rhûn

place name. East

Name of the region in the east and also part of the title of the Sea of Rhûn (LotR/1045), it is simply rhûn “east” used as a name.

Conceptual Development: On draft maps for the Lord of the Rings from the 1940s, the name of the sea was N. Rhûnaer “Eastern Sea” (TI/307), also appearing as Rúnaer >> Rhúnaer in drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices (PM/198). A similar form N. Rúnaeluin appears in the drafts of the final chapters of the Lord of the Rings, and might be a variation of this name (SD/65, 71 note #9).

rhûn

noun. east, east, [N.] †rising; eastern

The Sindarin word for “east”, cognate of Q. rómen (LotR/1116, 1123). It was ultimately derived from the root √RŌ/ORO “rise” (Ety/RŌ), and so likely originally meant “rising” as in “rising sun” (PE22/35).

Conceptual Development: The word N. rhûn “east” appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with ᴹQ. rómen, both derived from ᴹ√RŌ (Ety/RŌ). At the time, there were no problems with this equivalence, since [[n|initial [r] was unvoiced]] in Noldorin. Tolkien went on to use both these forms in The Lord of the Rings.

Unfortunately, Tolkien later abandoned the unvoicing of initial r in Sindarin, making these two forms problematic. Tolkien considered modifying the Sindarin form to rûn (PE17/88) or the Quenya form to hrómen (PE17/18). The latter was probably derived from an s-strengthened form of the root ᴹ√SRŌ (PE22/127), where the initial sr- would become voiceless [r] in both Quenya and Sindarin. Ultimately, though, he left both forms alone. Perhaps he decided the s-strengthening of the root was a Sindarin-only variant.

amrûn

noun. east

_n. _east. Q. orrō uprising, sunrise, east. >> rhûn

rhûn

noun. east

n. east. Q. hrō- uprising, sunrise, east. >> amrûn

rûn

noun. east

n. #east. Q. rómen.

rhuven

noun. east

rhûn

noun. east

rûn

noun. east

rhudaur

place name. ?East Forest

The easternmost of the successor-realms of Arnor after it was divided into three kingdoms (LotR/1039). As indicated on map to The Lord of the Rings, this region was later called the “Trollshaws”, but this does not appear to be the translation of the Sindarin name.

Possible Etymology: The second element is most like the lenited form -daur of taur “forest”. In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien indicated that the initial element was the prefix rhu- “evil” (PE17/115), that is “✱Evil Forest”. It seems very unlikely that the Dúnedain would have chosen this name for their kingdom, so this may be a later re-interpretation after that land fell to evil. Prior to the publication of PE17, several authors suggested the name might mean “✱East Forest”, with the initial element being a prefixal form of rhûn “east” (e.g. Hammond and Scull, RC/690, or David Salo, GS/390).

rhúnen

adjective. east[ern]

An adjective for “east[ern]” in the name Talath Rhúnen “East Vale” (S/124) based on rhûn “east” (SA/rómen). Prior to the publication of PE23, this name was one of the best pieces of evidence that rh did not undergo soft mutation in modern Sindarin.

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. †rhufen [rhuven] as the adjectival form of rhûn “east” (Ety/RŌ).

talath rhúnen

place name. East Vale

Another name for Thargelion translated “East Vale” (S/124), a combination of talath “plain” and rhúnen “eastern” (SA/talath, rómen).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name was Ilk. Radhrost (LR/265), which was designated an Ilkorin name in The Etymologies (Ety/RAD, ROS²).

Radhrim

noun. east march

[HKF] radh (Dor. radhon “east”) + rim (Dor. “edge, hem, border”)

Rhudaur

noun. east(ern) forest

rhu (from rhûn “east(ern)”) + taur (“forest”)

Rhûnedain

noun. 'Men of the East'

_ pl1. n. _lit. #'Men of the East', Men other than the Atani. Q. pl1. Hrónatani. >> rhûn

rúnavar

noun. 'East-Elf'

n. #'East-Elf'.

amrûn

noun. sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising

amrûn

noun. east, orient

rhúnen

adjective. eastern

rhûn

east

(?na Thrûn) (maybe primarily ”the East” as a region), also amrûn (sunrise, orient, uprising). The term ✱Rhúven (?na Thrúven) is maybe primarily ”east” as a direction; the final element means ”way”. This word is spelt ”rhufen” in the source (LR:384 s.v. RŌ), but it would seem that f here represents v. –

rhu

east

*(as in Rhudaur ”Eastwood”, name of a realm: rhu- + taur ”wood”)*.

