Quenya 

o-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; PE17/191; WJ/367
  • T. vo- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191; WJ/367
  • “together” ✧ PE19/106
    • WO “together” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

  • ᴺQ. ocantië “pattern”
  • ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
  • ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
  • ᴺQ. ofelmë “sympathy, compassion, pity, *(lit.) together-feeling”
  • ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
  • Q. ohlon “diphthong” ✧ VT48/29
  • Q. oholima “confidential”
  • Q. ólama “consonant”
  • Q. olass(i)ë “foliage, collection of leaves”
  • Q. olië “company, people together”
  • ᴺQ. ólië “society, (lit.) together-people”
  • ᴺQ. ólëo “society, (lit.) together-people”
  • ᴺQ. olindë “harmony”
  • ᴺQ. olirië “concert”
  • Q. olos “inflorescence, mass of flowers (on one plant), inflorescence, mass of flowers”
  • Q. olótë “bloom, the flowers collectively of a single plant”
  • Q. ombari “company, dwellers together”
  • Q. omen- “to move to a common point, meet, to meet, move to a common point, *(lit.) move together” ✧ PE17/013
  • Q. omentië “meeting (of pathways), (lit.) coming together of journey-path, meeting or junction of the directions of two people” ✧ PE17/013; PE17/013; WJ/367
  • ᴺQ. omírë “jewelry (collectively)”
  • ᴺQ. omolmë “company, business, enterprise, firm”
  • Q. onóna “twin-born; one of a pair of twins” ✧ WJ/367
  • Q. onot-to count up, reckon, [ᴹQ.] to count up, reckon”
  • Q. onótië “*reckoning”
  • ᴺQ. orendë “(nuclear) family”
  • ᴺQ. ori “grain, seed”
  • ᴺQ. ósana- “to counsel, think together”
  • Q. ósanwë “communication of thought, interchange of thought; (lit.) thinking together (dual)”
  • ᴺQ. ósat- “to share”
  • Q. ostimë “blend”
  • ᴺQ. otarmië “colonnade”
  • ᴺQ. otolmië “keyboard”
  • ᴺQ. ovëa “(con)similar, alike”
  • Q. ovéa “(con)similar, alike”
  • ᴺQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
WO/WONO > ŏ-´[wo-] > [o-]✧ PE17/191
gwo > wa-[gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-]✧ PE19/106
gwo > o-[gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-]✧ PE19/106
WO > ó-[wo-] > [o-]✧ WJ/367

Variations

  • ŏ-´ ✧ PE17/191 (ŏ-´)
  • wa- ✧ PE19/106
  • ó ✧ PE22/168 (ó)
  • ŏ ✧ VT48/29
  • ó- ✧ WJ/367; WJ/367
Quenya [PE17/013; PE17/016; PE17/191; PE19/106; PE22/168; VT48/29; WJ/367] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ó-

used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units

ó- (usually reduced to o- when unstressed) a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. _(WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix _o-, ó- is simply defined as "together".) In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni "with me", ómë "with us" [also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive], ólyë or ólë "with you" (olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl.), ósë "with him/her", ótë *"with them" (of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta [or shortened ót] is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable), ósa (or shortened ós) "with it". (Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean "with them" of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate "they".) However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied (like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used). The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o (variant of ó) did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o (with or without endings) for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary (also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you").

sovo-

wash

sovo- vb. "wash" (read perhaps #sov- if the verb is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkiens later versions of the language do not seem to have o-stem verbs), pa.t. sóvë (QL:86)

norta-

make run, specially used of riding horses or other animals

norta- vb. (1) "make run, specially used of riding horses or other animals", onortanen rocco "I rode a horse", nortanen "I rode" (with ellipsis of object; the prefix o- must apparently be included if the animal one rides on is mentioned as a direct object) (PE17:168)

uo

together

[uo adv. "together" (PE17:191)]

uo

adverb. together

Derivations

  • ówō “together” ✧ PE17/191
    • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ówō > uo[owō] > [uo]✧ PE17/191

