anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

lunga

heavy

lunga adj. "heavy" (LUG1). Curiously, the variant lungu- appears in certain compounds; see Lungumá, lungumaitë.

lungo

adjective. heavy

Quenya adjective meaning “heavy” attested only as lungu- in the compounds Lungumá “Heavyhand” and lungumaitë “heavy-handed” (VT47/19, PE17/162). Given its stem form, it probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, which would be ✱lungo in Quenya since [[p|short final [i], [u] became [e], [o]]] in Primitive Elvish. This is consistent with its Sindarin cognate S. lung.

In one place, an earlier form of this word ᴹQ. lunga was glossed “fraught” in the phrase “fraught with sorrow” (PE22/124), as in “heavy with sorrow”. This indicates this word could be used in the metaphorical sense of “heavy” as well as its physical sense.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was ᴱQ. talka “heavy” from the root ᴱ√TALA “support” (QL/88). In the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary from the 1920s, Tolkien introduced the form ᴱQ. lungo “heavy” (PE13/163), but towards the end of that decade he used ᴱQ. lunga in notes associated with the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/75).

ᴹQ. lunga reappeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, this time as a derivative of ᴹ✶lungā, consistent with the a-affection in its Noldorin cognate lhong (Ety/LUG¹). At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict with that name.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Quenya: Some Neo-Quenya writers (including myself at various points) prefer the earlier adjective for “heavy”: ᴹQ. lunga (Ety/LUG¹), since (a) it is directly attested and (b) has an obvious plural form lungë. Unfortunately, this earlier adjective is not compatible with S. lung. As such, I currently prefer Q. lungo, and would assume it has a plural form ✱lungwi similar to nouns like ᴹQ. ango (angu-), pl. angwi (Ety/ANGWA).

Cognates

• S. lung “heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious”

Derivations

• ✶lungu “heavy”
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Element in

• ᴺQ. alalunga “light, unheavy”
• ᴺQ. lungië “heaviness, gravity”
• Q. Lungumá “Heavyhand” ✧ VT47/19
• Q. lungumaitë “heavy-handed”
• ᴺQ. lungumë “weight, heaviness”
• ᴺQ. lunguntë “scales”

Variations

• lungu ✧ VT47/19 (lungu)

anda

adjective. long, far

Cognates

• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/040; PE17/090

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/040
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• Q. Andafalassë “Langstrand”
• Q. Andafangar “Longbeards” ✧ PM/321
• ᴺQ. andalango “giraffe, (lit.) long-neck”
• Q. andamacil “long sword”
• Q. andanéya “long ago, once upon a time” ✧ VT49/31
• ᴺQ. andanyarro “weasel, ferret, mink, stoat, polecat, (lit.) long-rat”
• Q. andatehta “long-mark”
• Q. andavë “long, at great length”
• ᴺQ. andë “length”
• Q. Anduinë “Long River” ✧ PE17/040
• ᴺQ. restandië “furlong”
• Q. sínen i·anda nyarnë metta ar taina andaurenya na quanta “*with this the long tale ends and my extended long day is complete” ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; Minor-Doc/1955-CT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ANAD > andā	[andā] > [anda]	✧ PE17/040
✶andā > anda	[andā] > [anda]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• andā ✧ PE17/040

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

andavë

adverb. long, at great length

Element in

• Q. andavë laituvalmet “long we will praise them” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; SD/047; SD/047

Elements

Word	Gloss
anda	“long, far”
-vë	“abstract noun, adverb”

Variations

• Andave ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
• andave ✧ PE17/102; SD/047

lesta

measure

#lesta (2) noun "measure", only attested in the instrumental case: lestanen"in measure" (FS). The name Lestanórë (q.v.) may contain a distinct noun #lesta "fence" or "girdle".

