îdh

rest

(repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

mîdh

noun. dew, dew, *moisture, damp(ness); [ᴱN.] mist, drizzle

A Sindarin word for “dew” given as míð in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as a derivative of ✶mizdē “drizzle” (PE19/101), illustrating how [[os|[z] vanished before [d] lengthening preceding vowel]] in (Old) Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: N. mîdh “dew” also appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, already with the same derivation as given above (Ety/MIZD), though Tolkien first wrote its gloss as “fine rain” (EtyAC/MIZD). This deleted gloss seems to be a remnant of ᴱN. midh “mist, drizzle” from Early Noldorin Word-lists, but there its primitive form was ᴱ✶míye (PE13/150).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would extend the meaning of this word to include “✱moisture, damp(ness)” in general, especially as the result of a previous rain.

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

aglar

brilliance

1. aglar (glitter, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl. 2) galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid), 3) rill (construct ril) (flame, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

celeth

stream

(noun) 1) celeth (i geleth, o cheleth), pl. celith (i chelith), 2) sirith (i hirith, o sirith) (flowing), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith), 3) nên (water, lake, pool, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn, 4) rant (watercourse, water-channel, lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath.

gath

cavern

1. gath (i **ath), pl. gaith (i ngaith = i ñaith), 2) rond (construct ron) (cave, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath**

glân

hem

1. glân (i **lân, construct glan) (border), pl. glain (in glain**) (VT42:8). Note: a homophone means ”white, clear”. 2) *rîw (construct riw) (edge, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

grôd

cave

1. grôd (i **rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414), 2) groth (i **roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12), 3) rond (construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath, 4) roth (delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i **athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd), 5) fela (pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela** as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

gwing

spray

1. (blown off wave-tops) gwing (i **wing) (foam, spindrift, spume), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing); 2) (of fall or fountain) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, dew), pl. ryss (idh ryss**). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

gwî

net

1. gwî (i **wî) (web), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî), 2) raef, no distinct pl. form except with article (idh raef), coll. pl. raevath. Note: raef has a side-form raew, but since this also means ”fathom”, raef may be preferred for clarity. 3) rem (mesh), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath**. Verb

hîl

heir

1. #hîl (i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350). 2) rêd (construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

iaw

ravine

1. iaw (cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”. 2) ress (construct res), pl. riss (idh riss), 3) rest (cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 4) riss (construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)

lach

flame

(noun) 1) lach (leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

mista

stray

(verb) 1) mista- (i vista, i mistar), 2) renia- (sail, wander, fly) (i renia, idh reniar). Adj.

mîdh

dew

1. mîdh (i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh), 2) ross (construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

orchall

eminent

1. orchall (lofty, superior), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail), 2) raud (high, noble), in compounds -rod, pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”: raud, pl. roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.

othrad

street

1. *othrad (pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad. 2) rath (climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255). 3)

rach

wain

*rach (wagon), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rach

wagon

*rach (wain), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rada

find a way

rada- (make a way) (i rada, idh radar)

rada

make a way

rada- (find a way) (i rada, idh radar)

rain

border

(noun) rain; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rain). Note: the adj. ”erratic, wandering” is a homophone of rain.

ram

wall

1. ram, pl. raim (idh raim), coll. pl. rammath; 2) rammas, pl. remmais (idh remmais), coll. pl. rammassath.

ranc

arm

ranc (pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

rant

channel

(water-channel) rant (watercourse, stream; lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

lode

rant (watercourse, water-channel, stream; vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

vein

rant (watercourse, water-channel, stream; lode), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

watercourse

rant (water-channel, stream; lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath. Cf. also the word imrath (pl. imraith), referring to a long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise.

raph

strap

#raph (rope), pl. raiph (idh raiph), coll. pl. rafath. Isolated from udalraph ”stirrupless”, literally perhaps ”without foot-strap” (u + tal/dal + raph)

rast

cape

(geographic) 1) rast (also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist, 2) (of land) bund (i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rath

course

rath (climb, climbing path, street, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

rath

riverbed

rath (climb, climbing path, street, course), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

raug

demon

raug (-rog in compounds, as in Balrog), pl. roeg (idh roeg), coll. pl. #rogath (isolated from Balrogath, MR:79). Also used = ”powerful, hostile, and terrible creature”.

raw

rush

(noun, roaring noise) 1) raw (pl. roe, idh roe)

raw

lion

*raw (pl. roe, idh roe). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhaw, pl rhui. Homophones mean ”bank” (of river) and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

raw

bank

(esp. river-bank) raw (pl. roe, idh roe), coll. pl. ?rawath or ?roath. Note: homophones mean ”lion” and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

redh

sow

redh- (i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

rem

mesh

rem (net), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath

renia

sail

(verb) renia- (fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

renia

fly

1. renia- (sail, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar), 2)

renia

wander

renia- (sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).

rhach

curse

(noun) *rhach (?i thrach or ?i rach the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaich (?idh raich). The word is only attested in mutated form e·**rach ”of the curse” in MR:373; David Salo theorizes that this is how a word in rh- appears after the genitival article en** ”of the”.

rhass

precipice

rhass (i rass for ”older” i** **chrass; construct rhas), pl. rais (?idh rais).

rhavan

wild man

(non-Edain human) rhavan (?i thravan or ?i ravan the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

rhavan

wild man

(non-Edain human) rhavan (?i thravan or ?i ravan the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). Also (of a Drúadan) drû (i dhrû), pl. drúin (in drúin), coll. pl. drúath (UT:385). Also compounded as Drúadan (i Dhrúadan), pl. Drúedain (in Drúedain). Cf. also Û-

rhaw

flesh

rhaw (?i thraw or ?i raw the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (body), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)

rhaw

body

rhaw (?i thraw or ?i raw the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (flesh), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350).

rhovannor

wilderness

1. rhovannor (?i throvannor or ?i rovannor the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10); 2) Eriador (a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.; 3) gwaith (i **waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith). 4) loss (construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth**] and ”fallen snow”.)

rhîw

winter

rhîw (?i thrîw or ?i rîw the lenition product of rh- is uncertain); no distinct pl. form except with article (?idh rîw)

rhûd

mine

*rhûd (construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365).

