carnë adj. "red", "scarlet, red" (SA:caran, PE17:154, MC:214, KARÁN - spelt with a k in the two latter sources), not to be confused with the past tense of car- "do, make". Stem carni- as in Carnimírië, Carnistir.
Quenya
-da
draught, the amount drunk
car-
verb. do, make
carne (carni-)
adjective. red
carnë
red
nasar
red
nasar adj. "red" (in Vanyarin Quenya only). Adopted and adapted from Valarin. (WJ:399)
car-
verb. to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build
Cognates
Derivations
Element in
- Q. A carnë ta yallë B (carnë) “A did that as / like B (did)” ✧ PE17/074; PE17/074
- ᴺQ. ahtar- “to do back, react; to requite, avenge”
- Q. ahtar- “to do back, react; to requite, avenge”
- Q. alacarna “well-done, well-made”
- Q. alasaila ná lá carë tai mo nave mára “it is unwise not to do what one judges good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. á carë (sí) ancárië “try harder” ✧ PE17/094; PE17/094; PE17/094; PE17/094
- ᴺQ. ascarë “easily done”
- ᴺQ. atacar- “to revenge, (lit.) back-make”
- Q. áva carë “Don’t do it” ✧ WJ/371
- ᴺQ. cacar- “to continue, go on doing”
- Q. carda “deed” ✧ PE22/152
- Q. carë “action, doing, making”
- Q. carë mára quí tyarë naxa “doing good may cause evil” ✧ PE22/154
- ᴺQ. cariendë “production”
- Q. carilye tar “you do, sir” ✧ PE17/058
- Q. cárima “feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, feasible, possible (to do), able to be done, [ᴹQ.] able to be made”
- Q. carina “done, done, [ᴱQ.] finished” ✧ VT43/15
- Q. carma “tool, implement, means, weapon” ✧ PE22/152
- Q. carmë “art; making, production; structure”
- Q. -carya “doing”
- Q. ecë nin care sa “I can do that” ✧ VT49/20
- Q. ecuva nin carë sa nöa “I ‘may’ do that tomorrow, I have a chance of doing that [tomorrow]” ✧ VT49/20
- Q. hrúcarë “evil-doing”
- Q. i carir quettar ómainen “those who form words with voices” ✧ WJ/391
- Q. ilucara “omnificent” ✧ VT39/20
- Q. lacarë “not-doing, inaction” ✧ PE22/154
- Q. lá carita i hamil mára alasaila ná “not to do (in this case) what you judge good (would be) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
- Q. lá caritas alasaila cé nauva “not doing this may be/prove unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. lá caritas, navin, alasaila ná “not doing this would be (I think) unwise” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- Q. la navin caritalyas mára “I do not advise you to do so, (lit.) I don’t judge your doing (it) good” ✧ PE22/154; VT42/33
- Q. ma caruvalwë ohta “shall we make war” ✧ PE22/161
- ᴺQ. maicarindo “benefactor”
- Q. na carë indómelya “thy will be done” ✧ VT43/15; VT43/15; VT43/15
- Q. nancar- “to undo, to undo, *destroy”
- ᴺQ. ocar- “to cooperate, work together, participate”
- ᴺQ. ocaraitië “program, a set of activities”
- Q. orë nin caritas “I feel an urge/wish/desire to do it” ✧ VT41/13
- Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13
- Q. sustanë Manwëo súlë ten i indo Sindicollo ar he lastanë ar carnes “*the spirit of Manwe blew unto the heart of Thingol and he listened and did it” ✧ NM/239
- ᴺQ. tercara “thorough, elaborate, comprehensive”
- Q. uan carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan cára “I am not making” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan carnë “I did not make” ✧ PE17/144
- Q. uan caruva “I am not going to make” ✧ PE17/144; PE17/144
- Q. úcar- “*to trespass, do wrong, sin”
- Q. uin carë “I do not make” ✧ PE17/068; PE22/152
- ᴺQ. ulcarindo “evil-doer”
- Q. urucárima “hard to make / do”
- Q. urucarin “made with difficulty”
- Q. vá caris i “he is not to do it (now or ever); in any case (whatever may be said, desired, or may occur to the contrary) he is not to do this” ✧ PE22/162
- Q. vá caruvalwë (ohta) “we will not (make war)” ✧ PE22/161
- Q. vá caruvas i ✧ PE22/162
- Q. ván caruva “I will not (do not intend) to make” ✧ PE17/144
- ᴺQ. yocar- “to assemble, compose, construct”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶karize- > karis- [karise] > [karize] > [karire] ✧ PE17/129 ✶*kar ubā ni > caruvan(ye)* [karubāni] > [karubān] > [karuβān] > [karuβan] > [karuvan] ✧ PE22/167 Variations
- kar- ✧ PE22/152; VT39/20 (kar-)
suhto
draught
suhto noun "draught" (SUK)
tande
thither
tande adv. "thither" (MC:215; this is "Qenya")
yulda
draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk
yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.