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

wa-

prefix. together

ná-

verb. to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist

Changes

  • nāner ✧ VT49/09
  • nārnăr ✧ VT49/30

Cognates

  • Ad. -n “predicate suffix”
  • S. na- “to be”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist” ✧ PE17/093

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
> [nā]✧ PE17/093

Variations

  • ✧ LotR/0377; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE22/154; PE22/167; VT42/33; VT49/09; VT49/23
  • na ✧ Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/074; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/162; VT43/13; VT43/30
  • ✧ PE17/058; RGEO/59; VT49/09 (); VT49/28; VT49/30
  • nā- ✧ PE22/166; VT49/27; VT49/28 (nā-)
  • nā̀ ✧ RGEO/58
  • ✧ RGEO/60
  • nā̆ ✧ VT49/30
  • nār ✧ VT49/30 (nār)
Quenya [LotR/0377; Minor-Doc/1955-CT; PE17/057; PE17/058; PE17/059; PE17/074; PE17/090; PE17/093; PE17/126; PE17/162; PE22/154; PE22/158; PE22/166; PE22/167; PE22/168; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; RGEO/60; VT42/33; VT42/34; VT43/13; VT43/14; VT43/15; VT43/16; VT43/23; VT43/30; VT43/34; VT44/34; VT49/09; VT49/10; VT49/19; VT49/23; VT49/27; VT49/28; VT49/29; VT49/30] Group: Eldamo. Published by

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form , VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

uo

adverb. together

Element in

  • ᴺQ. uomë “community”

Sindarin 

go-

together

_pref. _together. Q. o-.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:16] < C.E. WĀ, WO. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

northa-

verb. make run

_v. _make run, specially of riding horses or other animals. Q. norta-. >> nor-

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:168] < NOR run (or leap: of animals, men, _etc._) + ?. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • dôddád ✧ VT44/22
  • dádhae ✧ VT44/22
  • haeno ✧ VT44/24

Cognates

  • Q. ná- “to be, to be, [ᴱQ.] exist”

Derivations

  • “be (the same as another), exist”

Element in

Variations

  • dôd ✧ VT44/22 (dôd)
  • dád ✧ VT44/22 (dád)
  • hae ✧ VT44/22 (hae)
Sindarin [VT44/22; VT44/24; VT50/23] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

Sindarin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

iôl

noun. wash, flood-water

Sindarin [Onodiôl RC/334, VT/48:33] Group: SINDICT. Published by

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

Sindarin [SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

pronoun. he

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

Sindarin [AotM/062; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e

he

(SD:128-31)

go

together

(prefix) go-, gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

go

together

gwa- (+ lenition) (co-, com-).

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

iôl

wash

(noun, flood-water) iôl (pl. ŷl) (VT48:33, RC:334)

iôl

wash

(pl. ŷl) (VT48:33, RC:334)

godref

through together

(AI:92)

Telerin 

vo-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • Q. o- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ WJ/367

Variations

  • vō/vo- ✧ WJ/367

Adûnaic

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

Derivations

  • √Ad. ƷU “he”

Variations

  • u-/hu- ✧ SD/433

Primitive elvish

wo

root. together

This root was the basis for the prefix Q. o- and S. go- “together”. In the 1910s Gnomish Lexicon, G. go- (unaccented) or gwa- “together” was derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋu̯a and the Qenya form was ᴱQ. ma- (GL/40-41). In the 1920s the Early Noldorin form was still ᴱN. go- or gwa- but the Qenya form was ᴱQ. va- (PE13/162), probably from primitive ✱wa-. In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root as ᴹ√WŌ̆ “together” with derivatives ᴹQ. o- and N. go- or stressed gwa- (Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ).

In The Etymologies Tolkien explained the go-/gwa- variation in Noldorin as the result of the sound change whereby stressed became wa in Common Eldarin (Ety/WŌ); Tolkien gave a similar explanation for Sindarin in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (WJ/367). Despite stressed > wa being an ancient change, the wa variant did not survive in Quenya. Tolkien explained the sound change whereby wo became o in Quenya several times: in the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s, in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s, and in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 (PE19/53, 106; WJ/367). The root √WO itself also appeared several times in Tolkien’s later writings (PE17/16, 191; WJ/361), in one place with the variant √WONO (PE17/191).

