Quenya 

norna

stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant

norna adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" (WJ:413, PE17:106), "thrawn, tough, obdurate", mainly applied to persons (PE17:181)

tarya

tough, stiff

tarya adj. "tough, stiff" (TÁRAG)

norna

adjective. tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate

Cognates

  • S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413

Derivations

  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/106
    • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding”
  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413

Element in

  • Q. Nornalië “People of the Dwarves” ✧ WJ/413

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√NDOR > norna[ndorna] > [norna]✧ PE17/106
√DOR > norna[dorna] > [norna]✧ PE17/181
√DORO > norna[dorna] > [norna]✧ WJ/413
Quenya [PE17/106; PE17/181; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sarda

hard

sarda adj. "hard" (VT39:17); pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. (As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar.)

tauca

stiff, wooden

tauca ("k") "stiff, wooden" (PE17:115)

torna

hard

#torna adj. "hard", as in tornanga (q.v.), seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna (PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective "hard".)

torna

adjective. hard

Derivations

  • √STOR “steadfast”

Element in

  • Q. anastorna “*extremely hard” ✧ PE17/056
  • Q. tornanga “hard-iron, iron hard, iron hard; hard-iron, *steel” ✧ PE17/056

urda

hard, difficult, arduous

urda adj. "hard, difficult, arduous" (PE17:154)

Sindarin 

dern

tough

_ adj. _tough. >> dír-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:154] < DER. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

dír-

prefix. tough

_ pref. _tough. >> dern, dirbedui

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:154] < DER. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

dern

adjective. tough, thrawn

Derivations

  • ✶dirnā “tough” ✧ PE17/154
    • √DER “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶dirnā > dern[dirnā] > [dirna] > [derna] > [dern]✧ PE17/154
Sindarin [PE17/046; PE17/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dorn

adjective. tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate

Cognates

  • Q. norna “tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413
  • Q. Norno “Dwarf” ✧ WJ/388

Derivations

  • √DOR “hard, tough, dried up, unyielding” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√DOR > Dorn[dorna] > [dorn]✧ PE17/181
√DOR > Dyrn[dornī] > [dorni] > [durni] > [dyrni] > [dyrn]✧ PE17/181
√DORO > dorn[dorna] > [dorn]✧ WJ/413

Variations

  • Dorn ✧ PE17/181
Sindarin [PE17/181; WJ/388; WJ/408; WJ/413; WJI/Dornhoth] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dorn

adjective. stiff, tough

Sindarin [WJ/413] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tarch

adjective. stiff, tough

Sindarin [tarch-lang RC/536] Group: SINDICT. Published by

dorn

tough

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tara (also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

dorn

tough

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

tara

tough

(also tar- as first element of compounds) (stiff), lenited dara. The historically correct pl. would be teiri; if analogy prevailed, it might be altered to terai.

dorn

stiff

1) dorn (tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn; 2) tharn (sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

dorn

stiff

(tough), lenited dhorn, pl. dyrn

tarias

stiffness

(i darias, o tharias) (toughness, difficulty), pl. teriais (i theriais) if there is a pl.

dern

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. dernlir. >> gorn

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:46] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

dîr

adjective. hard

_ adj. _hard, difficult. dērā << dīrā. >> dír-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:154] < _dērā _< DER. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gorn

hard

adj. hard, thrawn. Also used for Dwarves, esp. in pl2. gornhoth (hostile implication). >> dern

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:46] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gorn

hard

_ adj. _hard, stiff, thrawn. >> gornod, gordh

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:154] < GUR hard, difficult (_e.g. _Old Norse _tor-_, Greek δυς-). Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

norn

hard

norn (twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

norn

hard

(twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted), pl. nyrn. Also used as noun = ”Dwarf”. (MR:93, WJ:205)

tarlanc

stiff-necked

(obstinate), lenited darlanc, pl. terlainc.

