y, but this plural was archaic and reformed to rhenc based on normal Noldorin (and later Sindarin) plural patterns.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had (archaic) G. †râ “arm, strength” (GL/65), clearly related to ᴱQ. rā “arm” in contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon from the early root ᴱ√RAHA “stretch forward” (QL/78). The Gnomish Lexicon also had a non-archaic word rath “the full arm, the extent of one’s arm, one’s reach — a measure = 2 feet”, apparently referring to both the arm itself and the reach of the arm, and so functioning as a unit of measure (GL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt the Noldorin word as ᴺS. ranc “arm” (plural renc) as suggested in HSD (HSD), since the unvoicing of initial r to rh was a feature of Noldorin of the 1930s but not Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s. Based on the Gnomish usage, this word might also be used as a unit of measure for an arm’s length, about 2 feet.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ranko “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK

Derivations

• On. ranko “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK; Ety/RAK
  • ᴹ✶ranku “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK
  • ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach” ✧ Ety/RAK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ranko > rhanc	[raŋko] > [raŋkʰo] > [raŋxo] > [raŋx] > [r̥aŋx] > [r̥aŋk]	✧ Ety/RAK
On. rankui > rhengy	[raŋkui] > [raŋkʰui] > [raŋxui] > [reŋxui] > [r̥eŋxui] > [r̥eŋgui] > [r̥eŋgy]	✧ Ety/RAK

telch

noun. stem

telch

noun. stem

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “stem” under the root ᴹ√TELEK “stalk, stem, leg” (Ety/TÉLEK). Its Quenya cognate Q. telco “stem, leg” continued to appear in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/122; LotR/1118).

Neo-Sindarin: Conceivably this word might also mean “leg” like its Quenya cognate. However, I recommend using this word only for its attested gloss “stem” and suggest ᴺS. teleg for “leg”; see that entry for details.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. telko “leg, stem” ✧ Ety/TÉLEK

Derivations

• ᴹ√TELEK “stalk, stem, leg” ✧ Ety/TÉLEK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TÉLEK > telch	[telku] > [telko] > [telkʰo] > [telxo] > [telx]	✧ Ety/TÉLEK
ᴹ√TÉLEK > tilch	[telkī] > [telki] > [telkʰi] > [telxi] > [tilxi] > [tilx]	✧ Ety/TÉLEK