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

and

adjective. long

Cognates

• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/040; PE17/090

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/040
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Element in

• S. Anach “?Long Neck”
• S. anann “(for) long”
• S. andaith “long-mark”
• S. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Andras “Long Cape”
• S. Andrast “Long Cape”
• S. Angast “Long Cape” ✧ VT42/28
• S. Andrath “Long Climb”
• S. andreth “long-suffering, patience”
• S. Androth “*Long Cave”
• S. Anduin “Great River, (lit.) Long River” ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; RC/765; SA/an(d)
• S. Anfalas “Langstrand, (lit.) Long Beach” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. Anfang “Longbeard”
• S. angerthas “runic alphabetic, (lit.) long rune-rows” ✧ SA/an(d)
• ᴺS. annas “length”
• S. Ann-thennath “*Long-shorts”
• S. Cair Andros “Ship of Long Foam” ✧ SA/an(d)
• S. i arben na megil and “Knight of the Long Sword” ✧ PE17/147

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶andā > ann-	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ PE17/090

Variations

• ann ✧ PE17/012; PE17/040; PE17/121
• ann- ✧ PE17/090
• an(d) ✧ SA/an(d)
• an(n)- ✧ VT42/28

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

long

adjective. heavy

lung

adjective. heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious

Sindarin adjective meaning “heavy” attested only in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (S/185). Given this name’s Quenya cognate Q. Lungumá (VT47/19), S. lung probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, where the [[s|[u] was prevented from become [o] by the presence of the nasal [ŋ]]].

The Gnomish glosses for this word from the 1910s included the more metaphorical senses of “grave, serious” (GL/55). It’s possible the Sindarin word could be used in this way as well.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was also G. lung (GL/55), an element in the name G. Mablung as well (LT2A/Mablung). Its primitive form was not given, but judging by the related word G. luntha- “to balance, weigh”, it might have been ✱ᴱ√LUŊU. The form ᴱN. lung “heavy” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s (PE13/122), but became ᴱN. lhung in the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary (PE13/163), after Tolkien decided that [[en|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]].

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin form of this word was N. lhong derived from primitive ᴹ✶lungā (Ety/LUG¹), where [[n|the [u] became [o] due to a-affection]]. At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer S. lung for the Sindarin word for “heavy”, but some Neo-Sindarin authors use the reformed word ᴺS. ^long, based on the Noldorin word lhong in The Etymologies, switching to a voiced [l] because the unvoicing of initial [l], [r] does not happen in Sindarin phonology. This is not entirely consistent with my prefered Neo-Quenya word for “heavy”: lunga; I assume there was some divergent evolution in Sindarin and Quenya for this word.

Cognates

• Q. lungo “heavy”

Derivations

• ✶lungu “heavy”
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Element in

• S. Mablung “Heavy Hand” ✧ S/185

anann

adverb. (for) long

Element in

• S. cuio i Pheriain anann “may the Halflings live long” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102

Elements

Word	Gloss
an	“to, for, to, for; [N. and G.] of”
and	“long”

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

long

heavy

long (pl. lyng);

long

adjective. heavy

long

heavy

(pl. lyng);

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

annas

5{#iD noun. length

Theoretical Sindarin; based on the attested formations thinnas (– adj. thent).

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

caul

heavy burden

(i gaul, o chaul) (affliction), pl. coel (i choel), coll. pl. colath; 

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

dram

heavy stroke

(i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim)

anda

adjective. long

Element in

• T. andané “long ago, once upon a time” ✧ VT49/31

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long

Element in

• Kh. Sigin-tarâg “Longbeards”

ʒandā

adjective. long

Derivations

• √ƷAN “adorn; extend; long” ✧ PE17/155; VT47/27

andā

adjective. long, far

Derivations

• √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090

Derivatives

• Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/090

Variations

• and(a) ✧ PE17/090

anad

root. long; far

Tolkien used a variety of roots as the basis for the meaning “long” throughout his life. Its best known forms are the adjectives Q. anda, S. and “long”. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s Tolkien first used the root ᴱ√ṆÐṆ “stretch” as the basis for the ᴱQ. adjective ande(a) “long” (QL/31), but its Gnomish cognate took the very different form G. in(d)ra (GL/51). By The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien had revised this root to ᴹ√ANAD with Quenya and Noldorin derivatives basically as given above: ᴹQ. anda, N. ann (Ety/ÁNAD).

