hér

lord

hér noun "lord" (VT41:9), also heru, q.v.

hér

noun. lord

cáno

commander

cáno ("k") noun "commander", usually as the title of a lesser chief, especially one acting as the deputy of one higher in rank (PM:345, SA:káno PM:362 indicates that cáno originially meant "crier, herald"); "ruler, governor, chieftain" (UT:400), "leader" (PE17:113).Masc. name Cáno, see Canafinwë. The word cáno ("k") also occurred in the Etymologies with the gloss "chief", but Tolkien changed it to cánë "valour" (VT45:19).

heru

lord, master

heru (also hér) noun "lord, master" (PM:210, KHER, LT1:272, VT44:12); Letters:283 gives hér (heru); the form Héru with a long vowel refers to God in the source where it appears (i Héru "the Lord", VT43:29). In names like Herumor "Black Lord" and Herunúmen "Lord of the West" (SA:heru). The form heruion is evidently a gen.pl. of heru "lord": "of the lords" (SD:290); herunúmen "Lord-of-West" (LR:47), title of Manwë. Pl. númeheruvi "Lords-of-West" (*"West-lords") in SD:246, a title of the Valar; does this form suggest that #heruvi is the regular plural of heru?

condo

prince, leader; lord

condo ("k")noun "prince, leader; lord" (PE17:113,117); possibly replaces cundu, q.v.

condo

noun. lord

túrin

noun. lord

Derivations

• √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong”

Element in

• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

Variations

• Túrin ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

Malantur

lord, ruler

Malantur, masc. name. Apparently includes -(n)tur "lord, ruler". The initial element is unlikely to connect with the early "Qenya" element mala- "hurt, pain", and may rather reflect the root MALAT "gold" (PM:366): Malat-ntur > Malantur "Gold-ruler"? (UT:210)

cundu

prince

†cundu ("k")noun "prince" (KUNDŪ; the "†_" indicating that this word is poetic or archaic was omitted in the Etymologies as printed in LR; see VT45:24)._ Cf. condo.

tulyando

noun. leader

Elements

Word	Gloss
tulya-	“to lead, to lead; [ᴱQ.] to bring, send”

herunauco

9V7J5.DaH noun. dwarf-lord, dwarven lord

ernil

noun. prince

ernil

noun. prince

A noun for “prince” appearing in phrases like Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” (LotR/768) and Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” (UT/245). Its initial element is likely a reduced form of aran “king, noble person”; compare to ar(a)- “noble” of similar origin. If so, the a became e due to i-affection. The final -il is harder to explain, because normally -il is a feminine suffix. Perhaps it is a reduction of hîl “heir”, so that the literal meaning is “✱king’s heir, royal heir”.

Conceptual Development: N. ernil also appeared in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (WR/287).

Element in

• S. Dor-en-Ernil “Land of the Prince” ✧ UT/245
• S. Ernil i Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807

Elements

Word	Gloss
aran	“king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person, king, lord, chief, (lit.) high or noble person; [N.] lord (of a specific region)”
hîl	“heir”

Variations

• Ernil ✧ Let/425; LotR/0768; LotR/0807; UT/245

caun

noun. prince, ruler

caun

prince

pl1. cónin {ō} n. prince, chief, head.

cund

noun. prince

brannon

lord

(i** vrannon), pl. brennyn (i** mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath

heron

lord

(i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath** (VT45:22). Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn** ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred.

hîr

lord

1) hîr (i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9); 2) heron (i cheron, o cheron) (master), pl. heryn (i cheryn), coll. pl. heronnath (VT45:22)._ _Since the pl. heryn clashes with the fem. sg. heryn ”lady”, other words for ”lord” may be preferred. 3) brannon (i vrannon), pl. brennyn (i mrennyn), coll. pl. brannonnath; 4) tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

hîr

lord

(i chîr, o chîr; also hir-, her- at the beginning of compounds) (master), no distinct pl. form, not even with article (i chîr), coll. pl. híriath (Letters:282, 386; VT41:9)

tûr

lord

(i** dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (mastery, power, control; master, victor), pl. tuir (i** thuir), coll. pl. túrath.

ernil

prince

1) ernil (no distinct pl. form), 2) †cund (i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24). 3) The plural form conin (i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see SHOUT, VALOUR)

ernil

prince

(no distinct pl. form)

cund

prince

(i gund, o chund, construct cun), pl. cynd (i chynd) (VT45:24).

conin

prince

(i chonin), occurring in the Cormallen Praise, is translated "princes" (Conin en Annûn = "princes of the west", Letters:308), but it is unclear what the singular would be. (David Salo suggests caun, though this word has two different meanings already; see

arûn

masculine name. Lord

An Adûnaic name for Morgoth, perhaps coined by Sauron when he introduced the worship of the dark god to the Númenóreans, translated as “Lord” (SD/376). It is derived from the word ârû “king” and was sometimes used in a compound together with Morgoth’s true Adûnaic name: Arûn-Mulkhêr (SD/367). In other writings (SD/357) it was the original Adûnaic name of Morgoth before he fell to evil, but that hardly makes sense in the conceptual scenario of the later Silmarillion, in which Morgoth had already become evil before men awoke.