ontamo
mason (sculptor)
ontamo noun "mason (sculptor)" (PE17:107-108); this is a compound on(do) "stone" + tamo "smith".
ontamo
noun. mason (sculptor)
Elements
Word Gloss ondo “stone (as a material), (large mass of) rock” tamo “smith, builder”
car-
make, do, build, form
car- (1) vb. "make, do, build, form" (1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit). Regarding the form carize- (PE17:128), see -s #1. Pa.t. carnë (KAR, PE17:74, 144). The infinitival aorist stem carë ("k") (by Patrick Wynne called a "general aorist infinitive" in VT49:34) occurs in ecë nin carë sa "I can do it" (VT49:34), also in áva carë "don't do it" (WJ:371) and uin carë (PE17:68); in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the "simplest aorist infinitive", the same source referring to carië as the "general infinitive" of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar ("k") "those who form words" (WJ:391, cf. VT49:16), continuative cára, future caruva (PE17:144), carita ("k"), infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" (VT42:33), with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalya(s) "your doing (it)" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle #carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina ("k"), read perhaps *cárina. (Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15.) PE17:68 refers to a "simple past passive participle" of the form carinwa ("kari-nwa"). "Rare" past participle active (?) cárienwa* ("k") "having done" (PE17:68), unless this is also a kind of passive participle (the wording of the source is unclear). Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë ("káre") "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë (LR:362) even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë "war-made", made war (see #ohtacar-). Also cárië with various suffixes: cárier ("kárier") is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence "they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto* ("k") must also be "they made" (cf. -lto). Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë "hard to make / do", urucarin "made with difficulty" (PE17:154), saucarya "evil-doing" (PE17:68).
aira
red, copper-coloured, ruddy
aira (1) adj. "red, copper-coloured, ruddy" (GAY)
úcar-
to sin, trespass; to do wrong
#úcar- vb. "to sin, trespass; to do wrong" (pl. aorist úcarer in VT43:12, we would rather expect úcarir, a form seemingly indicated by an emendation in one variant of the text in question, VT43:21). The verb is car- "do" with the prefix ú-, here suggesting something morally bad ("do wrong") rather than simple negation.
tar(a)
adverb. thither, thither; [ᴹQ.] beyond
Derivations
- ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE19/104
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ✶tad > tar [tad] > [tað] > [tar] ✧ PE19/104 Variations
- tar ✧ PE19/104
- tăr ✧ VT49/11
- tăra ✧ VT49/11
- tamen ✧ VT49/33
attat
2 fathers or neighbours
-t (1) dual ending, on nouns denoting a _pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" (VT48:19; see _atto), máryat "her (pair of) hands" (Nam), siryat "two rivers" (VT47:11), ciriat "2 ships" (Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?), maquat "group of ten" (from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five") (VT47:7), nápat "thumb and index as a pair" (VT48:5), also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" (Nam, VT47:11). Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" (Aldu). The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r (elen atta siluvat**, "two stars shall shine", VT49:45; the verb carit** "do" would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50).
á
immediate time reference
a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.
-ina
general 'passive' participle
-ina ending for what Tolkien called "general 'passive' participle" (VT43:15); compare nótina "counted", rácina "broken", hastaina "marred" (q.v.). The stem-vowel is usually lengthened when the ending is added to the stem of a primary verb (as in the two first examples above), though the lengthening fails to occur (or is not denoted) in carina as the passive participle of car- "make, do" (VT43:15).
-ya
elvish
-ya (5) adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya "Elvish" itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya "honey-eating" (mat- "eat"), saucarya "evil-doing" (car- "do"). (PE17:68)
casta
cause
casta (2) noun "cause" (reason) (QL:43)
cé
conjunction. if
Derivations
- √KE/EKE “may (be); have chance, opportunity or permission; it is open” ✧ VT49/19
Element in
- Q. ar cé mo formenna tentanes Amanna “and if northwards, it pointed towards Aman” ✧ VT49/26
- Q. cé mo quetë ulca “*if one speaks evil” ✧ VT49/19
- Q. cenai “if it be that” ✧ VT49/19
- Q. cenasta “if it be so, may be, perhaps” ✧ VT49/19
- Q. cé tulis, ní nauva tanomë “*if he/she comes, I will be there” ✧ VT49/19
