Quenya 

ala

after, beyond

ala (5) prep. "after, beyond" (MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after")

ca

behind, at back of place

ca, cata, cana prep? "behind, at back of place" (VT43:30)

ca

preposition. behind, at back of place

ca(ta)

preposition. behind, at back of place, behind, at back of place; [ᴹQ.] after

Cognates

  • S. cad “*after”

Derivations

  • “after (later than) of time”

Element in

  • ᴺQ. catamen “background, milieu”
  • ᴺQ. catassa “anus, arsehole, (lit.) behind-hole”
  • ᴺQ. catta “back”
  • Q. i Héru aselyë “the Lord is with thee” ✧ VT43/29

Variations

  • ca- ✧ VT43/29
  • ca ✧ VT43/30
  • cata ✧ VT43/30
  • cana ✧ VT43/30
Quenya [VT43/29; VT43/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cana

preposition. behind, at back of place

fai; afea

adverb. before (of time)

Quenya [PE 22:147] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. -

epe

after

Quenya [PE 22:168] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

before (of time); at back (of place), before (of time); at back (of place); [ᴹQ.] yester-; [ᴱQ.] after (of place), behind; after (only of time); than

Cognates

  • Ad. nad “hind, *behind”

Derivations

  • “behind”

Element in

Variations

  • ✧ MS/01
  • ✧ VT49/32
Quenya [MS/01; VT49/32] Group: Eldamo. Published by

apa

after

apa (1) prep. "after" (VT44:36), attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for futher discussion. (According to VT44:36, apa was glossed "after" and also "before" in one late manuscript, but both meanings were rejected.) See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources (compare Apanónar, "the After-born", as a name of Men in the Silmarillion). Variants pa, (VT44:36), but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44:36) may be yet another variant of the word for "after".

apo

after

apo prep. ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44:36)

cata

after

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. - when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

from

, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

o

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ăwă “from” ✧ PE17/148
    • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148
  • “from, coming from, as described by a genitive” ✧ PE22/168
    • HO “from, coming from” ✧ WJ/361

Variations

  • ō ✧ PE22/168
Quenya [PE17/148; PE22/168] Group: Eldamo. Published by

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

Sindarin 

ab

preposition. after

Cognates

  • Q. apa “after (of time)”

Derivations

  • PĀ/APA “touch; after, behind of place”

Element in

  • ᴺS. abgen- “to foresee, expect”
  • S. Abonnen “After-born” ✧ WJ/387
  • ᴺS. abor “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
  • S. aphad- “to follow”
  • ᴺS. avnedhor “afternoon”

Variations

  • Ab ✧ WJ/387 (Ab)

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ab-

prefix. after, later

Sindarin [Abonnen WJ/387] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Sindarin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:42:54] < _au(t) _< stem_ awa_. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:148] < AWA, WĀ go, move (from speaker), go away, depart. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

adel

behind

(adv. and prep) adel; as prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

adel

behind

; as prep. probably followed by soft mutation.

abonnen

afterborn

pl. Ebennin (archaic "Eboennin" = Ebönnin, WJ:387), Elvish name of Men as the "Secondborn" of Eru. – If ab can be used as an independent preposition, it is probably followed by soft mutation.****

ab

after

#ab (only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ab

after

(only attested as a prefix, as in:)

Telerin 

ho

preposition. from

Derivations

  • ʒō “from” ✧ PE21/78

Adûnaic

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive (SD/438).

Cognates

  • Q. -o “of; genitive ending”

Element in

Variations

  • -o ✧ SD/365
  • ō ✧ SD/429
Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/249; SD/365; SD/382; SD/429] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nad Reconstructed

preposition. hind, *behind

A prepositional element only attested in the late (1968) word nadroth “hind-track”, referring to the wake behind a boat, so perhaps meaning “✱behind” (PM/376). It appears only as a prefix, but in the earlier Adûnaic grammar of Lowdham’s Report (1946), Adûnaic prepositions are used as suffixes (SD/435).

Cognates

  • Q. “before (of time); at back (of place), before (of time); at back (of place); [ᴹQ.] yester-; [ᴱQ.] after (of place), behind; after (only of time); than”

Element in

Primitive elvish

adverb. behind

Derivatives

  • Q. “before (of time); at back (of place), before (of time); at back (of place); [ᴹQ.] yester-; [ᴱQ.] after (of place), behind; after (only of time); than”
  • ᴺS. nui “before (of time); [G.] afterwards, again, later”
Primitive elvish [VT47/34] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ʒō

preposition. from

Derivatives

  • T. ho “from” ✧ PE21/78

Variations

  • ʒō̆ ✧ PE21/78
Primitive elvish [PE21/78] Group: Eldamo. Published by

preposition. from

Primitive elvish [VT47/35] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ăwă

preposition. from

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Derivatives

  • Q. o “from” ✧ PE17/148
  • S. o “from, of” ✧ PE17/148
Primitive elvish [PE17/148] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

Noldorin [Ety/392] Group: SINDICT. Published by

adel

preposition. behind, in rear (of)

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TELES “hindmost, tarrier” ✧ Ety/TELES

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√TELES > adel[ateles] > [atele] > [atel] > [adel]✧ Ety/TELES
Noldorin [Ety/TELES] Group: Eldamo. Published by