rhûn

east (the east)

Rhûn (?na Thrûn) (maybe primarily ”the East” as a region), also amrûn (sunrise, orient, uprising). The term *Rhúven (?na Thrúven) is maybe primarily ”east” as a direction; the final element means ”way”. This word is spelt ”rhufen” in the source (LR:384 s.v. RŌ), but it would seem that f here represents v. EAST (adjectival prefix) rhu- (as in Rhudaur ”Eastwood”, name of a realm: rhu- + taur ”wood”).

rhunen

eastern

rhunen (lenited ?thrunen or ?runen the lenition product of rh- is uncertain), pl. rhúnin

rhunen

eastern

(lenited ?thrunen or ?runen – *the lenition product of rh- is uncertain)*, pl. rhúnin

Radhrim

Radhrim

In the Etymologies, the Doriathrin name Radhrim is glossed as "East-march".

amrûn

uprising

(noun) amrûn (sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

uprising

(sunrise, orient, east), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

sunrise

amrûn (orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

sunrise

(orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

rhûn

Rhûn

The word rhûn means "east" in Sindarin. Compare Quenya rómen.

minuial

noun. "morrowdim", the time near dawn, when the star fade

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

orthad

gerund noun. rising

eriad

noun. rising

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2020 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for early ᴱN./G. orost “rising”. It is simply the gerund of [N.] eria- “to rise”.

minuial

dawn

minuial (i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

minuial

dawn

(i vinuial) (morrowdim, twilight), pl. minuiail (i minuiail)

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

azûl

noun. east

A noun for “east” attested only in the prepositional phrase azûlada “eastward, ✱to the east” = azûl + -ada “to(ward)” (SD/247, 312).

-ô

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive -ō (SD/438).

Ambalar

east

Ambalar noun "East" (MC:221; this is "Qenya")

Rómë

east

Rómë noun "east", variant of Rómen (PE17:59). Possessive romeva (read rómeva?), genitive rómeö (Ibid.)

hrómen

east

hrómen noun "east", variant of the more common Rómen, q.v. (PE17:18)

rómen

east

rómen, Rómen noun "east" (RŌ, MEN, SA:men), "uprising, sunrise, east" (SA:rómen); also name of tengwa #25 (Appendix E). Possessive form rómenwa (PE17:59).Variant hrómen, PE17:18. Rómenna, a place in the eastern part of Númenor, is simply the allative "eastward" (SA:rómen), cf. also rómenna in LR:47, 56. Ablative Rómello "from the East" or "[to one] from the East", hence Tolkien's translation "to those from the East" in his rendering of Namárië (Nam, RGEO:67, PE17:59; Romello with a short o in VT49:32). Masc. name Rómendacil "East-victor" (Appendix A; cf. Letters:425). Masc. name Rómestámo, Róme(n)star "East-helper" (PM:384, 391; probably ?Rómenstar must always become Rómestar, but Tolkien cited the form as Róme(n)star to indicate the connection with rómen "east")

róna

east

róna adj.? "east" (RŌ). Compare hróna.

hró-

prefix. east

hróme(n)

noun. east

róme

noun. east

róna

adjective. east

ro-

prefix. uprising, sunrise, east

A prefix having to do with rising, sunrise and the east, appearing as ro-, hró-, and orró- and derived from √(S)RŌ (UT/165; PE17/18). Compare with the prefix oro- “up, aloft” of similar derivation (PE17/64).

rómen

noun. east, uprising, sunrise

The Quenya word for “east”, name of tengwa #25 and cognate of S. rhûn (LotR/1123). In inflected or compounds forms, the final n was usually dropped as was generally the case with Quenya direction words, for example in the ablative form Rómello “from the East” (LotR/377). It was ultimately derived from the root √RŌ/ORO “rise” (PE17/63, Ety/RŌ). It originally meant “rising direction”, that is ro- + men, and was thus connected to the rising sun.

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales the word for “East” was ᴱQ. oronto (LT1/85), a word that also appeared in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, with the gloss “rising (of the sun)” (QL/70). On the same page Tolkien gave the word ᴱQ. óre “the dawn, Sunrise, East” (QL/70), so the connection between “East” and “sunrise” was a very early idea.

