north

noun. a riding

_n. _a riding, a race (of people running), a charge or gallop. Tolkien notes the "curious accidental approach of words for race with sense kindred". >> northa-

north

noun. riding, race (of people running), charge or gallop

A noun for “a riding, a race (of people running), a charge or gallop” in notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s based on the root √NOR “run” (PE17/168-9). As such it seems to describe any sustained run of people or animals.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {drond >>} dronn “race, course, track” (GL/31), likely also based on the early root ᴱ√NORO “run, ride, spin” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Nornorë).

for-

prefix. north

forn

adjective. north, north, [N.] right

forod

noun. north

fuir

adjective. north

@@@ likely from [pʰorja] as suggested by David Salo (GS/255), thus a later version of than feir “right (hand)” with a different phonetic development. In the 2008 version of his Sindarin Dictionary, Didier Willis suggested fair as the Sindarized form of N. feir (HSD/fair), but more recent research indicates that fuir < ✱phorya is more likely, as suggested to me in a private chat by Elaran on 2018-08-26; see the entry on how [[s|[œi] became [ui] or [y]]] in Sindarin for further details.

forod

noun. north

fuir

adjective. north

forodwaith

place name. North-region, Northmen

Name of the northern region of Middle-earth or the ancient people who lived there (UT/14, LotR/1041), translated “North-region” or “Northmen” (Let/224, Ety/WEG). It is a combination of forod “north” and gwaith “people, region” (Ety/PHOR, WEG).

Conceptual Development: The name G. Forodwaith appeared in the earliest Lost Tales as a name for the “Men of the North” or Vikings (LT2/313), replacing earlier G. Gwasgonin “Winged Helms” (LT2/334). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, it appeared as both N. Forodwaith and N. Forodweith, reflecting Tolkien’s vacillation on the development of the diphthong [ai]; by this stage it already had the dual meaning given above (Ety/WEG, PHOR).

arthor na forlonnas

place name. Realm of the North-harbourage

An old (Númenórean?) name for the region of Arnor (PE17/28). It is a combination of arthor “realm”, the preposition na(n) “of” and its shorter name Forlonnas “North-harbourage”.

cirith forn en andrath

place name. High-Climbing Pass of the North

Sindarin name of the High Pass over the Misty Mountains that Bilbo and the Dwarves followed on their Quest to Erebor (UT/271, 278 note #4). This name is a combination of cirith “cleft, pass”, forn “north”, en “of the” and Andrath “Long Climb”.

forfalas

place name. North Falas

A name for the northern part of Falas on the later Silmarillion map revisions from the 1950s-60s (WJ/186), a combination of the prefixal form for- of forn “north” and falas “shore”.

forlindon

place name. Lindon north of the Gulf of Lune

A name for the northern part of Lindon (PM/313), a combination of that name with the prefixal form for- of forn “north”.

Conceptual Development: The name N. Forlindon appeared on the draft maps for Lord of the Rings from the 1940s (TI/302).

forlond

place name. North Haven

A name for the “North Haven” of Lindon (LotR/1050), a combination of the prefixal form for- of forn “north” and lond “haven”.

Conceptual Development: On the draft maps for Lord of the Rings from the 1940s, this name appeared as N. Forlorn, with a final (lenited) element of N. lhorn “haven” instead of lond (TI/301).

forlonnas

place name. North-harbourage

An old (Númenórean?) name for the region of Arnor (PE17/28), a compound of the prefixal form for- of forn “north” and lonnas “harbourage”.

Arthor na Forlonnas

'Realm of the North-harbourage'

topon. 'Realm of the North-harbourage', another name of Arnor that soon fell out of general colloquial use. Shorter form Forlonnas. Q. Turmen Follondiéva. >> Arnor, Arthor na Challonas, Forlonnas

Dorlomin

a name in a dialect of the North

topon. a name in a dialect of the North, S. Dorloven.

Forlonnas

' North-harbourage'

topon. '(Realm of the) North-harbourage', another name of Arnor that soon fell out of general colloquial use. Shorter form of Arthor naForlonnas. Q. Forolondie, Follondie. >> Arnor, Arthor na Forlonnas

Fornost Erain

noun. North(ern) fortress of the kings

forn (“right, north”) + ost (“fortress, stronghold”), erain (pl. of aran “king”)

Góndolind

a name in a dialect of the North

topon. a name in a dialect of the North, S. Gonnólen. Maybe acute accent in the two names was only used in order to mark pronunciation.

Hithlum

a name in a dialect of the North

topon. a name in a dialect of the North, S. Hilthlû.

Losshoth

noun. people living in far North

_ pl2. n. _people living in far North. >> los, loss

eryn fuir

place name. North Wood

The original Sindarin name of Roh. Firien woods, appearing in a deleted section of Tolkien’s essay on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor (VT42/20). The name is translated “North Wood”, a combination of eryn “woods” and fuir “north”.

forn

noun. the North

_n. _the North. Q. formen. >> for

fornarthan

place name. North Beacon

An older Sindarin name for Halifirien, translated “North Beacon” (VT42/20). The first element is clearly the prefixal form for- of forn “north”, so the second element is likely narthan “beacon”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/30, note #47).

forn

noun. right, north

mi forod

in [the] North

forod

north

#forod (isolated from Forodrim ”northmen”), also fôr (the latter also = right). The term Forven may refer to ”north” as a direction rather than a region (the element -ven means ”way”).

forod

north

(isolated from Forodrim ”northmen”), also fôr (the latter also = right). The term Forven may refer to ”north” as a direction rather than a region (the element -ven means ”way”).