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Noldorin [Ety/360, WJ/366, WJ/369-70, LotR/II:IV, SD/129-3] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

ho

preposition. from

Changes

  • oho ✧ PE21/60
  • hoo ✧ PE21/60

Cognates

  • Ilk. go “from, away; patronymic” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • N. o “from, of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
  • ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among” ✧ PE21/60
    • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > o[-ɣo] > [-o]✧ PE21/60
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > ho[ɣo] > [ho]✧ PE21/60

Variations

  • o ✧ PE21/60; PE21/60 (o)
Qenya [Ety/ƷŌ̆; PE21/60] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kata

preposition. after

Cognates

  • N. cad “*after”

Derivations

  • “after (later than) of time”

Element in

Middle Primitive Elvish

epe

preposition. after

Derivatives

  • N. eb “?before”

Element in

  • ᴹ✶epe ndere “after the man” ✧ PE21/64

Variations

  • ĕpĕ ✧ PE21/64
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE21/64] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

bodron

adverb. behind, further back

Changes

  • bodronbodra “behind, further back” ✧ GL/23

bod

adverb. behind, back, of time ago, ‘a while back’

Changes

  • bodbod “behind, before of time” ✧ GL/23

Cognates

  • Eq. pote “after, behind (of place)”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√POT-I “*back, behind, after”

Element in

  • G. bod- “back, again; un- (= backwards)” ✧ GL/23
  • G. bodra “back(ward), hinder, rear” ✧ GL/23
  • G. bodra- “to hinder, delay, tarry” ✧ GL/23
  • G. abod “again; in return, in exchange; back” ✧ GL/23 (avod)

a

preposition. from

Cognates

  • Eq. ô “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Element in

Variations

  • a ✧ GG/11
  • a(n·) ✧ GL/17
  • o ✧ PE13/115
Gnomish [GG/11; GL/17; PE13/115] Group: Eldamo. Published by

mu

preposition. from

Variations

  • mu ✧ GL/58

o

preposition. from

Early Noldorin

hin

preposition. from

Element in

Early Noldorin [MC/217] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

pot-i

root. *back, behind, after

The root ᴱ√POT-I appeared (unglossed) in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with various derivatives having to do with the “back” or “rear” (QL/75). Many of its Gnomish equivalents began with b-, which would typically indicate the true form of the root was ᴱ√BOT-I, given that initial b- &gt; p- in Early Qenya. In this case, though, Tolkien specifically said that the Gnomish forms like G. bont “back(wards)” were the result of “atonic development” via the loss of an initial vowel (GL/23), and there were in fact Gnomish forms beginning with p- such as G. pont “the back, reverse or far side” (GL/64).

In the Early Noldorin of the 1920s, Tolkien gave the root as {boto >>} ✱bot- (PE13/139), possibly indicating a conceptual shift despite the continued presence of Qenya derivatives beginning with p-. However, ᴹQ. opto “back” from the 1940s points to ✱ᴹ√POT (PE22/50). This root was likely the conceptual precursor to various later directional roots like √OPO or √APA.

Changes

  • botobot- ✧ PE13/139

Derivatives

  • Eq. pote “after, behind (of place)” ✧ PE13/139; QL/075
  • ᴹQ. opto “back”
  • Eq. ponte “back, rear” ✧ QL/075
  • Eq. potsi “afterwards” ✧ QL/075
  • G. ob “after, close behind (time and place)”
  • En. bod “back” ✧ PE13/139
  • G. bod “behind, back, of time ago, ‘a while back’”
  • G. bont “back(wards)”
  • G. pont “the back, reverse or far side”

Element in

Variations

  • bot- ✧ PE13/139
  • boto ✧ PE13/139 (boto)
Early Primitive Elvish [PE13/139; QL/075] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dyē

root. behind, back (before of time)

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “behind, back (before of time)” and with a number of derivatives related to “yesterday” (QL/105). In later writings the Quenya word for “yesterday” was noa (VT49/34).

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶dyen(d)ye(n) ✧ QL/105
  • ᴱ✶dyeye ✧ QL/105
    • Eq. die “yesterday” ✧ QL/105
  • Eq. dienda “day before yesterday, (lit.) yesterday’s yesterday” ✧ QL/105
  • Eq. ie “ago, †long ago”
  • Eq. yenda “yesterday’s” ✧ QL/105
  • Eq. yendiéra “day before yesterday, (lit.) yesterday’s yesterday” ✧ QL/105
  • G. gîr “yesterday”

Element in

Variations

  • dyē ✧ QL/066
  • dyene ✧ QL/066; QL/105
  • dyeye ✧ QL/066; QL/105
  • DYĒ ✧ QL/105
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/066; QL/105] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

preposition. after (of place), behind; after (only of time); than

Cognates

  • G. no “then, next, again; then, after(wards)”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√NO(WO) “ahead, in front; after of time, tomorrow” ✧ QL/066

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√NŌ/NOWO‽/NONO‽ > nō̆[nō]✧ QL/066

Variations

  • no ✧ PE14/048; PE14/081; PE15/32; PE15/68; PE15/70; PE15/78
  • nō̆ ✧ QL/066
Early Quenya [PE14/048; PE14/081; PE15/32; PE15/68; PE15/70; PE15/78; QL/066] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ô

preposition. from

Cognates

  • G. a “from” ✧ GL/17

Derivations

Early Quenya [GL/17] Group: Eldamo. Published by