The word ᴹQ. rómen “east” appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s along with N. rhûn, both derived from ᴹ√RŌ (Ety/RŌ). At the time, there were no problems with this equivalence, since [[n|initial [r] was unvoiced]] in Noldorin. Tolkien went on to use both these forms in The Lord of the Rings.

Unfortunately, Tolkien later abandoned the unvoicing of initial r in Sindarin, making these two forms problematic. Tolkien considered modifying the Sindarin form to rûn (PE17/88) or the Quenya form to hrómen (PE17/18). The latter was probably derived from an s-strengthened form of the root ᴹ√SRŌ (PE22/127), where the initial sr- would become voiceless [r] in both Quenya and Sindarin. Ultimately, though, he left both forms alone. Perhaps he decided the s-strengthening of the root was a Sindarin-only variant.

rómendacil

masculine name. East-victor, East-slayer

A name assumed by the 8th and 19th kings of Gondor to celebrate their victories in the East (LotR/1038, 1044; Let/425). This name is a combination of rómen “east” and the suffix -(n)dacil “-victor, -slayer”, also seen in Hyarmendacil and Umbardacil.

Entar

thither lands, middle-earth, outer lands, east

Entar place-name "Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from Aman) (EN)

Entarda

thither lands, middle-earth, outer lands, east

Entarda place-name "Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East" (seen from Aman) (EN, VT45:12)

Eruman

desert north-east of valinor

Eruman place-name; this is a word to which various meanings are ascribed, but it always denotes some region. In the earliest phases of Tolkien's mythology, it was a region south of Taniquetil (LT1:91, 252-253). In the Etymologies, entry ERE, Eruman is a "desert north-east of Valinor". In the final version of the Quenya Lord's Prayer, where the locative form Erumandë appears, Tolkien appears to have moved Eruman out of this world entirely, making it the abode of God (Eru); Erumandë translates "in heaven".

orró-

uprising, sunrise, east

orró-, hró- "uprising, sunrise, east" (PE17:18), element underlying words like the following, and also hróna (q.v.)

rómestámo

masculine name. East-helper

In some late notes, this was the name of one of the Blue Wizards (S. Ithryn Luin), elsewhere called Alatar and Pallando (PM/385). The name was translated as “East-helper”. Its initial element is probably an assimilated form of rómen “east”, so that its second element -stámo must mean “helper”, though what form it would have taken as an independent word is unclear.

Conceptual Development: J.R.R. Tolkien also gave this name as Róme(n)star, with the same initial element, but its final element seems to be the plural of the suffix -sta “land, ✱part” (PM/391, note #28). How this variant fits with the gloss “East-helper” is unclear.

sí vanwa ná, rómello vanwa, valimar!

now lost is, [to one] from the East lost, Valimar!

The 15th phrase in the prose Namárië, which is essentially the same as its poetic version, differing only in its more literal translation. The phrase still seems somewhat poetic. In most (but not all) cases, the Quenya verb ná- “to be” appears at the end of the phrase. Hypothetically, a more “normal” rendering might be:

> ✱sí Valimar vanwa Rómello ná “now Valimar lost from-the-East is

sí vanwa ná, rómello vanwa, valimar!

now lost, lost to those from the east is Valimar!

Fifteenth line @@@

orró-

prefix. uprising, sunrise, east

orróna

adjective. eastern

A longer variant of (h)róna “eastern” (PE17/18).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. órea “of the dawn, Eastern” based on ᴱQ. óre “dawn, East” under the early root ᴱ√OŘO (QL/70).

hróna

eastern

hróna adj. "eastern" (PE17:18), apparently a variant of róna, q.v. (itself not clearly glossed).

orróna

eastern

orróna adj. "eastern" (PE17:18)

rómenya

eastern

rómenya adj. "eastern" (RŌ)

-llo

ablative adverbial suffix

-llo (1) "ablative adverbial suffix" (PE17:72) implying "from" or "out of", as in sindanóriello "out of a grey land", Rómello "from the East" (Nam), Mardello "from Earth" (FS), ulcullo "from evil" (VT43:12), sillumello "from this hour" (VT44:35), yello "from whom" (VT47:21), Manwello *"from Manwë" (VT49:24), Melcorello / Melkorello "from Melkor" (VT49:7, 24). Pl. -llon (so in Plotz) or -llor (in illon, elenillor, raxellor, elendellor, q.v.); dual -lto (Plotz). A shorter form of the ablative ending, -lo, apparently occurs in the words silo "hence" and talo "from there", q.v. In the Etymologies, Tolkien cited the Quenya ablative ending as -ello, evidently including the connecting vowel -e- that may be inserted when the ending is added to a word ending in a consonant (VT45:28), compare Melcorello. See also ló, lo #2.

