henulca

henulca

henulca, see hen-

ulca

evil, bad, wicked, wrong

ulca adj. "evil, bad, wicked, wrong" (QL:97, VT43:23-24, VT48:32, VT49:14; compounded in henulca "evileyed", SD:68); variant olca, q.v. Compare noun ulco. The adj. ulca may also itself be used as a noun "evil", as in the ablative form ulcallo "from evil" (VT43:8, 10) and the sentence cé mo quetë ulca *"if one speaks evil" (VT49:19).

hen

eye

hen (hend-, as in pl. hendi) noun "eye" (KHEN-D-E); possibly dual #hendu in hendumaica, q.v. Noun henfanwa "eye-screen, veil upon eyes" (PE17:176), adj. henulca "evileyed" (SD:68; cf. ulca).

hen

noun. eye

The Quenya word for “eye”, derived from the root √KHEN for eye-words (PE17/187; Ety/KHEN-D-E) and with stem-form hend- given its dual hendu (WJ/337).

Conceptual Development: This word first appeared as ᴱQ. hen in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s, derived from primitive ᴱ✶þχe-ndǝ and appearing beside ᴱQ. sé “eye, pupil” < ᴱ✶þeχē (PE12/21). Hen (hend-) “eye” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon though it was marked “†” for archaic (QL/40), and ᴱQ. hend- also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as the cognate of G. hen “eye” (GL/48). ᴱQ. hen appeared regularly in documents from the 1920s (PE13/147; PE14/43, 76; PE16/136), although in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s ᴱQ. sinda was given as the cognate of ᴱN. hen(n) “eye” (PE13/122). The form ᴱQ. sinda seems to have been a transient idea.

A lengthy declension of ᴹQ. hen “eye” appeared in documents from the early 1930s (PE21/52) and in The Etymologies of the 1930s it was based on a new the root ᴹ√KHEN-D-E “eye” (Ety/KHEN-D-E). In both these documents, inflected forms indicate a stem form of hend-. Thus this word and its stem were quite stable in Tolkien’s mind, though he did alter its root from early ᴱ√SEHE [ÞEHE] to later √KHEN.

Cognates

• S. hen(d) “eye”

Derivations

• √KHEN “base of eye-words, base of eye-words; [ᴹ√] look at, see, observe, direct gaze”

Element in

• Q. alahen “eyeless”
• ᴺQ. hencalcat “eye-glasses, spectacles”
• ᴺQ. hendelë “window”
• ᴺQ. hendelúpea cecet “peafowl, (lit.) eye-plumed pheasant”
• Q. hendumaica “sharp-eye[d]” ✧ WJ/337
• Q. henfanwa “eye-screen, veil upon eyes”
• Q. henta- “to eye, examine, read, scan”
• ᴺQ. hentópa “eyelid”

olca

evil, bad, wicked

olca adj. "evil, bad, wicked" (VT43:23-24, VT48:32, VT49:14, PE17:149). The root meaning implies "wickedness as well as badness or lack of worth" (PE17:170). Variant of ulca.

ulco

evil

ulco (stem #ulcu-) noun "evil", pl. *ulqui (VT43:23-24; the stem-form is attested in the ablative case: ulcullo "from evil", VT43:12)

ulco

noun. evil

Derivations

• √UK “nasty”

Element in

• Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/24; VT43/23
• ᴺQ. ulculóra “without evil”

naxa

adjective. evil

naxa

noun/adjective. evil

Element in

• Q. carë mára quí tyarë naxa “doing good may cause evil” ✧ PE22/154

Variations

• naxa ✧ PE22/154

úmëa

evil

úmëa (2) adj. "evil" (UGU/UMU). Obsoleted by #1 above? Possibly connected to úmëai in Narqelion, if that is a "Qenya" plural form.