- Q. cé tulis, tanomë nauvan “*if he/she comes, I will be there” ✧ VT49/19
- Q. úsië, an cé mo quernë cendelë númenna, ve senya “on the contrary, for if one turned the face westward, as was usual” ✧ VT49/19; VT49/19
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √ke > ke [ke] ✧ VT49/19 Variations
- ké ✧ VT49/19; VT49/26
- ke ✧ VT49/19; VT49/19; VTE/42
- kē̆ ✧ VT49/19
iqui
conjunction. if
iqui
conjunction. if
it(ë) Speculative
adverb. if
Element in
- Q. [[q|[?it/itē] kestallen, tuluvanye]] “if you ask me, I shall come” ✧ PE22/138
- Q. [[q|aite[?] kestallen]] “now, suppose, you ask me” ✧ PE22/138
- Q. [[q|aite[?] kestuvallen, tuluvanye]] “now supposing you asked me, a thing unlikely {or ridiculous} to suppose...” ✧ PE22/138
Variations
- it ✧ PE22/138 (it)
- itē ✧ PE22/138
- [i]te ✧ PE22/138 ([i]te)
mai
if
mai (2) conj. "if" (PE14:59 cf. VT49:20; possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for "if", Tolkien later used qui)
que
conjunction. if
qui
if
qui conj. "if" (VT49:19)
qui
conjunction. if, when
qui
conjunction. if
Cognates
- ᴺS. pi “if”
Derivations
- √KWI “suppose” ✧ PE22/158; VT49/19
Element in
- Q. carë mára quí tyarë naxa “doing good may cause evil” ✧ PE22/154
- Q. laqui “unless” ✧ PE22/158
- Q. quīlas tūleste san inye tūle “*suppose he came (he did not), then I came” ✧ PE22/140
- ᴺQ. quima “whether”
- Q. quíta céla tuldes, quíta ✧ PE22/158; PE22/158
- Q. quí(ta) la tuldes, nánë márië (nin) “[if he had not come], it was well to me (I was glad)” ✧ PE22/158
- ᴺQ. quitulma “scenario”
- ᴺQ. vequi “as if, as though”
Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources √kwi- > qui [kwi] ✧ VT49/19 Variations
- quī ✧ PE22/140; PE22/158 (quī)
- kwí ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- kwíta ✧ PE22/154; VT42/34
- quīta ✧ PE22/158 (quīta)
- quī(ta) ✧ PE22/158 (quī(ta))
- quíta ✧ PE22/158 (quíta)
- kwi ✧ PE22/158
- iqui ✧ PE22/158
quí(ta)
conjunction. if
tamen
thither
tamen adv. "thither" (VT49:33). Compare simen.
tamen
adverb. thither
tanna
thither
tanna (2) pron. in allative "thither" (VT14:5, PE16:96; evidently to be understood as the allative of ta #2: "to that [place]"). Compare tar and locative tassë.
tanna
adverb. thither
Element in
- Q. i·oromandi tanna lendë “*the wood-spirits came thither” ✧ PE16/096
- Q. lendë tanna Nieliccilis “*thither came little Niéle” ✧ PE16/096
Elements
Word Gloss ta “that, there, that, there, [ᴹQ.] it” Variations
- tanna ✧ PE16/096; PE16/096
tar
adverb. thither
PQ. thither
tar
thither
tar (1) adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" (TA). This is ta #1 with the same allative ending -r (from primitive -da) as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara.
tara
thither
tara adv. "thither"; see tar #1.
tyar-
cause
tyar- vb. "cause" (KYAR)
tyar-
verb. cause
á
particle. imperative particle
Cognates
- S. -o “imperative” ✧ PE17/040
Derivations
- ✶ā “imperative”
Element in
- Q. á hyamë rámen úcarindor “pray for us sinners” ✧ VT43/32; VT43/32; VT43/33; VT43/33
- Q. ála “do not”
- Q. a laita tárienna “bless (or praise) [them] to the height” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- Q. a laita te, laita te “bless them, bless them” ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- Q. ámen anta síra ilaurëa massamma “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT43/17; VT43/18
- Q. á na márië “be well” ✧ PE17/162
- Q. ar ámen apsenë úcaremmar “and forgive us our trespasses” ✧ VT43/19
- Q. aranielya na tuluva “thy kingdom come” ✧ VT43/14
- Q. á ricë amrícië “try harder” ✧ PE17/093; PE17/093; PE17/167
- Q. á carë (sí) ancárië “try harder” ✧ PE17/093; PE17/093
- Q. á cenë ancénië “look sharper, closer, more attentively, better, more closely” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á lirë amlírië “sing harder / better / with more vigour or with more vocalic art” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á menë amménië “proceed with more determination” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á norë amnórië “run with more running, run faster” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á tirë antírië “watch more closely, observe more attentively” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á ricir “let them try” ✧ PE17/093
- Q. á sac’ i fendë, mecin “close the door, please” ✧ PE22/166
- Q. á tule “do come!” ✧ PE22/140
- Q. áva “don’t, negative imperative”
- Q. á vala Manwë “may Manwë order it!” ✧ WJ/404
- Q. násië “but deliver us from evil: Amen” ✧ VT43/23; VT43/23
- Q. na carë indómelya “thy will be done” ✧ VT43/15
- Q. ono alyë eterúna me illumë ilya raxellor “but deliver us always from all dangers” ✧ VT44/09
Variations
- A ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953; PE17/102; VT43/17
- a ✧ Let/448; LotR/0953
- ā ✧ PE17/040; PE17/093; PE17/093
- ā̆ ✧ VT43/17
- á- ✧ VT43/19
- Ā ✧ WJ/404
-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".