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

sámo

helper

#sámo (þ) noun "helper", tentatively isolated from Rómestámo "East-helper", q.v. When initial, st- would normally simplify as s-, for archaic þ-.

órë

rising

órë (2) noun "rising", anarórë "sunrise" (ORO). Cf. early "Qenya" órë "the dawn, Sunrise, East" (LT1:264). See under Melkor concerning the final element of Melkórë.

ambarónë

noun. dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient

sámo Reconstructed

noun. helper

@@@ sámo suggested by Helge Fauskanger (QQ/sámo).

Ambarónë

uprising, sunrise, orient

Ambarónë noun "uprising, sunrise, Orient" (AM2)

amaurëa

dawn, early day

†amaurëa noun "dawn, early day" (Markirya)

amuntë

sunrise

amuntë noun "sunrise" (LT2:335; Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)

anarórë

sunrise

anarórë noun "sunrise" (ORO)

ettelë

outer lands, foreign parts

ettelë noun "outer lands, foreign parts" (ET, VT45:13)

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-

ló

from

ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

o

preposition. from

A preposition for “from”, especially in the genitival sense “originating from”. For “from” in a positional sense, it is far more common to use the ablative suffix -llo.

Conceptual Development: The preposition ᴱQ. ô was first mentioned in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as the equivalent of G. a(n·) “from” which had an ablative sense (GL/17). In Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants written in 1936, Tolkien mentioned {o >> ho >>} o as a preposition based on primitive ᴹ✶ʒō̆ “away from, from among” (PE21/60 and note #48). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ho “from” appeared under the root ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ “from, away, from among, out of” (Ety/ƷŌ̆). This primitive form ʒō̆ was also the basis of the Quenya genitive suffix ᴹQ. -o.

In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien mentioned the preposition Q. o “from” as a reduction of ancient ✶ăwă “away” (PE17/148). In Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 Tolkien again mentioned ō < ✶hō “from” with some difficult-to-read qualifications that seem to indicate this was “from” in the genitival sense, as opposed to ✶lō “from” in the positional/ablative sense (PE22/168).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume that o is a rarely used preposition, usually replaced by either genitive -o [originating from] or ablative -llo [moving from].

orontë

sunrise

orontë, oronto noun "Sunrise" (LT1:264). Notice that in Tolkiens later Quenya, orontë is also the intransitive pa.t. ("rose") of the verb orta- "rise/raise" (q.v.)

ortea

adjective. rising, ascendant

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

ára

dawn

ára noun "dawn" (AR1). According to VT45:6, ára is also the name of the long vowel carrier of the Tengwar system; it would be the first letter of the word ára if spelt in Tengwar.

rhufen

adjective. east

rhufen

noun. east

rhûn

noun. east

elrûn

masculine name. *East-star

Earlier of Elurín (LR/147 note #42). This name also appeared in The Etymologies, where it seems to be a combination of el “star” and the lenited form of rhûn “east” (Ety/RŌ).

amrûn

noun. uprising, sunrise, Orient, east

ethrenn

place name. Outer Lands, East

A rejected Noldorin name for Middle-earth appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin equivalent of ᴹQ. Entarda with the meaning “Outer Lands” (EtyAC/EN). It developed from a primitive form ᴹ✶Ēntrende, where [[on|[t] became a spirant after the [n]]], and later the [[n|[n] vanished before the spirantal cluster]].

rhûn

noun. east, eastern; †rising

amrûn

noun. east, orient

rhûnaer

place name. Eastern Sea

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

Rhudaur

Rhudaur

The name Rhudaur is translated by Tolkien as "Troll shaw" (rhû "evil, wicked" and taur, "forest"). It is unknown whether it is intended to be the same as Trollshaws.

gō

preposition. from

ăwă

preposition. from

ʒō

preposition. from

ho

preposition. from