rib

fling

rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, rush)

rib

rush

(verb) rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

rib

fly

rib- (i rîb, idh ribir) (rush, fling)

riel

princess

#riel (garlanded maiden), pl. ?rîl (idh rîl), coll. pl. riellath. Isolated from the name Galadriel.

rinc

jerk

(noun) rinc (twitch, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc); coll. pl. ringath.

rinc

twitch

(noun) rinc (jerk, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc), coll. pl. ringath.

rind

circle

1. rind (construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath. 2) corn (i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed", 3) (outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr), 4) ringorn, pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

rist

cleft

(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch

ritha

jerk

(verb) ritha- (twitch, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)

ritha

twitch

(verb) ritha- (jerk, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)

ritha

snatch

ritha- (twitch, jerk) (i ritha, idh rithar)

roch

horse

(swift horse for riding) roch, pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

rochben

rider

rochben (pl. rochbin or rechbin, with article idh rochbin/rechbin), coll. pl. rochbiniath (WJ:376; the pl. rechbin is there cited in archaic form ”roechbin” = röchbin).

rochon

rider

1. rochon, pl. rechyn (idh rechyn), coll. pl. rochonnath (UT:313), 2) rochir (knight, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rom

horn

1. rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

rom

trumpet

rom (horn), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath

ross

glitter

†ross (polished metal), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”.

ross

rain

ross (construct ros) (foam, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

rosta

hollow out

rosta- (excavate) (i rosta, idh rostar)

rosta

excavate

rosta- (hollow out) (i rosta, idh rostar)

roval

wing

1. roval (pinion, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhoval_ _pl. rhovel. 2) rafn (horn, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

roval

pinion

roval (wing, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhoval_ _pl. rhovel.

ruin

slot

*ruin (spoor, track, footprint), pl. rŷn (idh rŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. __. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

ruin

footprint

*ruin (slot, spoor, track), pl. rŷn (idh rŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. __. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

ruin

spoor

*ruin (slot, track, footprint), pl. rŷn (idh rŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. __. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adjective.

rusc

fox

rusc, pl. rysc (idh rysc)

rust

copper

rust, pl. ryst (idh ryst) if there is a pl. Possibly also ?urun (pl. yryn if there is a pl.).

râd

path

râd (track), construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh).

râd

track

1. (path) râd, construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh), 2) *ruin (slot, spoor, footprint), pl. rŷn (idh rŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. __. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

rêg

holly

rêg (construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh rîg). See also LOW-GROWING TREE

rî

wreath

rî (construct ri) (crown, garland), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî), coll. pl. ríath

rî

crown

rî (construct ri) (wreath, garland), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî)

rî

garland

rî (construct ri) (wreath, crown), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî);

rîn

crowned

rîn (no distinct pl. form). Also used as noun CROWNED WOMAN (= queen): rîn, construct rin, no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîn). Note: a homphone means ”remembrance”.

rîn

remembrance

rîn (construct rin), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîn) (PM:372), coll. pl. ?ríniath.

rîs

queen

1. rîs, no distinct pl. except with article preceding (idh rîs); coll. pl. ?rissath; 2) rían (”crown-gift”), pl. ríain (idh ríain); 3) bereth (i vereth) (spouse), pl. berith (i mberith), 4) ríen (crowned lady), pl. ?rîn (idh rîn). The adjective rîn ”crowned” may also be used as a noun ”crowned woman” = ”queen”, but with no distinct pl. form except when article precedes (idh rîn again); coll. pl. ríniath. Note: a homophone means ”remembrance”.

rîw

edge

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

border

*rîw (construct riw) (hem, edge), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rŷn

hound of chase

rŷn (construct ryn; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rŷn)

rŷn

chaser

(= hound of chase) rŷn (construct ryn; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rŷn)

êg

thorn

1. êg (construct eg), pl. îg; 2) rêg (construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg), 3) aeg (peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

lach

flame

(leaping flame), pl. laich;  2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lae

great number

(no distinct pl. form) (VT45:27), also rim (crowd, host), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh** rim), coll. pl. rimmath**. Note: a homophone means ”cold pool or lake”.

r

hound of chase

ŷn (construct ryn; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rŷn)

r

chaser

ŷn (construct ryn; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rŷn)

rach

wain

(wagon), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rach

wagon

(wain), pl. #raich (idh raich) (UT:465). Isolated from the compounded plural form gondraich.

rada

find a way

(make a way) (i rada, idh radar)

rada

make a way

(find a way) (i rada, idh radar)

raeda

catch in a net

(i raeda, idh raedar) (VT42:12)

raef

net

no distinct pl. form except with article (idh raef), coll. pl. raevath. Note: raef has a side-form raew, but since this also means ”fathom”, raef may be preferred for clarity.

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rafn

wing

(horn, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn);

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rain

border

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rain). Note: the adj. ”erratic, wandering” is a homophone of rain.

ram

wall

pl. raim (idh raim), coll. pl. rammath

rammas

wall

pl. remmais (idh remmais), coll. pl. rammassath.

ranc

arm

(pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

rant

channel

(watercourse, stream; lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

stream

(watercourse, water-channel, lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath.

rant

lode

(watercourse, water-channel, stream; vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

vein

(watercourse, water-channel, stream; lode), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

water-channel

(watercourse, stream; lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath

rant

watercourse

(water-channel, stream; lode, vein), pl. raint (idh raint), coll. pl. rannath. Cf. also the word imrath (pl. imraith), referring to a long narrow valley with a road or watercourse running through it lengthwise.

raph

strap

(rope), pl. raiph (idh raiph), coll. pl. rafath. Isolated from udalraph ”stirrupless”, literally perhaps ”without foot-strap” (u + tal/dal + raph)

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

rast

cape

(also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist

rath

street

(climb, climbing path, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255).

rath

climbing path

(street, course, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

rath

course

(climb, climbing path, street, riverbed), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

rath

riverbed

(climb, climbing path, street, course), pl. raist (idh raist) (UT:255)

raud

eminent

(high, noble), in compounds -rod,  pl. roed. Also used as noun ”champion, eminent man, [a] noble”: raud, pl. roed (idh roed), coll. pl. rodath.****

raug

demon

(-rog in compounds, as in Balrog), pl. roeg (idh roeg), coll. pl. #rogath (isolated from Balrogath, MR:79). Also used = ”powerful, hostile, and terrible creature”.