Derivatives

  • ówō “together” ✧ PE17/191
    • Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
  • “together” ✧ WJ/361
    • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE19/106
    • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ WJ/368
    • ᴺS. gu “(together) with”
  • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE17/191; WJ/367
  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/191; WJ/367
  • T. vo- “together” ✧ WJ/367

Element in

  • ᴺ✶. womātē “*community, (lit.) eating-together”
  • ᴺQ. ólav- “to compromise”
  • ᴺQ. ómen “crossroads”
  • ᴺS. goven “crossroads”

Variations

  • WĂ/WO ✧ PE17/016
  • WO/WONO ✧ PE17/191 (WO/WONO)
Primitive elvish [PE17/016; PE17/191; WJ/361; WJ/367] Group: Eldamo. Published by

prefix. together

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ WJ/361

Derivatives

  • Q. o- “together” ✧ PE19/106
  • S. go- “together, co-, com-” ✧ WJ/368
  • ᴺS. gu “(together) with”

Variations

  • gwo ✧ PE19/106
  • wo- ✧ WJ/367
  • wo ✧ WJ/368
Primitive elvish [PE19/106; WJ/361; WJ/367; WJ/368] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ówō

adverb. together

Derivations

  • WO “together” ✧ PE17/191

Derivatives

  • Q. uo “together” ✧ PE17/191
Primitive elvish [PE17/191] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

go-

prefix. together

Noldorin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

go-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT
  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Element in

  • N. gobel “walled house or village, town”
  • N. gobennas “history” ✧ Ety/KWET
  • N. godrebh “abreast; *together-through”
  • N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers”
  • N. gonathra- “to entangle, enmesh” ✧ Ety/NAT
  • N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. govad- “to meet”
  • N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale”
  • N. gwanur “kinsman, kinswoman” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WŌ̆ > go-[wo-] > [gwo-] > [go-]✧ Ety/NAT
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwa-[wó-] > [wá-] > [gwá-]✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • go ✧ Ety/KWET
  • gwa- ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwa-)
Noldorin [Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT; Ety/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
    • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho[so] > [ho]✧ Ety/S

Variations

  • hon ✧ Ety/S
  • hono ✧ Ety/S

hon(o)

pronoun. he

hon

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwa-

prefix. together (only in old compounds, the living form is go-)

Noldorin [Ety/399, WJ/367] Group: SINDICT. Published by

gwa-

prefix. together

hono

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

ʒu Reconstructed

root. he

A Primitive Adûnaic form attested as u “he” (SD/435), but given the later Adûnaic pronoun Ad. u or hu “he”, the actual primitive pronoun may have been ✱ƷU [ɣu], ✱ʔU or ✱HU [xu], as Tolkien indicated in a footnote (SD/433, note #7). The suffix -u was also a common feature of Classical Adûnaic masculine-nouns.

Derivatives

  • Ad. u “he”

Variations

  • u ✧ SD/435
Primitive adûnaic [SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

o-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. omentie “meeting”
  • ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. onot- “to count up”
  • ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > ō̆-[wo-] > [o-]✧ Ety/WŌ
ᴹ✶gwo- > [gwo-] > [gwa-] > [ɣwa-] > [wa-]✧ PE19/053
ᴹ✶gwo- > o-´[gwo-] > [ɣwo-] > [ɣo-] > [o-]✧ PE19/053

Variations

  • ō̆- ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ✧ PE19/053
  • o-´ ✧ PE19/053
Qenya [Ety/WŌ; PE19/053] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wa-

prefix. together

ye-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “to be” ✧ PE22/123

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YE > [jē]✧ PE22/123

Variations

  • ✧ PE22/123 ()
Qenya [LR/072; PE22/011; PE22/107; PE22/115; PE22/117; PE22/119; PE22/120; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ná-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “be, exist” ✧ Ety/NĀ²
  • ᴹ✶ “was; then, ago” ✧ PE22/096