tharn

stiff

(sapless, rigid, withered), pl. thern.

tong

tight

tong (lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

tong

tight

(lenited dong; pl. tyng) (taut, resonant [of strings])

Primitive elvish

dirnā

adjective. tough

Derivations

  • √DER “hard, difficult” ✧ PE17/154

Derivatives

  • S. dern “tough, thrawn” ✧ PE17/154
Primitive elvish [PE17/154] Group: Eldamo. Published by

dor

root. hard, tough, dried up, unyielding

The Elvish words for “oak” had very similar forms throughout Tolkien’s life. In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, it was ᴱQ. nor(ne) from the root ᴱ√NOŘO, which Tolkien marked with a “?” (QL/67). Its Gnomish cognate G. dorna (GL/30) hints that the true form of this early root might have been ✱ᴱ√NDOÐO or something similar. In the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DORON with derivatives ᴹQ. norno/N. doron “oak” (Ety/DÓRON). This somewhat surprising derivation was explained in the Outline of Phonology from the early 1950s, where Tolkien said:

> n ... also appears occasionally as product of [initial] d, instead of l, by assimilation to succeeding nasals, as in dorno > norno (PE19/80).

In etymological notes from the later 1950s or early 1960s, Tolkien gave the root √DOR “hard, tough”, that in Quenya was preserved only in the word “oak” and in ndŏr > nŏr “land” (PE17/181). Its connection to “oak” indicates this is a later iteration of ᴹ√DORON, though the connection to √NDOR “land” was new. A similar root √DORO “dried up, hard, unyielding” appeared in the contemporaneous Quendi and Eldar essay from around 1959-1960, again connected to √NDOR but without mention of “oak” (WJ/413). In both sets of notes, √DOR has the Sindarin derivative dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate”, also used as another name for the dwarves.

Derivatives

  • ✶dorno “oak”
    • Q. norno “oak” ✧ PE19/080
  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide”
    • ✶ndorē “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
    • Q. nór “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE19/076
    • S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413
    • Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE17/072; PE17/181
    • Q. norna “tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/106
  • ✶ndorē “land” ✧ WJ/413
    • Q. -ndor “land, country” ✧ SA/dôr
    • Q. nór “land” ✧ PE17/106; PE17/107
    • Q. nórë “land, country; †people, race, tribe, land, country, [ᴹQ.] region where certain people live, [ᴱQ.] nation; [Q.] †people, race, tribe, [ᴹQ.] folk, [ᴱQ.] family” ✧ PE19/076
    • S. dôr “land, land, [N.] region where certain people live, [ᴱN.] country; [G.] people of the land” ✧ PE17/164; SA/dôr; WJ/413
  • ✶ndōro “land” ✧ WJ/413
    • Q. nór “land” ✧ WJ/413
  • Q. norna “tough, stiff; hard, firm, resistant; thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413
  • S. dorn “tough, stiff, thrawn, obdurate” ✧ PE17/181; WJ/413

Element in

  • √NDOR “land; hard, firm; [ᴹ√] dwell, stay, rest, abide” ✧ PE17/181
  • Q. Poldórëa “Valiant; Breaker up of the Hard/Tough” ✧ PE17/181

Variations

  • DORO ✧ WJ/413
Primitive elvish [PE17/151; PE17/181; WJ/413] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivations

  • On. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034
    • ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Element in

  • N. tarlanc “stiff-necked, obstinate” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. targa > tara[targa] > [tarɣa] > [tarɣ] > [tara]✧ Ety/TÁRAG
On. targa > targh > tara[targa] > [tarɣa] > [tarɣ] > [tara]✧ PE22/034
Noldorin [Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