raun

moon

(pl. roen, idh roen), coll. pl. ronath. Cf. the ending -ron at the end of month-names. Raun is basically the adj. ”straying, wandering” used as a noun, hence identifying the Moon as ”the Wanderer”. – The ”Noldorin” form rhân presupposes a different primitive form and may not correspond to S ✱rân as would normally be supposed.

raw

roaring noise

(rush), pl. roe (idh roe);

raw

rush

(pl. roe, idh roe)

raw

lion

(pl. roe, idh roe). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhaw, pl rhui. Homophones mean ”bank” (of river) and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

raw

bank

(pl. roe, idh roe), coll. pl. ?rawath or ?roath. Note: homophones mean ”lion” and also ”rush, roaring noise”.

redh

sow

(i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

rem

net

(mesh), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath. Verb

rem

mesh

(net), pl. rim (idh rim), coll. pl. remmath

renia

stray

(sail, wander, fly) (i renia, idh reniar). Adj.

renia

sail

(fly, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

renia

fly

(sail, wander, stray) (i renia, idh reniar)

renia

wander

(sail, fly, stray) (i renia, idh reniar).

ress

ravine

(construct res), pl. riss (idh riss)

rest

cleft

(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rest

ravine

(cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

rhach

curse

(?i thrach or ?i rach – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaich (?idh raich). The word is only attested in mutated form e·’rach ”of the curse” in MR:373; David Salo theorizes that this is how a word in rh- appears after the genitival article en ”of the”.

rhass

precipice

(i rass for ”older” i chrass; construct rhas), pl. rais (?idh rais).

rhast

shore

(?i thrast or ?i rast – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhaist (?idh raist).

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). Also (of a Drúadan) drû (i dhrû), pl. drúin (in drúin), coll. pl. drúath (UT:385). Also compounded as Drúadan (i Dhrúadan), pl. Drúedain (in Drúedain). Cf. also

rhaw

flesh

(?i thraw or ?i raw – *the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (body), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)*

rhaw

body

(?i thraw or ?i raw – *the lenition product of rh is uncertain) (flesh), pl. rhoe (?idh roe). Note: a homophone means ”wild, untamed”. (MR:350)*.

rhoss

whisper

(?i thross or ?i ross* – the lenition product of **rh***- is uncertain; construct rhos) (rustling sound), pl. rhyss (?idh ryss). – Suggested S form of ”N” thross**.

rhoss

rustling sound

(?i thross or ?i ross* – the lenition product of **rh***- is uncertain; construct rhos) (whisper), pl. rhyss (?idh ryss). – Suggested S form of ”N” thross**.

rhovannor

wilderness

(?i throvannor or ?i rovannor – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhovennyr (?idh rovennyr) (VT46:10)

rhîw

winter

(?i thrîw or ?i rîw – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain*); no distinct pl. form except with article (?idh rîw)

rhûd

dwelling underground

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid) (PM:365)*.

rhûd

artificial cave

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rhûd

mine

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, rockhewn hall), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*.

rhûd

rockhewn hall

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365);

rhûd

artificial cave

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rhûd

underground dwelling

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (artificial cave, rockhewn hall, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rhûd

rockhewn hall

(construct rhud, with article ?i thrûd or ?i rûd – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain) (dwelling underground, artificial cave, mine), pl. rhuid (?idh ruid). (PM:365)*

rib

fling

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, rush)

rib

rush

(i rîb, idh ribir) (fly, fling)

rib

fly

(i rîb, idh ribir) (rush, fling)

riel

princess

(garlanded maiden), pl. ?rîl (idh rîl), coll. pl. riellath. Isolated from the name Galadriel.

riel

garlanded maiden

(princess), pl. ?rîl (idh rîl). Isolated from the name Galadriel.

rill

brilliance

(construct ril) (flame, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

rill

light

(construct ril) (brilliance, flame), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

rill

reflected

(construct ril) (brilliance, flame), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

rimma

flow like a torrent

(i rimma, idh rimmar)

rinc

jerk

(twitch, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc); coll. pl. ringath.

rinc

twitch

(jerk, trick, sudden move), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rinc), coll. pl. ringath.

rind

circle

(construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath.

ringorn

circle

pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

riss

ravine

(construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)****

rist

cleft

(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”

ritha

jerk

(twitch, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)

ritha

twitch

(jerk, snatch) (i ritha, idh rithar)

ritha

snatch

(twitch, jerk) (i ritha, idh rithar)

roch

horse

pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

rochben

rider

(pl. rochbin or rechbin, with article idh rochbin/rechbin), coll. pl. rochbiniath *(WJ:376; the pl. rechbin is there cited in archaic form ”roechbin” = röchbin).*

rochir

rider

(knight, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. *rochirrim** (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)*

rochon

rider

pl. rechyn (idh rechyn), coll. pl. rochonnath (UT:313)

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

rom

trumpet

(horn), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath

romru

sound of horns

pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry;

rond

cave

(construct ron) (cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

rond

hall with vaulted roof

(construct ron) (cave, cavern, vault, vaulted ceiling), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

rond

cavern

(construct ron) (cave, vault, vaulted ceiling, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

rond

vault, vaulted ceiling

(construct ron) (cave, cavern, hall with vaulted roof), pl. rynd (idh rynd), coll. pl. ronnath

ross

foam

(construct ros) (rain, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss) (Letters:282). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”

ross

glitter

(polished metal), pl. ryss (idh ryss). Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”spray, foam, rain, dew”.

ross

rain

(construct ros) (foam, dew, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

dew

(construct ros) (foam, rain, spray [of fall or fountain]), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

ross

spray

(construct ros) (foam, rain, dew), pl. ryss (idh ryss). (Letters:282) Note: homophones mean ”reddish, russet, copper-coloured, red-haired” and also ”polished metal, glitter”.

rosta

hollow out

(excavate) (i rosta, idh rostar)

rosta

excavate

(hollow out) (i rosta, idh rostar)

roval

great wing

(pinion, wing), pl. rovail (idh rovail). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

roval

wing

(pinion, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

roval

pinion

(wing, great wing [of eagle]), pl. rovail (idh rovail). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

roval

great wing

(pinion, wing), pl. rovail (idh rovail); this is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” *rhoval* pl. *rhovel*.