Elements

Word	Gloss
ârû	“king”

bâr

noun. lord

A noun translated as “lord” (SD/311, 428). This nouns wins the prize for “most inflected Adûnaic noun”, since we have declensions for this noun in both the draft Adûnaic grammar and the later grammar of Lowdham’s Report. As such, it is very helpful for comparing how the noun declensions changed as Tolkien developed Adûnaic grammar. For example, comparing its draft plurals bāri/bārim to its later plural bârî/bârîm indicate the draft plural was originally formed with a short rather than long i. There are a few lingering examples of this short-i plural in later writings (SD/247, 251).

Conceptual Development: In earlier writings the rejected name Kherû “Lord” (SD/376) indicates a possible earlier form of this noun; Kherû itself was changed to Arûn. A similar form reappears in later writings in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”: either akhôr or khôr “lord”. Whether or not this later word replaced bâr is unknown.

Element in

• Ad. Ar-Pharazônun Bâr ’nAnadûnê “King Pharazon is Lord of Anadune” ✧ SD/428
• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/312
• Ad. bārun-adūnō rakkhatū kamāt sōbēthumā eruvō “the Lord of West broke asunder earth assent-with of God” ✧ SD/311
• Ad. bâr ukallaba “the lord fell” ✧ SD/429
• Ad. bârun (u)kallaba “the lord fell, it was the lord who fell” ✧ SD/429
• Ad. narîka ’nBâri ’nAdûn yanâkhim “The Eagles of the Lords of the West are at hand” ✧ SD/251

Variations

• Bār ✧ SD/428
• bār ✧ SD/429; SD/437; SD/438; SD/438

kherû

masculine name. Lord

A rejected draft version of the Adûnaic name for Morgoth translated “Lord”, replaced by Arûn of the same meaning (SD/376). It is transparently a derivative of the Elvish root ᴹ√KHER, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/18). A later form of this word, ✱khôr “lord”, may appears as an element in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”.

Changes

• Kherū → Arûn “Lord” ✧ SD/376
• Kherū → Arûn ✧ SDI2/Arûn

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess”

Variations

• Kherū ✧ SD/376 (Kherū); SDI2/Arûn (Kherū)

khôr Reconstructed

noun. lord

An element meaning “lord” appearing only in the name Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”, though a similar form appears in the earlier names Kherû “Lord” and Mulkhêr “Lord of Darkness”. It isn’t clear whether this element is ✱akhôr or ✱khôr, but khôr resembles the Primitive Elvish root √KHER “rule, govern, possess”, to which it may be related.

This possible relationship has been suggested by various authors (AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/KHUR). Andreas Moehn rejected the relationship, pointing out that Primitive Elvish ✶khēru “lord” would have developed phonetically into Ad. ✱✱khîru (EotAL). However, khôr may be derived from some more ancient Avari loan word, which underwent different phonetic developments than those of the Eldarin languages, perhaps ✶kher- > khar > khaur > Ad. khôr.

Cognates

• Q. heru “lord, master”

Derivations

• √KHER “possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power”

Element in

• Ad. Adûnakhôr “Lord of the West”

uzbad

noun. lord

Element in

• Kh. Balin Fundinul Uzbad Khazaddûmu “Balin son of Fundin Lord of Moria” ✧ PE17/047

Variations

• Uzbad ✧ PE17/047

kundō

noun. prince, leader, lord

Derivations

• √KUN(DU) “to lead; lord, to lead; lord, [ᴹ√] prince” ✧ PE17/113

Derivatives

• Q. cundo “lord, guardian, lord, guardian, [ᴹQ.] prince” ✧ PE17/113; PE17/117
• S. cund “*prince”
  • S. caun “prince, chief, head”

Element in

• ✶Turukondō ✧ PE17/113
• Q. Aracondo “*Noble Prince” ✧ PE17/113; PE17/113
• Q. Turukondo “Victory Prince” ✧ PE17/113

Variations

• kondō ✧ PE17/113

árātō

noun. lord

Derivations

• √RĀ/ARA “noble, high, royal” ✧ PE17/118

Derivatives

• Q. aráto “champion, eminent man, noble, lord, king” ✧ PE17/118

kānō

noun. leader, ruler; crier, herald

Derivations

• √KAN “cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule, cry aloud; (Q. only) command; lead, rule; [ᴹ√] dare” ✧ PE17/113; PM/361

Derivatives

• Q. cáno “commander, chief(tain), ruler, governor; †crier, herald” ✧ PM/362
• S. -gon “lord, prince, lord, prince; [N.] valour” ✧ PM/352
• T. cáno “herald” ✧ PM/362

Element in

• ✶Turukāno “Ruling Lord” ✧ PE17/113
• S. Fingon “Hair Shout” ✧ PM/352
• S. Turgon “Ruling Lord, Victory Prince, (lit.) Master Shout” ✧ PM/352

Variations

• kāno ✧ PE17/113 (kāno)
• -kānō ✧ PM/352

brannon

noun. lord

brannon

noun. lord

ernil

noun. prince

Element in

• N. Ernil a Pheriannath “Prince of the Halflings” ✧ WR/287

Elements

Word	Gloss
aran	“king, lord (of a specific region)”

Variations

• Ernil ✧ WR/287

cunn

noun. prince

cunn

noun. prince

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kundu “prince” ✧ Ety/KUNDŪ

Derivations

• ᴹ√KUNDU “prince” ✧ Ety/KUNDŪ

Element in

• N. Baragund “*Fiery-prince” ✧ Ety/KUNDŪ
• N. Belegund
• N. Felagund “Lord of Caves” ✧ Ety/KUNDŪ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KUND-Ū > cunn	[kundū] > [kundu] > [kundu] > [kund] > [kunn]	✧ Ety/KUNDŪ