Noldorin [Ety/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

Noldorin [Ety/390] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

tarya

adjective. tough, stiff

Cognates

  • On. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
  • N. tara “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
  • Ilk. targ “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶targā > tarya[targā] > [tarɣā] > [tarjā] > [tarja]✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Doriathrin

targ

adjective. tough, stiff

An adjective meaning “tough, stiff” derived from primitive ᴹ✶targā after primitive final vowels vanished (Ety/TÁRAG).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶targā > targ[targā] > [targa] > [targ]✧ Ety/TÁRAG
Doriathrin [Ety/TÁRAG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

targa

adjective. tough, stiff

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivatives

  • N. tara “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶targā > targa[targā] > [targa]✧ Ety/TÁRAG
Old Noldorin [Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

tarag

root. *tough, stiff

An unglossed root in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. tarya/N. tara “tough, stiff” and N. tarlanc “stiff-necked, obstinate” (Ety/TÁRAG). As pointed out by Christopher Tolkien, this last word is undoubtedly connected to S. tarlang in Tarlang’s Neck (LotR/790), which elsewhere was glossed “stiff-neck(ed)” (PE17/92, 98). In rough notes for Tolkien’s 1967 discussion of the Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings, Tolkien indicated the initial element of this name was S. tarch, perhaps representing a shift of this root to ✱√TARAK (RC/536).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d stick with the better-known earlier form of this root: ᴹ√TARAG.

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶targā “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • Ilk. targ “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • On. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • N. tara “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034
  • S. tarch “stiff, rough (or tough)”
  • N. tarias “stiffness, toughness, difficulty” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Variations

  • TÁRAG ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/TÁRAG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

targā

adjective. tough, stiff

Derivations

  • ᴹ√TARAG “*tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG

Derivatives

  • Ilk. targ “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
  • ᴹQ. tarya “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
  • On. targa “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG
    • N. tara “tough, stiff” ✧ Ety/TÁRAG; PE22/034
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/TÁRAG] Group: Eldamo. Published by

star

root. stiff

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. sara “stiff dry grass, bent, stiff dry grass, bent [as a type of grass]” ✧ Ety/STAR
  • ᴺQ. sarassë “hassock, footstool”
  • ᴹQ. thar- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE22/112
  • N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/STAR
  • N. thâr “stiff grass” ✧ Ety/STAR
  • On. stharna “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered” ✧ Ety/STAR
    • N. tharn “sapless, stiff, rigid, withered” ✧ Ety/STAR

Element in

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/BEL; Ety/DING; Ety/STAR; Ety/WŌ; PE22/112] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

ʒono Reconstructed

root. hard

Derivatives

  • ᴱ√NOHO “extended” ✧ QL/066; QL/067
    • ᴱ✶nold
    • G. nôl “head” ✧ GL/61
    • Eq. nohto- “to stick out” ✧ QL/067
    • Eq. nóla “summit, head, top (only used of mountains etc.); (round) hill; crown of head” ✧ QL/067
    • G. nog “hill, knob, prominence”
    • G. nogra- “to excell, exceed”
  • Eq. omba “hard (*as stone)” ✧ QL/070
  • Eq. ondo “stone, rock” ✧ LT1A/Gondolin; QL/070
  • Eq. hon “stone, rock”
  • Eq. on(d) “(a) stone” ✧ QL/070
  • Eq. onwa “stony” ✧ QL/070
  • Eq. onin “anvil” ✧ QL/070
  • En. gonn “stone, rock”
  • G. gonn “(great) stone, rock”
  • G. gontha “pillar, stele, memorial”

Variations

  • ONO ✧ LT1A/Gondolin; QL/067
  • ONO¹ ✧ QL/066; QL/070
Early Primitive Elvish [LT1A/Gondolin; QL/066; QL/067; QL/070] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

sangwa

adjective. tight, thick, dense, tough, hard

Derivations

  • ᴱ√SAŊA “pack tight, press” ✧ QL/081

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√SAŊA > sangwa[saŋwā] > [saŋwa] > [saŋgwa]✧ QL/081
Early Quenya [QL/081] Group: Eldamo. Published by