rui

hunt, hunting

(ruiw), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rui, idh ruiw)

ruin

red flame

(no distinct pl. form except with article: idh ruin) (blazing fire). Also used as an adj. ”fiery red, burning”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366)

ruin

slot

(spoor, track, footprint), pl. r**ŷn (idh r**ŷn). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. RUN. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

ruin

footprint

(slot, spoor, track), pl. r**ŷn (idh r**ŷn). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. RUN. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.**

ruin

track

(slot, spoor, footprint), pl. r**ŷn (idh r**ŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. RUN. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

ruin

spoor

(slot, track, footprint), pl. r**ŷn (idh r**ŷn). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. RUN. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adjective.**

rusc

fox

pl. rysc (idh rysc)

rust

copper

pl. ryst (idh ryst) if there is a pl.  Possibly also ?urun (pl. yryn if there is a pl.).

râd

path

(track), construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh).

râd

track

construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh)

rêd

heir

(construct red), pl.rîd (idh rîd). The word is presented as a borrowing from Beorian, so it may not be the normal Sindarin word for ”heir”.

rêg

holly

(construct reg) (thorn), pl. rîg (idh** rîg**). See also

rêg

thorn

(construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg)

rían

queen

(”crown-gift”), pl. ríain (idh ríain)

ríen

crowned lady

(queen), pl. ?rîn (idh rîn)

ríen

queen

(crowned lady), pl. ?rîn (idh rîn). The adjective rîn ”crowned” may also be used as a noun ”crowned woman” =  ”queen”, but with no distinct pl. form except when article precedes (idh rîn again); coll. pl. ríniath. Note: a homophone means ”remembrance”.

rî

wreath

(construct ri) (crown, garland), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî), coll. pl. ríath

rî

crown

(construct ri) (wreath, garland), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî)

rî

garland

(construct ri) (wreath, crown), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rî);

rîn

crowned woman

construct rin, no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîn). Note: a homphone means ”remembrance”.

rîn

remembrance

(construct rin), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîn) (PM:372), coll. pl. ?ríniath.

rîs

queen

no distinct pl. except with article preceding (idh rîs); coll. pl. ?rissath

rîw

hem

(construct riw) (edge, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh** rîw). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” **rhîf.

rîw

edge

(construct riw) (hem, border), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rîw

border

(construct riw) (hem, edge), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rîw). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” rhîf.

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

mîdh

dew

(i vîdh, construct midh), no distinct form in pl. except with article (i mîdh)

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

aeg

point

1. aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)

aglar

glitter

aglar (brilliance, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl.

bâr

dwelling

bâr (house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

calph

water vessel

calph (i galph, o chalph), pl. celph (i chelph). By another suggestion, if the word goes like alph "swan", the pl. forms could be ceilph (i cheilph).

daedhelos

great fear

daedhelos (i naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndae<u>d</u>elos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct. Another term for GREAT FEAR is goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe).

dîr

man

1. (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

edrain

border

edrain (no distinct pl. form)

eilia

rain

(vb.) eilia-, impersonal 3rd singular uil "it rains". (In ”Noldorin”, the impersonal form was "oeil" = öil, later eil.)

fara

hunt

(verb) fara-

galad

glittering reflection

galad (i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, radiance), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).

glân

border

glân (i **lân, construct glan) (hem), pl. glain (in glain**) (VT42:8) Note: a homophone means ”white, claer”.

goe

great fear

goe (i **oe) (terror), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ngoe** = i ñoe);

imrad

path

(between mountains, hills or through trackless forest) imrad (pass), pl. imraid.

lacha

flame

(verb) *lacha- (i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lobor

horse

lobor, analogical pl. lebyr (VT45:28)

ment

point

(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.

nasta

point

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

sabar

mine

1. (delved mine) #sabar (i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root _

siria

flow

(vb.) siria- (i hiria, i siriar).

tham

hall

tham, pl. thaim, coll. pl. thammath;

thanc

cleft

(adj.) thanc (forked, split), pl. thainc

thoron

eagle

thoron, pl. theryn, coll. pl. thoronath. The sg. may also appear as thôr (with stem thoron-); thôr is also an adjective ”swooping, leaping down”. In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was therein (LR:392 s.v. THOR).

till

point

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

ŷr

course

*ŷr (construct yr; no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. yrath). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” iôr.

-il

point

suff. point, ending. >> niphredil, til

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

Rest

noun. cut

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

adanath

noun. men

aeg

noun. point

The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"

aglar

brilliance

n. brilliance, glory. Q. alkar. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

avras

noun. precipice

A noun glossed “a precipice” in notes from the late 1960s (PMB), given as a derivative of the root √BARAS (PE17/22-23).

balrog

demon

n. (mighty) demon. A word made in ancient S. for the spirits (of 'māyan' origin) corrupted to his service by Melkor in the days outside Arda, before the coming of the Elves and the assault uopon Utumno. Q. pl1. Valaraucar. In a draft, Tolkien presented the Balrogs as of "Valar or Maian origin" (PE17:48). >> raug

bar

noun. dwelling, home

bar

noun. inhabited land

bereth

noun. queen, spouse

cast

noun. cape, headland

cirith

noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile

criss

noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine

A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.

N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).

Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

echor

noun. outer circle, encircling, outer ring

edrain

noun. border

ereg

noun. holly-tree, thorn

ereg

noun. holly

_ n. Bot. _holly. >> Eregion

fael

noun. gleaming brilliance (of the sun)

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

falch

noun. deep cleft, ravine

feleg

noun. cave

n. cave, mine, underground dwelling. Q. felco. Q.

glân

noun. hem, border (of textile and other hand-made things)

groth

noun. cave, tunnel, large excavation

groth

noun. delving, underground dwelling

hîl

noun. heir

hîl

noun. heir

A word for “heir” appearing only as an element in Eluchíl “Thingol’s Heir” (S/188; PM/369). It is clearly the Sindarin equivalent of Q. hildë “heir”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. hilmir “heir (m. or f.)” based on G. hilm “posterity, descendants, progeny” (GL/49).