úra

evil, nasty

úra (1) adj. "evil, nasty" (VT43:24, VT48:32)

úro

evil

úro noun "evil" (VT43:24); Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of ulco, q.v.

hen

noun. eye

hend

noun. eye

henn

noun. eye

heneb

adjective. of eye, eyed, having eyes

hen(d)

noun. eye

The Sindarin word for “eye”, most notably in the name Amon Hen “Hill of the Eye” (LotR/400), derived from the root √KHEN that was the basis for eye-words (PE17/187). Given the words henneth “window” (LotR/674) and Lachend “Flame-eyed” (WJ/384), it is possible that the independent word for “eye” is hend, but note also maecheneb “sharp-eye” which has no double-n (WJ/337).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. hen “eye” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/48), cognate to ᴱQ. hend- and so probably similarly derived from primitive ᴱ✶þχe-ndǝ (PE12/21). In the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s, ᴱN. hen(n) “eye” was paired with ᴱQ. sinda (PE13/122), but in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the same period, ᴱN. henn was again cognate with ᴱQ. hen (hend-), both from primitive ᴱ✶ske-ndá. In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was N. {hent, henn >>} hên “eye” from the root ᴹ√KHEN-D-E “eye” (Ety/KHEN-D-E). Thus this word was well established in Tolkien’s mind, but had several variations in its form and derivation.

Cognates

• Q. hen “eye”

Derivations

• √KHEN “base of eye-words, base of eye-words; [ᴹ√] look at, see, observe, direct gaze”

Element in

• S. Amon Hen “Hill of Sight, (lit.) Hill of the Eye” ✧ PE17/077
• S. Emyn Hen Dúnadan “Hills of the Eye of the Dúnadan” ✧ PM/186 (Emyn Hen Dúnadan*)
• S. Finellach “?Flame of Hair and Eye”
• ᴺS. hendelu “brow”
• S. henneth “window”
• S. Lachend “Flame-eyed”
• S. maecheneb “sharp-eye[d]” ✧ WJ/337
• ᴺS. orchen “dandelion, (lit.) day-eye”

Variations

• Hen ✧ PE17/077; PM/186 (Hen)
• hen ✧ WJ/337 (hen)

rhû

evil

adj. evil, wicked. Q. hruo. >> Rhudaur

rhû

evil

_ adj. _evil, wicked. Q. hrúa, hrúya. >> rhu-, Rhudaur

hend

eye

hend (i chend, construct hen), pl. hind (i chind), dual hent ”pair of eyes” (VT45:22), coll. pl. hennath. Adj.

hend

eye

(i chend, construct hen), pl. hind (i chind), dual hent ”pair of eyes” (VT45:22), coll. pl. hennath. Adj.

heneb

eyed

(lenited chebeb, pl. henib). Isolated from maecheneb ”sharp-eyed” (lenited vaecheneb; pl. maechenib) (WJ:337)

úmarth

evil fate

(pl. úmerth).

ogol

evil

1) ogol (wicked), pl. egyl (archaic ögyl) (VT48:32), 2) possibly also um (bad), pl. ym (or uim?) (David Salo would read *ûm with a long vowel. According to VT46:20, it may be that Tolkien intended um as a primitive base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word; the word ogol may therefore be preferred.)

ogol

evil

(wicked), pl. egyl (archaic ögyl) (VT48:32)

um

evil

(bad), pl. ym (or uim?) (David Salo would read ✱ûm with a long vowel. According to VT46:20, it may be that Tolkien intended um as a primitive base rather than as a ”Noldorin” word; the word ogol may therefore be preferred.)

ummas

noun. evil

Derivations

• ᴹ√UMU “negative stems”
  • ᴹ√GŪ “no, not” ✧ Ety/UGU; Ety/GŪ

hent

noun. the two eyes (referring to one person's eyes)

hên

noun. eye

hên

noun. eye

Changes

• hent/henn → hên “eye” ✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E

Cognates

• ᴹQ. hen “eye” ✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHEN(DE) “eye; look at, see, observe, direct gaze” ✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E

Element in

• N. Amon Hen

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHEN-D-E > hent/henn	[kʰende] > [xende] > [xend] > [hend] > [henn]	✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E
ᴹ√KHEN-D-E > hint/hinn	[kʰendi] > [xendi] > [xindi] > [xend] > [hend] > [henn]	✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E
ᴹ√KHEN-D-E > hên	[kʰen] > [xen] > [xēn] > [hēn]	✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E
ᴹ√KHEN-D-E > hîn	[kʰeni] > [xeni] > [xini] > [xīn] > [hīn]	✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E

Variations

• hent/henn ✧ Ety/KHEN-D-E (hent/henn)