yana

that

yana demonstrative "that" (the former) (YA)

yanda

wide

yanda adj. "wide" (PE17:115); variant of yána #1, q.v.

yanda

adjective. wide

Cognates

• S. iand “wide” ✧ PE17/115

yána

adjective. wide, vast, huge

Cognates

• S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge” ✧ PE17/099

Derivations

• ✶yānā “wide, large, extensive”
  • √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/155; VT47/27
• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/099; PE17/115

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√YAN > yāna-	[jāna]	✧ PE17/099
√YAN > yāna	[jāna]	✧ PE17/115

Variations

• yāna- ✧ PE17/099
• yāna ✧ PE17/115

sana

that

tana

that

tana (1) demonstrative "that" (said to be "anaphoric") (TA). According to VT49:11, tana is the adjective corresponding to ta, "that" as a pronoun.

tana

that

Element in

• Q. tambë “*as, so”

Elements

Word	Gloss
ta	“that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it”

Variations

• tănā ✧ VT49/11

landa

wide

landa (2) adj. "wide" (LAD). Maybe in landatavárë = *"wide-wood"? (TI:415)

tanya

that

tanya demonstrative "that" (MC:215; this is "Qenya", perhaps corresponding to later tana)

yonda

wide, roomy, extensive

yonda adj."wide, roomy, extensive" (PE17:43), also (as alternative form of yonna) glossed "enclosed", with the latter meaning perhaps intended as the passive participle of the verb yor-

palla

wide, expansive

palla adj. "wide, expansive" (PAL)

ne

that

ne (2) conj. "that" (as in "I know that you are here") (PE14:54), evidently replaced by i in Tolkiens later Quenya (see i #3).

sa

conjunction. that

ta

that, it

ta (1) pron. "that, it" (TA); compare antaróta** "he gave it" (FS); see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna "thither", talo/tó "thence" and tás/tassë* "there" are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: "to that", "from that" and "in that" (place), respectively. Compare "there" as one gloss of ta (see #4).

i, antevokaliskt in

conjunction. that

i

pronoun. that

savin elessar ar <u>i</u> nánë aran ondórëo

that

i (3) conj. "that". Savin Elessar ar i nánë aran Ondórëo "I believe that Elessar really existed and that [he] was a king of Gondor" (VT49:27), savin…i E[lesarno] quetië naitë *"I believe that Elessars speaking [is] true" (VT49:28) Also cf. nai, nái "be it that" (see nai #1), which may seem to incorporate this conjunction.

han

that

pl1. hain _pron. _that, the thing previously mentioned. Tolkien notes "hain = heinn (< san-)" (PE17:42). Im Narvi hain echant 'I Narvi made them'.

san

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶san- “that” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• S. im Narvi hain echant “I, Narvi, made them” ✧ LotR/0305; PE17/042

iand

adjective. wide

Cognates

• Q. yanda “wide” ✧ PE17/115

Derivations

• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• S. -ian(d) “-land, country” ✧ PE17/115

land

adjective. wide, broad

ûr

wide

(pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

land

wide

(plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”.

pann

wide

(i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with ✱pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity.

laden

wide

1) laden (plain, flat, open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT), 2) land (plain), pl. laind. Also used as noun ”open space, level”. 3) pann (i bann, o phann, construct pan), pl. pain (i phain). Since the pl. form clashes with *pain ”all” (mutated phain, SD:129), other terms may be preferred for clarity. 4) ûr (pl. uir). Notice the homophone ûr ”fire, heat”.

laden

wide

(plain, flat,  open, cleared), pl. ledin (for ”N” lhaden pl. lhedin, LR:368 s.v. LAT)

palan

over a wide area

(far off)

sa

pronoun. that

Derivations

• ✶sa “3 sg. neuter [it], the thing, impersonal; this by me, [ᴱ√] demonstrative”

taw

that

(demonstrative pronoun) ?taw. _Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v. _

taw

pronoun. that

Derivations

• √TA “that, there, then; demonstrative”

taw

that

. Only the ”Old Noldorin” form tó is actually given in LR:389 s.v.

i

that

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. gyrth i chuinar ”dead that live [cuinar]”, Letters:417). Sometimes i (+ soft mutation) is used in the singular as well. – The form ai (following by lenition) occurs in the phrase di ai gerir ✱”those who do” (VT44:23). Possibly it is a form of the relative pronoun that is used when the previous word ends in -i. Whether ai is both sg. and pl. is unclear; in its one attestation it is followed by a plural verb that is lenited.

yānā

adjective. wide, large, extensive

Derivations

• √YAN “wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/155; VT47/27

Derivatives

• Q. yána “wide, vast, huge”
• S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge” ✧ PE17/042
  • S. -ion “-region, -land” ✧ PE17/042