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

ithil

noun. Moon

The usual name for the Moon in Sindarin, from an augmented form of the root √THIL (Let/425; Ety/THIL). This word is most likely the proper name of the Moon, analogous to English “Luna”: in The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien indicated Ithil was a “poetic name”. Compare this to S. Raun “Wanderer”, which is more descriptive of the nature of the body and hence closer to “Moon” (and “moon”).

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this name seems to be G. Thilim “Moon” in an early list of names (PE14/13). This became G. {Thil >>} Sil “Rose of Silpion, Moon” (GL/67, 72) and G. {Thilmos >>} Silma in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/33, 67), both derivatives of the early root ᴱ√SILI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Sil). The name Ithil first appeared in early versions of the tales of Númenor from the 1930s (LR/41).

lach

noun. (leaping) flame

lacha-

verb. to flame

lacho

verb. flame!

lanc

noun. sharp edge (not of tools), sudden end (as a cliff-edge, or the clean edge of things made by hand or built)

lhôn

noun. noise, noise; *phone (in linguistics), speech sound

A word for “noise” appearing in a list of roots for sound words from 1959-60, derived from the root √(S)LON (PE17/138).

Neo-Sindarin: In a post on 2024-05-07 from the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), Luinyelle suggested this word could also mean “phone, speech sound”, based on Q. hlonitë “phonetic”. I personally recommend fuller paethlon in cases where a simple lhôn would be ambiguous.

lond

noun. narrow path or strait

lond

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

mîdh

noun. dew

dew

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

nef

preposition. on this side of

othrad

noun. street

pad

track

_ n. _track, road (only of 'roads' or tracks unpaved in open country).

rach

noun. wain

Since this word is attested in a compound only, its unmutated form is uncertain. It could also be grach or rhach

rach

noun. wain

raeda-

verb. to catch in a net

raef

noun. net

raef

noun. net

raew

noun. net

raew

noun. net

A noun given as raef or raew “net” in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 based on the root √RAY “net, knit, contrive network or lace; involve in a network, enlace”, a blending of the ancient forms of its Quenya equivalents Q. raima “net” and Q. raiwë “lace” (VT42/12). In a draft of this etymology appearing in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969, the only form given was raef, equivalent to Q. raima “a net” (PE22/159). Since usually [[s|final -m > -f [v] > -w after the diphthong ae]], I suspect raef is an archaic form and raew is modern Sindarin.

rafn

noun. wing (horn), extended point at side, etc.

rain

noun. border

ram

noun. wall

ram

noun. wall

The Sindarin word for “wall”, an element in several names such as Andram “Long Wall” and Ramdal “Wall’s End” (S/122).

Conceptual Development: The word was N. rham “wall” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, where it was derived from ᴹ✶rambā under the root ᴹ√RAB (Ety/RAMBĀ; EtyAC/RAMBĀ). The root form did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/382), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne noted the actual root in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). The rh in the 1930s Noldorin form was because initial r was unvoiced in Noldorin, something that was not the case in later Sindarin.

The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. bant “wall” appearing between G. bada- “build” and G. bad “building”, so perhaps derived from an early root ✱ᴱ√BATA (GL/21).

ranc

noun. arm

rant

noun. lode, vein

rant

noun. course, riverbed

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

ras(s)

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. ras(s) for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rath

noun. street

n. street.

rath

noun. street, street, track; [N.] course, river-bed

A word used in street-names in Minis Tirith, most notably Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street” (LotR/768) and Rath Dínen “Silent Street” (LotR/826). It was also an element in the (rejected) name Raith ’Ngorthrim “Paths of the Dead” (RC/526) and the river-name Rathlóriel “Golden-bed” (S/235), but the last of these may be a remnant of its 1930s meaning (see below). In the “Unfinished Index” of The Lord of the Rings Tolkien indicated that rath meant “street (in a city)” (RC/523, 551).

The most extensive description of this word appears in a 1968 discussion of the (possibly related) name Amroth which Tolkien said “is connected with a stem RATH meaning ‘climb’ - with hands and feet, as in a tree or up a rocky slope”. Regarding S. rath Tolkien said:

> Both Quenya and Lindarin also possessed a word ratta, which might be a derivative (by lengthening the medial consonant, a frequent device in Primitive Eldarin) from either ✱rattha or ✱ratta from the stem RAT ... It meant ‘a track’; though often applied to ways known to mountaineers, to passes in the mountains and the climbing ways to them, it was not confined to ascents ... This is evidently the origin also of S. rath ... [which] had the same senses as Q., L. ratta, though in mountainous country it was most used of climbing ways ... In Minas Tirith, in the Númenórean Sindarin that was used in Gondor for the nomenclature of places, rath had become virtually equivalent to ‘street’, being applied to nearly all the paved ways within the city. Most of these were on an incline, often steep (NM/364).

Thus Sindarin rath was a blending of √RATH “climb” and ✶ratta “track” < √RAT “find a way”, and in the context of Minas Tirith was generalized to “(city) street” since most of that city’s streets were sloped.

Rath seems to have been used in the sense “climb” or “climbing track” in the name Andrath [= “✱Long Climb”] for the high-climbing pass from Rivendell over the Misty Mountains that Bilbo and the Dwarves took in The Hobbit, as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (UT/271, 278 note #4). However, the name Andrath was also used for the road running from Fornost down to Tharbad (TI/305; UT/348) which was unlikely to climb much, so in that case may have been used in the sense “street”, “track”, or “course”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. rath was also derived from ON. rattha < ᴹ✶rattā̆ under the root ᴹ√RAT “walk”, but in that document it was glossed “course, river-bed” (Ety/RAT). In this sense it was the basis for the river-name N. Rathloriel, translated “Bed of Gold” in narratives from this period (LR/141). This translation of Rathlóriel survived in The Silmarillion as published (S/235), but may have been a remnant of the 1930s meaning of rath.

