pref. -less. Q. _pen _without, not having. . This gloss was rejected.
Sindarin
pen-
-less
pen-
-less
pen-
without
pen-
obsolete except in few names
pref. obsolete except in few names. >> -ben
pen-
verb. 'have not'
v. 'have not'. penimvast 'we have no bread'. >> ú-
pen-
verb. to have not
Derivations
- √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/171; PE17/173
Element in
- S. pen “without, lacking, -less” ✧ PE17/144
- S. penim vast “we have no bread” ✧ PE17/144
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √PEN > pen- [pen-] ✧ PE17/173
pen
pronoun. one, somebody, anybody
Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2
pen
preposition. without, lacking, -less
pen
preposition/prefix. without, lacking, -less
Derivations
- √PEN “lack, be without, have not” ✧ PE17/173
Element in
- S. Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” ✧ PE17/034; PE17/034; PE17/144; PE17/167
- S. penbed “not pronouncable” ✧ PE17/145
- ᴺS. pen-channas “stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit”
- ᴺS. penestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation; hopeless, despairing, desperate”
- ᴺS. pen-ind “insane, heartless, crazy”
- S. pennod “without count” ✧ PE17/145
- S. pennoediad “innumerable” ✧ PE17/145
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √PEN > pen- [pen-] ✧ PE17/173 Variations
- pen- ✧ PE17/034; PE17/173
- pen ✧ PE17/144; PE17/145
pen
pronoun. one, somebody, anybody, one, somebody, anybody; [N.] Elf
A Sindarin pronoun with the sense “one, somebody, anybody” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, also used as a suffix in words like orodben “mountaineer” and rochben “rider” (WJ/376), originally “✱mountain-person” and “✱horse-person”. It was thus more narrow in scope than its Quenya cognate quén “person”. Hints of this word can be found in other late writings, such as in the final element in Morben (PE17/141; EtyAC/MOR), originally “Dark-elf” but later expanded to include any people who are not among the Celbin “✱Light folk”, which applied to “peoples in alliance in the War against Morgoth” (WJ/377).
Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. penn meant “Elf” in the compound N. Morbenn “Dark-elf”, though this word was rejected (EtyAC/MOR). The word N. penn, plural i-phinn “the Elves” also appeared in notes on Ælfwine’s spelling from around 1937-8 (PE22/67). This Noldorin form was thus a cognate of ᴹQ. Qende “Elf”, though elsewhere the usual cognate was N. penedh (Ety/KWEN(ED)); see the entry on S. penedh for further discussion. However, the later Sindarin pronoun/suffix “had no special association with Elves” (WJ/376).
Cognates
- Q. quén “person, individual, man or woman; one, somebody” ✧ WJ/361
Derivations
Element in
- ᴺS. alphen “no one, nobody”
- ᴺS. alben “no one”
- S. arphen “noble, knight” ✧ WJ/376
- S. Calben “*Light One” ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376
- ᴺS. ilphen “everyone”
- S. Morben “*Dark-folk” ✧ PE17/141; WJ/362; WJ/376
- ᴺS. narphen “character [of a story]”
- S. orodben “mountaineer, one living in the mountains” ✧ WJ/376
- S. pengolodh “teaching sage, doctor (of lore), teacher of lore, teaching sage, doctor (of lore), *professor”
- S. rochben “rider” ✧ WJ/376
- ᴺS. úben “nobody, no one”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶kwenedē > pen- [-kwende] > [-pende] > [-pend] > [-penn] > [-pen] ✧ PE17/141 ✶kwēn > pen [kwene] > [pene] > [pen] ✧ WJ/360 √KWEN > pen [kwene] > [pene] > [pen] ✧ WJ/376 Variations
- pen- ✧ PE17/141
- pen ✧ WJ/362; WJ/376
-ben
suffix. obsolete except in few names
suff. obsolete except in few names. >> pen-
min
fraction. one (first of a series)
min
cardinal. one, one, [G.] single
Cognates
- Q. min “one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first” ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
Element in
Variations
- min ✧ PE17/095; VT48/06
- mîn ✧ VT42/25
mîn
fraction. one (first of a series)
ar
without
(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)
ar
without
(outside)
ú
without
(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:
ú
without
u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:
pen
cardinal. one
(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
one
(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.
pen
without
1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)
pen
without
(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.
eru
the one
isolated from
min
cardinal. one
1) (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)
min
one
mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.
êr
one
whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)
gar
have
(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, possess; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)
pref. -less. >> penadar