north
noun. a riding
north
noun. riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop
A noun for “a riding, a race (of people running), a charge or gallop” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s based on the root √NOR “run” (PE17/168-9). As such it seems to describe any sustained run of people or animals.
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {drond >>} dronn “race, course, track” (GL/31), likely also based on the early root ᴱ√NORO “run, ride, spin” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Nornorë).
northa-
verb. to make run, to make run (of horses and animals), *ride; [G.] to send rolling [as a vehicle], speed
A causative verb in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s based on the root √NOR “run”, meaning “make run, specially used of riding horses or other animals” so probably also having the sense “✱ride” like its Quenya cognate Q. norta- (PE17/168).
Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. northa- “to send rolling, speed” (GL/61), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√NORO “run, go smoothly, ride, spin” (QL/67). This early root had other derivatives like G. norn “wheel”.
Neo-Sindarin: I let the root √NOR retain the sense “roll” for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, so I would keep the sense “send rolling, speed” for S. northa- as well, using it for both “ride [an animal]” and “ride [a vehicle]”.
northa-
verb. make run
_v. _make run, specially of riding horses or other animals. Q. norta-. >> nor-
for-
prefix. north
forn
adjective. north, north, [N.] right
forod
noun. north
fuir
adjective. north
@@@ likely from [pʰorja] as suggested by David Salo (GS/255), thus a later version of than feir “right (hand)” with a different phonetic development. In the 2008 version of his Sindarin Dictionary, Didier Willis suggested fair as the Sindarized form of N. feir (HSD/fair), but more recent research indicates that fuir < ✱phorya is more likely, as suggested to me in a private chat by Elaran on 2018-08-26; see the entry on how [[s|[œi] became [ui] or [y]]] in Sindarin for further details.
forod
noun. north
fuir
adjective. north
forodwaith
place name. North-region, Northmen
Name of the northern region of Middle-earth or the ancient people who lived there (UT/14, LotR/1041), translated “North-region” or “Northmen” (Let/224, Ety/WEG). It is a combination of forod “north” and gwaith “people, region” (Ety/PHOR, WEG).
Conceptual Development: The name G. Forodwaith appeared in the earliest Lost Tales as a name for the “Men of the North” or Vikings (LT2/313), replacing earlier G. Gwasgonin “Winged Helms” (LT2/334). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, it appeared as both N. Forodwaith and N. Forodweith, reflecting Tolkien’s vacillation on the development of the diphthong [ai]; by this stage it already had the dual meaning given above (Ety/WEG, PHOR).
forfalas
place name. North Falas
forlond
place name. North Haven
A name for the “North Haven” of Lindon (LotR/1050), a combination of the prefixal form for- of forn “north” and lond “haven”.
Conceptual Development: On the draft maps for Lord of the Rings from the 1940s, this name appeared as N. Forlorn, with a final (lenited) element of N. lhorn “haven” instead of lond (TI/301).
forlonnas
place name. North-harbourage
Fornost Erain
noun. North(ern) fortress of the kings
forn (“right, north”) + ost (“fortress, stronghold”), erain (pl. of aran “king”)
eryn fuir
place name. North Wood
fornarthan
place name. North Beacon
An older Sindarin name for Halifirien, translated “North Beacon” (VT42/20). The first element is clearly the prefixal form for- of forn “north”, so the second element is likely narthan “beacon”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/30, note #47).
forn
noun. right, north
dancen
Northern Sindarin
Northern Sindarin. >> dangen
forod
adjective. northern
forodwaith
noun. northmen
forod (“northern”) + gwaith (“people, folk”)
forochel
place name. *Northern Ice
forod
north
#forod (isolated from Forodrim ”northmen”), also fôr (the latter also = right). The term Forven may refer to ”north” as a direction rather than a region (the element -ven means ”way”).
forod
north
(isolated from Forodrim ”northmen”), also fôr (the latter also = right). The term Forven may refer to ”north” as a direction rather than a region (the element -ven means ”way”).
forodwaith
northmen, north-folk
(UT:14)
fuir
adjective. [N.] right (hand); north
fordúnen
adjective. northwestern
fordûn
noun. northwest
forrúnen
adjective. northeast
forrûn
noun. northeast
forodrim
northmen
Forodrim (a coll. pl.); NORTHMEN, NORTH-FOLK (also used of the area where they live) Forodwaith (UT:14)
for
noun. right-hand
_n. _right-hand, north. Q. for-. >> forn
fervain
northern
fervain (no distinct pl. form) (VT46:10)
fervain
adjective. northern
fervain
northern
(no distinct pl. form) (VT46:10)
forodrim
northmen
(a coll. pl.);
fuir
right
1) (adj, of direction), also used as noun "right hand": fuir (north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR). 2) (direction, not "correct") fôr (north), pl. fŷr. 3) (straight) tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).
Fornost Erain
Fornost Erain
Fornost Erain is Sindarin. It means "Northern Fortress (of the) Kings"; from forn "north" and ost "fortress", and erain is the plural of aran. The Fornost component is a direct cognate to Quenya Formenos. It was translated as "Norbury of the Kings" (from supposedly Old English norð-burg), which represents its Westron name.
fuir
right
(north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).
fôr
right
(north), pl. fŷr.
dîr
man
1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
Dúnadan
noun. Man of the west, Númenórean
adan
noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)
adanadar
noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men
adanath
noun. men
drúadan
noun. wild man, one of the Woses
drû
noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man
In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word
dîr
noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix
A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.
Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).
In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:
> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).
Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.
Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.
fair
noun. right (hand)
forvo
noun. right hand
forvo
noun. right side
adan
man
(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.
bôr
trusty man
(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.
curunír
man of craft
(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.
dîr
man
(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.
dúnadan
man of the west
(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).
firion
mortal man
(pl. firyn).
rhavan
wild man
(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:
thalion
dauntless man
(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”.
tîr
right
(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).
_n. _a riding, a race (of people running), a charge or gallop. Tolkien notes the "curious accidental approach of words for race with sense kindred". >> northa-