Neo-Sindarin: Tolkien’s 1968 note implies that original sense of S. rath was a “(climbing) track”, and may have meant “street” only in Númenórean Sindarin, or possibly just for street names in Minas Tirith. For city streets in other contexts I would use [N.] ostrad or [ᴺS.] othrad. I would furthermore ignore the 1930s translation N. rath “course, river-bed”, and would assume that Rathlóriel had a more metaphorical meaning: “✱Golden Street/Track”. For “(river) course” I was instead use the better-attested S. rant; see that entry for details.

rath

noun. course, riverbed

rath

noun. street (in a city)

raug

demon

n. demon. Q. rauca. >> Balrog

raun

noun. Moon

A word for “moon”, equivalent of Q. Rána, attested in later writings only as the element -rawn in the archaic form S. †cýrawn “new-moon”, in modern speech cýron (VT48/7). Based on its use in this word, as well as in N. cúran “crescent moon” [ᴺS. cúron], it seems this is the ordinary word for “Moon” (or “moon”) as a celestial body, as opposed to S. Ithil which is the proper name of the moon, equivalent to English “Luna”. Raun is derived from primitive ✶rānā from the root √RAN “wander”, and hence originally meant something like “Wanderer”, though its Quenya equivalent is usually translated “Wayward”.

Conceptual Development: A very similar form G. Rân “the moon” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/64), as well as ᴱN. rán “moon” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/152), though in this period its etymology is unclear. It appeared as N. Rhân “Moon” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√RAN “wander, stray” (Ety/RAN), but in this period its Quenya equivalent was ᴹQ. Rana with short a. In later writings the Quenya form became Q. Rána, requiring a change to S. Raun since ancient ā became au in Sindarin.

raw

noun. lion

raw

wing

n. wing. Q. ráma, pl1. rámar. >> Landroval, rov-, roval

raw

noun. wing

The Sindarin word for “wing” (PE17/63) based on the root ᴹ√RAM (Ety/RAM). Its Quenya cognate ráma indicates its ancient vowel ā was long, and this long ā became au (aw) in Sindarin. Meanwhile, the ancient m became v, which then vanished after the diphthong aw: ✱rāmā > raum(a) > rau(v) > raw.

Conceptual Development: The word G. ram “wing, pinion” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s was similarly derived (GL/64), but in Gnomish m did not become v.

raw

noun. bank (especially of a river)

redh-

verb. to sow

rein

noun. slot, spoor, track, footprint

rem

noun. mesh, net (esp. for catching, hunter's or fisher's net)

renia-

verb. to stray

revia-

verb. to fly, sail

revia-

verb. to wander

rhach

noun. curse

rhach

noun. curse

@@ form suggested by David Salo (GS/284)

rhaw

noun. flesh, body

rhond

noun. body

n. body. >> rhonn, rhû

rhond

noun. body

A Sindarin word for “body”, cognate of Q. hrondo, appearing as rhonn in Quenya Notes from 1957 (QN: PE17/183) and as rhond or rhonn in notes concerning spirit, also probably from 1957 (NM/237). In the former document, it was derived from the root √SRON, a variant of √RON “solid, tangible, firm” (PE17/183).

Neo-Sindarin: Its Quenya cognate hrondo was replaced by Q. hröa < ✶srawā in notes from 1958-59 (MR/209, 350). However, the Sindarin equivalent of hroa was rhaw, a word that also meant “flesh” along with many other (Neo) Sindarin meanings such as “wild” and “lion”. As such, I would retain rhond as “body” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin; the continued viability of the root √RON is indicated by other words like S. Grond.

rhonn

noun. body

n. body. >> rhond, rhû

rhovan

noun. wilderness

rhîw

noun. winter season

rhîw

noun. winter

rib-

verb. to flow like a (torrent ?)

The reading of the gloss is uncertain

ril

brilliance

n. brilliance, esp. used of white radiation. >> mithril

rinc

noun. twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move

rind

noun. circle

ringorn

noun. circle

riss

adjective. cleft

_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris

riss

noun. ravine

rista-

verb. to cut

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

ritha-

verb. to jerk, twitch, snatch

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

roch

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Sindarin, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be G. brog “horse” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), though at the time it had no Qenya cognates. ᴱN. brog “horse” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s it had become N. roch “horse”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK; EtyAC/ROK). Tolkien seems to have mainly stuck with this form thereafter.

rochben

noun. rider

There was a word rochben “rider” (of any gender) in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, a combination of roch “horse” with the suffix -ben “person” (WJ/376). Tolkien used it as an example of how Sindarin plurals applied only to the second element of recognized compounds: pl. rochbin “riders” rather than ✱✱rechbin; compare more ancient roechbin [rœchbin] where the plural mutation applied to the entire word, and modern erphin “nobles” plural of arphen [< ✱ar-pen], which is no longer recognized as a compound.

In notes on The Ride of Eorl, Tolkien instead had rochon “rider” in the song-name Rochon Methestel “Rider of the Last Hope” (UT/313). Since this used the masculine suffix -on, this was presumably a specifically male rider, as opposed to a female rider which might be ✱rochil.

rochon

noun. (horse) rider

rochon

noun. rider

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

romru

noun. sound of horns

rond

noun. cave roof

rond

noun. vaulted or arched roof, as seen from below (and usually not visible from outside), or a (large) hall of chamber so roofed

ross

noun. rain

ross

adjective. red-haired, copper coloured (especially used of animals, as fox, red deer, etc.)

roth

noun. cave

n. cave. Q. rondo.

rov-

wing

pref. wing. >> Landroval, raw, roval

roval

wing

n. wing. >> Landroval, raw, rov-

roval

noun. pinion, great wing (of eagle)

rui

noun. hunt, hunting

rusc

noun. fox

rusc

noun. fox

The Sindarin word for “fox” from the root √(u)rus “brownish red”. Normally a short u became o in Sindarin, but in this case it seems likely that the presence of a second u (later lost) help preserve the u in rusc.

rust

noun. copper

rust

noun. copper

A noun for “copper” in notes from the late 1960s based on the root √(u)rus (VT41/10).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. tăm “copper” (GL/69), clearly the cognate of ᴱQ. tambe “copper, bronze” under the early root ᴱ√TAMA “beat; smelt, forge” in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/88).

rustui

adjective. of copper

rustui

adjective. copper, copper, *of copper, like copper

An adjectival form of rust “copper” in notes from the late 1960s (VT41/10).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. tambin “of copper” and G. tambrin “like copper”, both based on G. tăm “copper” (GL/69).

rían

noun. queen, queen, *(lit.) crowned-lady

rî

noun. crown, wreath, garland

rîn

noun/adjective. crowned

rîn

noun/adjective. crowned lady, queen

rîn

noun. remembrance

rîn

noun. remembrance

rîs

noun. queen

rîw

noun. edge, hem, border

rû

noun. loud-sound, trumpet-sound

rŷn

noun. "chaser", hound of chase

sabar

noun. delved mine

The unmutated form is reconstructed from the place name Nornhabar, assuming that the second word is mutated in composition. Though habar as the regular form might be possible as well, in the Qenyaqetsa we find the root SAPA "dig, excavate" (PE/12:82), so it seems most likely that Tolkien re-used this old base, and that the underlying form in those names would indeed be sabar

sîr

stream

_ n. _stream. >> Nanduhirion

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

thorn

noun. eagle

thoron

noun. eagle

thoron

noun. eagle

The Sindarin word for “eagle”, derived from ✶thoronō̆ (Let/427, PE23/141). In notes from 1969 Tolkien gave its plural form as theryn (PE23/139).