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ² > [nā]✧ Ety/NĀ²
ᴹ✶nḗ > [nē]✧ PE22/096

Variations

  • ✧ Ety/NĀ²
Qenya [Ety/NĀ²; PE22/096] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

gwo-

prefix. together

An archaic prefix meaning “together” derived from primitive ᴹ✶wō̆- (Ety/WŌ). It was lost because it coalesced with the preposition go “from”. As such, it is the clearest example of how [[ilk|initial [gwo] became [go]]] in Ilkorin.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶wō/wŏ > gwo[wo] > [gwo] > [go]✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • gwo ✧ Ety/WŌ (gwo)
Doriathrin [Ety/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

wa-

prefix. together

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR

Element in

  • On. wanūre “kinswoman” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • On. wanūro “kinsman” ✧ Ety/NŌ
  • On. wathel “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • On. wator “brother” ✧ Ety/TOR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√WŌ̆ > wa[wo] > [wa]✧ Ety/TOR

Variations

  • wa ✧ Ety/TOR
Old Noldorin [Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

wō̆-

prefix. together

Derivations

  • ᴹ√WO “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Derivatives

  • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ

Variations

  • wō/wŏ ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • gwo- ✧ PE19/053
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/WŌ; PE19/053] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wo

root. together

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶wō̆- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • Ilk. gwo- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
    • ᴹQ. o- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ; PE19/053
    • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/WŌ
  • N. go- “together” ✧ Ety/KWET; Ety/NAT
  • On. wa- “together” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR

Element in

  • ᴹ✶wanōrō “one of kin” ✧ Ety/TOR
  • ᴹQ. onóne “kinswoman; sister” ✧ Ety/NŌ; Ety/THEL
  • ᴹQ. onóro “kinsman; brother” ✧ Ety/NŌ
  • ᴹQ. onot- “to count up” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • ᴹQ. oselle “[sworn] sister, associate [f.]” ✧ Ety/THEL
  • ᴹQ. otorno “sworn brother, associate [m.]” ✧ Ety/TOR
  • ᴹQ. ovesta “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED (ovesta)
  • N. gwaloth “blossom, collection of flowers” ✧ Ety/LOT(H)
  • N. gonod- “to count (up)” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • N. gowest “contract, compact, treaty” ✧ Ety/WED
  • N. gwanod “tale, number, number, tale” ✧ Ety/NOT
  • N. gwastar “hummock” ✧ Ety/STAR

Variations

  • WŌ̆ ✧ Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ
  • ✧ EtyAC/WŌ
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KWET; Ety/LOT(H); Ety/NAT; Ety/NŌ; Ety/NOT; Ety/STAR; Ety/THEL; Ety/TOR; Ety/WED; Ety/WŌ; EtyAC/WŌ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

eʒ-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ “be”

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ea- “to be; to exist, have being, be found extant in the real world” ✧ PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122; PE22/122

Variations

  • eʒe ✧ PE22/122
  • eñe ✧ PE22/122
Middle Primitive Elvish [PE22/122] Group: Eldamo. Published by

root. to be

Changes

  • YEĒ “to be” ✧ PE22/122

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ye- “to be” ✧ PE22/123
  • ᴹQ. -ie “stative suffix” ✧ EtyAC/YĒ

Variations

  • Ī ✧ EtyAC/YĒ
  • I ✧ PE18/060
  • YE ✧ PE18/084 (YE); PE22/123 (YE)
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/YĒ; PE18/060; PE18/084; PE22/123] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ē

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

ī

root. to be

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

o-

conjunction. he

Element in

  • G. o·gwath lemp nin “he beckons, (lit.) he wags a finger at me” ✧ GL/53 (o·gwath lemp nin*)

Variations

  • ✧ GL/53 ()

on

pronoun. he

Element in

Gnomish [GL/51; GL/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na-

verb. to be

Changes

  • nithi ✧ GL/58

Cognates

  • Eq. ná- “to be, exist”

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ “be, exist”