There is a later mention of the root √ANAD in a 1959 note, but in that note Tolkien considered transferring the sense “long” to a new root √ƷAN as a variant of √YAN, so that he could use √ANAD < √ANA- as the basis for words meaning “gate” (PE17/40). This new use of √ANAD would be a replacement for the 1930s root ᴹ√AD “gate” (Ety/AD). In another set of 1959 etymological notes, Tolkien did indeed give primitive forms ✶ʒandā “long” vs. yanā/yandā “wide” as derivatives of √ƷAN and √YAN respectively (PE17/155).

Later still, in 1967 notes on comparison, Tolkien gave a new root √NDA as the basis for and(a) “long”, though he said “S †ann- [long] only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) gift, and ann(on) gate, of different origin” (PE17/90). Thus it seems Tolkien had abandoned √ƷAN > ✶ʒandā > Q./S. and(a), and in notes from 1968 Tolkien glossed √ƷAN as “adorn”, and at this later stage √ƷAN was probably connected to or a variant of the 1970 root √HAN “add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift)” (VT47/26-27).

The ultimate fate of 1967 √NDA “long” is itself unclear. In the notes where it appeared, Tolkien was also considering it as the basis for the intensive prefix Q. an-. But Tolkien abandoned this idea and decide the intensive prefix was actually am- derived from √AMA “addition, increase, plus” (PE17/91). However, this change in the intensive does not necessarily invalidate the use of √(A)NDA for “long”, and that is the last word we have in the published corpus on this topic.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, it’s probably best to assume the meaning “long” came from √ANAD or √ANDA or some similar root, much like it did in the 1930s.

Derivatives

• ✶and(ă) “moreover, to go on further, to say more” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an “for, but, then, or; moreover, furthermore” ✧ PE17/090
• ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
  • S. and “long” ✧ PE17/090
• Q. anda “long, far” ✧ PE17/040
• S. and “long” ✧ PE17/040

Variations

• NDA ✧ PE17/090; PE17/166

nda

root. long; far

ʒan

root. adorn; extend; long

Changes

• ƷAN → HAN “give” ✧ PE22/163

Derivatives

• ✶ʒandā “long” ✧ PE17/155; VT47/27

Element in

• Q. antil “*middle finger” ✧ VT47/26

Variations

• ƷĂN ✧ PE17/155; PE17/158
• ʒan ✧ VT47/26
• ʒăn ✧ VT47/27

lungu Reconstructed

adjective. heavy

Derivations

• ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Derivatives

• Q. lungo “heavy”
• S. lung “heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious”

anann

adverb. long

Element in

• N. aglar anann “*glory for long” ✧ SD/046
• N. cuio i Pheriain anann “long live the halflings” ✧ SD/046

Elements

Word	Gloss
an	“of”
ann	“long”

ann

adjective. long

ann

adjective. long

Cognates

• ᴹQ. anda “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD

Derivations

• On. anda “long”
• ᴹ✶andā “long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD
  • ᴹ√ANAD “*long” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD; Ety/MBUD

Element in

• N. anann “long”
• N. andeith “long-mark” ✧ Ety/TEK
• N. Andram “Long Wall” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. anrand “cycle, age, (lit.) long cycle” ✧ Ety/RAD
• N. Andrath
• N. Anduin “Great River”
• N. Anfalas “Langstrand”
• N. An(d)fang “Longbeard” ✧ Ety/ÁNAD
• N. annabon “elephant” ✧ Ety/MBUD
• N. Cair Andros
• N. ennin “Valian year”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶andā > and > ann	[andā] > [anda] > [and] > [ann]	✧ Ety/ÁNAD
ᴹ✶anda > anna-	[anda-] > [anna-]	✧ Ety/MBUD

lhong

adjective. heavy

lhong

adjective. heavy

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lunga “heavy; fraught” ✧ Ety/LUG¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶lungā “heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶lungā > lhong	[luŋgā] > [luŋga] > [loŋga] > [loŋg] > [l̥oŋg] > [l̥oŋ]	✧ Ety/LUG¹

taen

adjective. long (and thin)