Possible Etymology: The form of this word is difficult to explain if it is derived from primitive ✶thoron(ŏ). Since final nasals vanished after vowels, in the ordinary phonetic development of Sindarin it should have become thôr, a form that did appear as variant in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/THOR, KIRIS). Tolkien himself suggested that the (Noldorin) word was a back-formation from the archaic genitive ON. thoronen (Ety/THOR). While this specific genitive form did not survive in (Old) Sindarin, there are plenty of other mechanisms that might result in such a back-formation in Sindarin. For example, David Salo suggested that it could be a back-formation from its plural theryn (GS/291), perhaps also influenced by ancient names where it still appeared, such as Thorondor “King of Eagles”.

A simpler explanation is that the primitive form is actual thoronō, as for example on PE23/141. But that would be inconsistent with Q. soron “eagle”.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s this word appeared as G. thorn (GL/73), which was also the usual form in names of this period. In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s it reappeared as ᴱN. thorn (PE13/154), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s it appeared as N. thoron beside the variant thôr as noted above (Ety/THOR, KIRIS). The names of this period also began to reflect this change, and names after the 1940s consistently show thoron, though the form þorn did appear at least once in later notes (PE22/159).

thoronath

noun. eagles

thôr

noun. eagle

til

point

n. point, ending. >> -il, niphredil

ŷr

noun. course

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

aearon

great ocean

also Gaearon (i** ’Aearon), pl. Gaearyn (i** Ngaearyn = *i Ñaearyn). Also short form Gaeron (i** ‘Aeron), pl. Gaeryn (i** Ngaeryn = i Ñaeryn*). Coll. pl. Gaearonnath, Gaeronnath.

aedh

noun. nest

aeg

point

(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".

aeg

thorn

(peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

aglar

brilliance

(glitter, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl.

aglar

glitter

(brilliance, glory), pl. eglair if there is a pl.

aglonn

pass between high walls

(defile), pl. eglynn.

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

andrath

long climb

(high pass), pl. endraith,

ardhon

great province

(great region, world), pl. erdhyn, coll. pl. ardhonnath.

balrog

fire-demon

(i valrog), pl. balroeg (i malroeg). Coll. pl. balrogath is attested. Archaic form ✱balraug. (MR:79, WJ:415). The etymological meaning is rather ”power-demon”.

bellas

bodily strength

(i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

bereth

queen

(i vereth) (spouse), pl. berith (i mberith)

bund

cape

(i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

bâd

pathway

(i vâd, construct bad) (beaten track), pl. baid (i maid).

bâr

dwelling

(house, home, family; land, earth) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

calph

water vessel

(i galph, o chalph), pl. celph (i chelph). By another suggestion, if the word goes like alph "swan", the pl. forms could be ceilph (i cheilph).

celeth

stream

(i geleth, o cheleth), pl. celith (i chelith)

celf

noun. channel

A neologism for “channel” coined by Elaran in 2018 based on ᴹQ. kelma of the same meaning.

cirith

cleft

(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)

corn

circle

(i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed"

corod Reconstructed

noun. circle

criss

cleft

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

cîl

cleft

(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.

daedhelos

great fear/dread

(i** naedhelos, o ndaedhelos), pl. daedhelys (i** ndaedhelys). Coll. pl. daedhelossath. A side-form ends in -oth instead of -os. The word appears in the mutated form "ndaedelos" in LotR Appendix F, but since the second element must be delos "abhorrence" and it would surely be lenited following a vowel, this would seem to be one of the cases where Tolkien wrote d even though dh would be technically correct.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

dôr

dwelling place

(i nôr, construct dor) (land, region), pl. dŷr (i ndŷr) (WJ:413).

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

echor

circle

(pl. echyr)

ecthel

spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”

ecthel

thorn point

(pl. ecthil). See also

edrain

border

(no distinct pl. form)

eilia

rain

impersonal 3rd singular uil "it rains". (In ”Noldorin”, the impersonal form was "oeil" = öil, later eil.)

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

eriador

wilderness

(a region in Middle-earth), pl. eriadyr if there is a pl.

fael

gleaming brilliance

. No distinct pl. form. Note: a homophone means "fair-minded, generous, just".

falas

shore, foaming shore

(pl. felais) (beach, coast, strand, line of surf; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand) (VT42:15). Adj.

falathren

of the shore

(pl. felethrin)

falch

cleft

(ravine[?]), pl. felch

falch

ravine

(deep cleft), pl. felch

falf

foam

(breaker), pl. felf, coll. pl. falvath

faltha

foam

(i faltha, i falthar)

fara

hunt

farad

hunt, hunting

isolated from the compound faradrim ✱"hunting-people" = hunters.

faras

hunt, hunting

pl. ferais

faur

shore

(beach), pl. foer, coll. pl. forath (VT46:15)

fela

cave

(pl. fili). In the Etymologies (LR:381 s.v. PHÉLEG) the name Felagund is said to include this word, but since Tolkien later re-explained this name as a borrowing from Dwarvish, some would consider fela as a word for ”cave” conceptually obsolete.