Element in

• ✶siriānā “Sirion” ✧ PE17/042
• ✶Srāban-yānā “Wilderland”

Variations

• yanā/yandā ✧ PE17/155
• yāna/yanda ✧ VT47/27

yan

root. wide, extensive, large, vast, huge; extend

A root Tolkien introduced in the late 1950s to serve as the basis for various “land” suffixes in Sindarin. The most detailed explanation appeared in a set of documents labeled “Changes affecting Silmarillion nomenclature”:

> The endings -ion, -ien, -ian(d) in place names. These have various origins. In Sindarin -ion is usually from -ı̯aun. This in origin is from yānā, √YANA-, extension of yā- (cf. YAGA, gap) “wide, large, extensive”. S iaun “roomy, wide, extensive” ... -iand (-ian) is from yandē “a wide region, or country” ... This was often used in plural of a single country (especially if it contained a varied topographical apsect) > iend, ien (PE17/42).

Thus all three suffixes -ian(d), -ien(d), -ion originate in the root √YAN. The suffix -ian(d) “land” (Beleriand) is the simplest, just a reduction of ancient -yandē. The suffix -ien(d) “lands” (Anórien) is a plural variant of -ian(d). The suffix -ion (Eregion) is S. iaun “wide, extension” used as a suffix (so perhaps = “✱extent”), becoming -ion because of the usual sound change whereby au become o in polysyllables.

In this same document, Tolkien also considered introducing a root √YŎNO “wide, extensive”, going so far as (temporarily) rejected the very well established word Q. yondo “son”. This √YON was blended with √YOD “fence, enclose”, and served as the basis for the suffix -ion, but Tolkien ultimately marked these notes with an “X” to reject them, perhaps because they only explained the suffix -ion, whereas √YAN could explain all three suffixes.

√YAN was mentioned in passing in other documents from this period, variously glossed “vast, huge” (PE17/99), “wide” (PE17/115), and “extend” (PE17/155), and in one place given a variant √YAD (PE17/115). In notes from December 1959 (D59) √YAN was contrasted with √ƷAN, the former meaning “wide” and the latter meaning “long”, both with the basic sense “extend” (PE17/115); see the entry on √HAN for further discussion.

Changes

• NAYA → YAN ✧ PE17/099

Derivatives

• ✶yānā “wide, large, extensive” ✧ PE17/042; PE17/155; VT47/27
  • Q. yána “wide, vast, huge”
  • S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge” ✧ PE17/042
  • S. -ion “-region, -land” ✧ PE17/042
• ✶yandē “a wide region or country” ✧ PE17/042
  • S. -ian(d) “-land, country” ✧ PE17/042
• Q. yána “wide, vast, huge” ✧ PE17/099; PE17/115
• S. iaun “wide, extensive, large, roomy, vast, huge” ✧ PE17/099
  • S. -ion “-region, -land” ✧ PE17/042
• S. iand “wide” ✧ PE17/115

Variations

• YAN ✧ PE17/040; PE17/099; PE17/115; PE17/191; PE17/191
• YANA ✧ PE17/042; PE17/191
• NAYA ✧ PE17/099
• YAD ✧ PE17/115; PE17/191
• YĂN ✧ PE17/155; PE17/158; PE17/191
• yăn ✧ VT47/27

yad

root. wide

san-

noun. that

Derivatives

• S. san “that” ✧ PE17/042

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

Derivations

• ᴹ✶patnā “wide” ✧ Ety/PAT
  • ᴹ√PAT “*open, [ᴱ√] open, wide, spreading” ✧ Ety/PAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶patnā > pann	[patnā] > [padnā] > [padna] > [panna] > [pann]	✧ Ety/PAT

Variations

• pann ✧ Ety/PAT

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

Cognates

• ᴹQ. landa “wide, wide, [ᴱQ.] broad” ✧ Ety/LAD

Derivations

• ᴹ√LAD “lie flat, be flat” ✧ Ety/LAD

Element in

• N. camland “palm of hand” ✧ Ety/LAD
• N. Lhandroval “Wide-winged”
• N. Lhothlann “Empty and Wide” ✧ Ety/LAD

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LAD > lhand > lhann	[landa] > [land] > [l̥and] > [l̥ann]	✧ Ety/LAD

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide

Changes

• ûr → ûr “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. úra “large” ✧ Ety/UR

Derivations

• ᴹ√UR “wide, large, great” ✧ Ety/UR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√UR > ûr	[ūra] > [ūr]	✧ Ety/UR

Variations

• ûr ✧ Ety/UR; EtyAC/UR (ûr)