Element in

Variations

  • na-¹ ✧ GL/58
  • ni ✧ GL/58 (ni)
Gnomish [GG/09; GL/58] Group: Eldamo. Published by

gomintha

adverb. together

Element in

Solosimpi

va-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
Solosimpi [PE13/162] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

sovo

root. wash

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SOVO and ᴱ√SOW̯O glossed “wash”, having derivatives like ᴱQ. sovo- “wash” and ᴱQ. saune “bath” (QL/85), the latter a result of the Early Qenya sound change whereby [[eq|[ei], [ou] became [ai], [au]]] (in later Quenya phonology, these generally became [ī], [ū]). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, the primitive form was given as soƀ with derivatives like G. sô- “wash, clean, bathe” and G. sôn “pure, clean” from primitive ᴱ✶sou̯na (GL/68). This last primitive form reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s where it had derivatives like ᴱQ. sauna “clean” and ᴱN. hûn “polished, burnished, shining” (PE13/148).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it is worth positing an Neo-Root ᴺ√SOW “wash” and variant ᴺ√SAW “bath” to salvage some of these early words.

Derivatives

  • ᴱ✶souna ✧ GL/68
    • Eq. sauna “clean” ✧ PE13/148
    • En. hûn “polished, burnished, shining” ✧ PE13/148
    • G. sôn “pure, clean” ✧ GL/68
    • Et. súna “clean” ✧ PE13/148
  • ᴱ✶sou̯þ- ✧ GL/68
    • G. soth “bath” ✧ GL/68
  • Eq. soile “cleansing” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. soina “clean” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. saune “bath, small pool” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. sausa “bath water, hot water” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. sovo- “to wash” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. sovalna- “to cleanse, purify” ✧ QL/086
  • Eq. sovallu- “to cleanse, purify” ✧ QL/086
  • G. sovri “cleansing” ✧ GL/68
  • G. sô- “to wash, clean, bathe” ✧ GL/68; GL/68

Variations

  • soƀ ✧ GL/68; GL/68 (soƀ)
  • SOW̯O ✧ QL/086
Early Primitive Elvish [GL/68; QL/086] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fasa Speculative

root. wash

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fas- “wash” and G. fôs “bath” (GL/34). It seems to have at least one Qenya derivative as well in the 1910s-name: ᴱQ. Faskala-númen “Bath of the Setting Sun” (LT1/187). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Derivatives

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

o-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

ó-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ō “be, exist” ✧ QL/069

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√Ō > ō-[ō-]✧ QL/069

Variations

  • ō- ✧ QL/069
Early Quenya [QL/069] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e-

verb. to be

Derivations

  • ᴱ√Ī “be” ✧ PE16/140

Element in

Early Quenya [PE14/051; PE14/054; PE14/057; PE16/062; PE16/066; PE16/140; PE16/141; PE16/143] Group: Eldamo. Published by

u-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

va-

prefix. together

Cognates

  • En. go- “together, co(n)-” ✧ PE13/162; PE13/162
Early Quenya [PE13/162] Group: Eldamo. Published by

hu

pronoun. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

Element in

  • Eq. (h)úva “*his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive emphatic” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hu·karne ha min “he did it first (i.e. either before anyone else did so, or before he did anything else)” ✧ PE14/084
  • Eq. hu·mate “he eats” ✧ PE14/085
  • Eq. húyo “he (emphatic); 3rd sg. masc. pronoun” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hwa- “his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. tára·kasse Taniqetildo, tára·kasisse hu·sórie “on the high top of Taniqetil, on the high peaks he sat” ✧ PE14/078
  • Eq. wingildin o silqelosseën “the foam-maidens with blossom-white hair” ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/104

Variations

  • o ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/100; PE16/104
  • hu- ✧ PE14/052; PE14/085
  • u- ✧ PE14/052
Early Quenya [MC/216; PE14/052; PE14/053; PE14/054; PE14/078; PE14/084; PE14/085; PE16/100; PE16/104] Group: Eldamo. Published by

tu

pronoun. he

Changes

  • tuhu “he” ✧ PE14/078

Element in

Variations

  • tu ✧ PE14/046; PE14/079 (tu)
Early Quenya [PE14/046; PE14/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by