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

forvo

right hand, right side

pl. forvoe (VT47:6);

fân

manifested body of a vala

(veil, cloud), construct fan, pl. fain.

fû Speculative

noun. path

A noun appearing only it is plural form fui “paths” in the name Fui ’Ngorthrim “Paths of the Dead” (RC/526). The most plausible singular form is ✱fû “path”.

gad

catch

(i ’âd, i ngedir = i ñedir), pa.t. gant;

galad

brilliance

(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, radiance, glittering reflection), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid)

galad

glittering reflection

(i ngalad = i ñalad), (bright light, sunlight, brilliance, radiance), pl. gelaid (in gelaid = i ñgelaid).

gath

cavern

(i ’ath), pl. gaith (i ngaith =  i ñaith)

glân

hem

(i ’lân, construct glan) (border), pl. glain (in glain) (VT42:8). Note: a homophone means ”white, clear”.

glân

border

(i ’lân, construct glan) (hem), pl. glain (in glain) (VT42:8) Note: a homophone means ”white, claer”.

gobel

enclosed dwelling

(i ’obel) (walled house or village, ”town”), pl. gebil (i ngebil = i ñebil). Archaic pl. göbil.

gond

great stone

(i ’ond, construct gon) (rock), pl. gynd (i ngynd = i ñynd), coll. pl. gonnath (Letters:410).

groth

cave

(i ’roth) (delving, large excavation), pl. gryth (in gryth) (VT46:12)

grôd

underground dwelling

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (cave, delving, excavation), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

grôd

cave

(i ’rôd, construct grod) (delving, excavation, underground dwelling), pl. grŷd (in grŷd) (WJ:414)

gwaith

wilderness

(i ’waith) (also meaning manhood, manpower, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people, region), no distinct pl. form except when marked as pl. by article (in gwaith).

gwing

foam

(i ’wing) (spindrift, spume, spray blown off wave-tops), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing)

gwing

spray

(i ’wing) (foam, spindrift, spume), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwing)

gwî

net

(i ’wî) (web), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwî)

habad

shore

(i chabad, o chabad), pl. hebaid (i chebaid). Archaic pl. hebeid (LR:386).

harvo

left hand, left side

pl. harvoe (VT47:6);

hîl

heir

(i chîl), same forms in pl., also with article (i chîl), coll. pl. híliath. Isolated from the name Eluchíl, heir of Elu (WJ:350).

iaw

ravine

(cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

imrad

path

(pass), pl. imraid.

ithil

moon

(= ”the sheen”)

lacha

flame

(i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lachenn

flame-eyed

pl. lachinn *(WJ:384, there cited in archaic form lachend)*.

lammad

sound of voices

pl. lemmaid. May also be spelt with a single m.

lanc

sharp edge

(sudden end, brink), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”neck, throat”.

law

noun. sound

lhoss

whisper

(?i thloss or ?i loss [the lenition product of lh is uncertain], construct lhos), pl. lhyss (?i lyss). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloss, floss.

lhûn

making sound

lenited ?thlûn or ?lûn (the lenition product of lh is uncertain), pl. lhuin. Verb

lobor

horse

analogical pl. **lebyr **(VT45:28)

loss

wilderness

(construct los; pl. lyss). (Note: homophones mean ”flower” [more commonly loth] and ”fallen snow”.)

ment

point

(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **

mista

stray

(i vista, i mistar)

mistad

straying

(i vistad) (error), pl. mistaid (i mistaid). The word appears as ”mistrad” in the source (LR:373 s.v. MIS), but this would seem to be an error.

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

naith

point

(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.

nass

point

(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

nasta

point

(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

nellad

sound of bells

(pl. nellaid);

nên

stream

(water, lake, pool, waterland), construct nen, pl. nîn

orchall

eminent

(lofty, superior), pl. erchail (for archaic örchail)

othrad

noun. street

othrad

street

(pl. ethraid for archaic öthraid). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ostrad.

othronn

fortress in a cave/caves

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (underground stronghold). Cited in archaic form othrond in the source (WJ:414).

pada

walk

(i bada, i phadar)

raen

netted

(enlaced). No distinct pl. form. (VT42:12)

rain

noun. border

ranc

noun. arm

rasg

noun. horn

raun

straying

(wandering), pl. roen; also used as noun ”moon” (”the wanderer”). Noun

raw

noun. lion

remmen

netted

(tangled, woven), pl. #remmin attested (as part of the phrase galadhremmin ennorath, LotR Appendix E)

rind

noun. circle

ringorn

noun. circle

rosg

noun. fox

A neologism for “fox” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. rusco (PM/353). However, the actual Sindarin form S. rusc as published in Vinyar Tengwar #41 (VT41/10).

roth

cave

(delving, large excavation), pl. ryth, 4) gathrod (i ’athrod), pl. gethryd (i ngethryd = i ñethryd)

rîn

adjective. crowned

rîn

crowned

(no distinct pl. form). Also used as noun

rîs

noun. queen

sabar

mine

(i habar, o sabar), pl. sebair (i sebair). Isolated from the name Anghabar, ”iron mine”. The root SAPA ”dig, excavate” (QL:82) suggests that this -habar is a lenited form of ✱sabar. If the unlenited form is actually ✱habar, read: habar (i chabar, o chabar), pl. hebair (i chebair).

siria

flow

(i hiria, i siriar).

sirion

great river

(i** hirion, o sirion), pl. siryn (i** siryn).

sirith

stream

(i hirith, o sirith) (flowing), no distinct pl. except with article (i sirith)

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

taur

great wood

(i daur, o thaur) (forest), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath. Note: homophones mean ”king (of a people)” and also ”lofty, high, sublime, noble” etc.

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

tham

hall

pl. thaim, coll. pl. thammath;

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath;

thamas

great hall

pl. themais, coll. pl. thamassath.

thanc

cleft

(forked, split), pl. thainc

thangail

shield wall

(shield wall). No distinct pl. form? (UT:281)

thela

spear point

(-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.

thoron

eagle

pl. theryn, coll. pl. thoronath. The sg. may also appear as thôr (with stem thoron-); thôr is also an adjective ”swooping, leaping down”. In ”Noldorin”, the pl. was therein (LR:392 s.v. THOR).

till

point

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

tirion

great watchtower

(i** dirion, o thirion), pl. tiryn (i** thiryn).

uin

from the, of the

.

urun

noun. copper

A neologism for “copper” created by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin based on the root √URUN (GS/292). I would use attested rust “copper” instead.

yr

course

; no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. yrath). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” iôr.

êg

thorn

(construct eg), pl. îg