forodwaith

northmen, north-folk

(UT:14)

fuir

adjective. [N.] right (hand); north

forodrim

northmen

Forodrim (a coll. pl.); NORTHMEN, NORTH-FOLK (also used of the area where they live) Forodwaith (UT:14)

for

noun. right-hand

_n. _right-hand, north. Q. for-. >> forn

forodrim

northmen

(a coll. pl.);

fuir

right

1) (adj, of direction), also used as noun "right hand": fuir (north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR). 2) (direction, not "correct") fôr (north), pl. fŷr. 3) (straight) tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

Fornost Erain

Fornost Erain

Fornost Erain is Sindarin. It means "Northern Fortress (of the) Kings"; from forn "north" and ost "fortress", and erain is the plural of aran. The Fornost component is a direct cognate to Quenya Formenos. It was translated as "Norbury of the Kings" (from supposedly Old English norð-burg), which represents its Westron name.

fuir

right

(north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

fôr

right

(north), pl. fŷr.

arthor

noun. realm

ardh

realm

ardh (region), pl. erdh

dîr

man

1) (adult male of any speaking race) dîr (dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”. 2) (mortal human as opposed to Elf) Adan (pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

Dúnadan

noun. Man of the west, Númenórean

adan

noun. man, one of the Second People (elvish name for men)

adanadar

noun. man, one of the Fathers of Men

adanath

noun. men

arthor

realm

_n. _realm.

drúadan

noun. wild man, one of the Woses

drû

noun. wild man, Wose, Púkel-Man

In PE/11:31, an older Gnomish word drû, drui meant "wood, forest", and in PE/13:142, the early Noldorin word drú was assigned the meaning "dark". Drû pl. Drúin later came to be used for the name of the Woses, with other derivatives (Drúadan, etc.). "Wose" is actually the modernization of an Anglo-Saxon word wasa only found in the compound wudu-wasa "wild man of the woods", cf. UT/385 sq. In the drafts of the "Ride of the Rohirrim" in WR/343-346, the Woses first appeared as "the dark men of Eilenach". Though internally said to derive from drughu in their own tongue, Tolkien's choice for the Sindarin name of the Woses was apparently influenced by earlier meanings assigned to this word

dîr

noun. man, man, [N.] adult male; agental suffix

A word for “man” as a male person, attested only as an element in compounds or as (archaic?) ndir (PE17/60). This word likely refers to male individuals of all races including Elves, Men, Dwarves and so forth, much like its Quenya cognate Q. nér. This word must have been derived from the primitive subjective form ✶ndēr of the root √N(D)ER “male person”, where the ancient long ē became ī, and the initial cluster nd- became d-, though the ancient cluster would still be reflected in mutated forms, such as in i nîr “the man” rather than ✱✱i dhîr.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor to this word is (archaic) G. †drio “hero, warrior” with variants driw, driodweg and driothweg, a cognate of ᴱQ. nēr (GL/22). This Gnomish word was derived from primitive ᴱ✶n’reu̯, where the initial nr- became dr-. At this early stage, the root was unstrengthened ᴱ√NERE (QL/65), as reflected in (archaic) ᴱN. nîr “hero, prince, warrior-elf” in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/164).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root became ᴹ√DER “adult male, man” of any speaking race and the derived form was N. dîr (Ety/DER). However, in this document Tolkien said:

> EN †dîr surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir “doer, maker”) ... In ordinary use EN has benn [for “man”] (properly = “husband”).

Thus in the scenario described in The Etymologies, dîr “man” was archaic and used only as an element in names or as a suffix. In ordinary speech it was replaced by N. benn, which used to mean “husband” but now meant “man”, while the word for “husband” became N. hervenn (Ety/BES). It is unlikely Tolkien imagined this exact scenario in later Sindarin, however, since the 1930s root for benn was ᴹ√BES “wed”, but by the 1960s the root for husband/wife/marry words had become √BER.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the status of N. benn is questionable given ᴹ√BES >> √BER, many Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to use S. ✱dîr as the Sindarin word for man. I am of the opinion that both dîr and benn are acceptable for “man, male person”. This is because I prefer to retain ᴹ√BES as the root for “marry, wed”, since it is the best basis for attested husband/wife words in (Neo) Sindarin.

fair

noun. right (hand)

forvo

noun. right hand

forvo

noun. right side

adan

man

(pl. Edain; the coll. pl. Adanath is attested). The word Adan came to be used primarily of a member of the Three Houses of the Edain, not of the mortal race of Men in general.

ardh

realm

(region), pl. erdh

bôr

trusty man

(boron-) (i vôr, construct bor) (steadfast man, faithful vassal), pl. *b**ŷr* for older beryn, i meryn (archaic böryn, i möryn). In ”Noldorin”, the older pl. forms were berein, beren.

curunír

man of craft

(i gurunír, o churunír) (wizard), no distinct pl. form except with article (i churunír), coll. pl. ?curuníriath.

dîr

man

(dír-, also agentive ending -dir or -nir; with article, i nîr, hard mutation as in o ndîr), no distinct pl. form except with article (i ndîr); coll. pl. díriath. Also benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). The latter is in archaic language used = "husband" (the etymological meaning). The ending -we in names may also express ”being, man, person”.

dúnadan

man of the west

(i Núnadan), pl. Dúnedain (i Ndúnedain) (WJ:378, 386).

firion

mortal man

(pl. firyn).

rhavan

wild man

(?i thravan or ?i ravan – the lenition product of rh is uncertain), pl. rhevain (?idh revain) (WJ:219). – The following terms apparently apply to ”men” of any speaking race:

thalion

dauntless man

(hero), pl. thelyn. Also used as an adj. ”dauntless, steadfast, strong”. 

tîr

right

(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).