pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

pen-

verb. to have not, *to lack

A verb in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 used as the negative of sav- “have” based on the root √PEN (PE17/146). Thus a better meaning might be “✱to lack”. This verb was also mentioned in discussion of negation from around this time, along with the phrase penim vast “we have no bread” (PE17/144). In this note Tolkien stated that Sindarin did not use its negative particle ū- for the sense “without”, instead using preposition/prefixal pen instead, as in Iarwain Ben-adar “Oldest and Fatherless” (LotR/265; PE17/34, 144).

pen-

-less

pref. -less. >> penadar

pen-

obsolete except in few names

pref. obsolete except in few names. >> -ben

pen-

-less

pref. -less. Q. _pen _without, not having. . This gloss was rejected.

pen-

verb. 'have not'

v. 'have not'. penimvast 'we have no bread'. >> ú-

pen-arduin

place name. Pen-arduin

Home of Borlas in Tolkien’s aborted sequel to The Lord of the Rings: The New Shadow (PM/411). The meaning of this name is unclear, but David Salo suggested it might be a combination of pend “fall”, ar(a)- “royal” and duin “river” (GS/389).

pen

preposition/prefix. without, lacking, -less

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody, one, somebody, anybody; [N.] Elf

A Sindarin pronoun with the sense “one, somebody, anybody” appearing in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, also used as a suffix in words like orodben “mountaineer” and rochben “rider” (WJ/376), originally “✱mountain-person” and “✱horse-person”. It was thus more narrow in scope than its Quenya cognate quén “person”. Hints of this word can be found in other late writings, such as in the final element in Morben (PE17/141; EtyAC/MOR), originally “Dark-elf” but later expanded to include any people who are not among the Celbin “✱Light folk”, which applied to “peoples in alliance in the War against Morgoth” (WJ/377).

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. penn meant “Elf” in the compound N. Morbenn “Dark-elf”, though this word was rejected (EtyAC/MOR). The word N. penn, plural i-phinn “the Elves” also appeared in notes on Ælfwine’s spelling from around 1937-8 (PE22/67). This Noldorin form was thus a cognate of ᴹQ. Qende “Elf”, though elsewhere the usual cognate was N. penedh (Ety/KWEN(ED)); see the entry on S. penedh for further discussion. However, the later Sindarin pronoun/suffix “had no special association with Elves” (WJ/376).

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

pen

adverb. lacking

adv. lacking, without.

Pen-ada

noun. fatherless

pen (“without, lacking”) + adar (“father”)

Pen-adar

'Fatherless'

(Ben-adar) prop. n. 'Fatherless', a title of Tom Bombadil.

pen-bed

adjective. not pronunceable

adj. not pronunceable (rather than ineffable).

pen-nod

adjective. without count

adj. without count.

pen-noediad

adjective. innumerable

adj. innumerable.

pen

anybody

pen (one, somebody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

less

S pen (lenited ben) (without, lacking) (WJ:375) The phrase ben-adar ”without father, fatherless” is treated as an adjective and lenited following a noun (Iarwain ben-adar, Iarwain the Fatherless or Iarwain without father). Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

somebody

pen (one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

without

1. pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

pronoun. us (inclusive)

pen

anybody

(one, somebody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

lacking

(lenited ben) (without, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

less

(lenited ben) (without, lacking) (WJ:375) The phrase ben-adar ”without father, fatherless” is treated as an adjective and lenited following a noun (Iarwain ben-adar, Iarwain the Fatherless or Iarwain without father).  Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

somebody

(one, anybody) (WJ:376); lenited ben

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

pen-channas

adjective. stupid, idiotic, *(lit.) lack-wit

pen-ind

adjective. insane, heartless, crazy

tegilbor

noun. pen-hand

tegil (Sindarized Q tekil “pen”) + paur (“a tightly closed hand as in using an implement or a craft-tool”)

tegilbor

masculine name. *Pen-fist

A term for one skilled in calligraphy (PM/318), a combination of tegil “pen” and the suffixal form -bor of paur “fist”.

tegil

noun. pen

tegil

noun. pen

Sindarized form of Quenya tekil, not known to the Sindar until the coming of the Ñoldor (but see however tegol for a possible dialectal variant)

tegil

pen

tegil (i degil, o thegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thegil) (PM:318). Also (at least in ”Noldorin”) tegol (i degol, o thegol), analogical pl. tegyl (i thegyl)

tegil

pen

(i degil, o thegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thegil) (PM:318). Also (at least in ”Noldorin”) tegol (i degol, o thegol), analogical pl. tegyl (i thegyl)

pennod

adjective. without count, *impossible to count

A compound appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 glossed “without count” as a combination of pen “without” and nod- “count”. In this note Tolkien said pen- when used in this way was “referring principally to (complete) impossibility”, so pennod means “✱impossible to count”.

-ben

suffix. obsolete except in few names

suff. obsolete except in few names. >> pen-

penadar

adjective. 'fatherless'

adj. 'fatherless'. >> pen-

iarwain ben-adar

masculine name. Oldest and Fatherless

Fuller title of Tom Bombadil, loosely translated “oldest and fatherless” (LotR/265). This first word is the name Iarwain, and the second is a combination of the lenited form of the prefix pen “without” and the noun adar “father” (PE17/34).

penbed

adjective. not pronouncable

pennoediad

adjective. innumerable

A word appearing in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 glossed “innumerable” as a combination of pen “without” and the gerund of noedia- “to count”. The oe [œ] is archaic and the modern form would be pennediad.

arnœdiad

adjective. innumerable, countless, endless, without reckoning, numberless

godref

adverb. through together

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

The Sindarin word for “one” used when counting multiple things (PE17/95; VT42/25; VT48/6), such as minui “first”. Contrast this with er “one” for single isolated things.

Conceptual Development: This word was very well established, with G. min “one single” appearing all the way back in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/32). Similar forms ᴱN. mind, minn appeared in Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s, but without translation (PE13/150). N. min “one” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MINI “stand alone, stick out” (Ety/MINI). In one late note it appeared with a long î: mîn “1” (VT42/25).

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

aronoded

innumerable

aronoded (countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

aronoded

innumerable

(countless, endless), pl. erenedid (archaic erönödid)

eru

the one

isolated from

gar

have

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, possess; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gwen

pronoun. us (inclusive)

min

cardinal. one

1. (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

tre

through

(adverbial prefix, sometimes = ”completely”) tre-, tri-. For an example of this prefix, see TELL TO END.

tre

through

tri-. For an example of this prefix, see

trî

through

(prep.) trî ;

trî

through

;

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in: