dēr

adjective. dēr

dyen(d)ye(n)

noun. dyen(d)ye(n)

dágniya

noun. dágniya

dagá

adjective. dagá

dagd-

verb. dagd-

dagla

noun. dagla

dagnā́

adjective. dagnā́

dagí

noun. dagí

daormĕ-

noun. daormĕ-

dar’wa-

adjective. dar’wa-

da’a

interjection. da’a

duiwe

noun. duiwe

dyeye

noun. dyeye

dya

root. demonstrative pointing back

dyeðe

root. DYEÐE

dyṇtṇ

root. DYṆTṆ

dyē

root. behind, back (before of time)

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “behind, back (before of time)” and with a number of derivatives related to “yesterday” (QL/105). In later writings the Quenya word for “yesterday” was noa (VT49/34).

dara(ma)

root. batter, thud, beat

dyele

root. *cold

du(w)il

noun. *bird

do

root. *interrogative base

An interrogative root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that served as the basis for various Gnomish question words (GL/30). It was distinct from ᴱ√MA, which at this early stage was the basis for the indefinite marker, not interrogatives (GL/55). It seems that by the late 1920s, ᴱ√MA has become an interrogative, as seen in the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem. There is no sign of interrogative ᴱ√DO past Tolkien’s earliest writings.

dyulu

root. *carry, bear

A root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s whose derivatives had to do with “carry” and “burden” (GL/38). In later writings such words were derived from √KOL.

dyē

root. *gaze

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives meaning “gaze” or “look at” (QL/105). In later writings is seems this function was transferred to √TIR.

daga

root. *slay

dak-

verb. to slay

daı̯al-

verb. play

du̯ag-

verb. to beat

dı̯ag-

verb. sacrifice

ndolo

root. delve

heth·thed·’lon

noun. daisy

nḷdle

noun. dell

swandǝ

noun. dog

(d)ye

root. demonstrative pointing back

ṇdr

adjective. ṇdr

teled-

noun. [unglossed]

nindyā

adjective. blue

ske-ndá

noun. eye

ṇ̄dai

adverb. far away

þχe-ndǝ

noun. eye

duyu Reconstructed

root. DUYU

dulu Speculative

root. *dinner, dine

A hypothetical early root that could serve as the basis for Gnomish words like G. dultha- “to dine” and dulwen “feast” (GL/31). Given the later root ᴹ√(N)DUL “hide, conceal” (Ety/DUL), it probably did not survive in Tolkien’s later writing.

dava Speculative

root. *skin

A (hypothetical) early root that would explain Gnomish words like G. dôf “skin, hide” and G. daf- “strip, flay, peel skin” (GL/29). It was probably replaced in later conceptions by roots like ᴹ√SKEL.

dṇtṇ Speculative

root. light up

A hypothetical early root that would explain Gnomish words like G. dant “lamp” and G. dantha- “illuminate, light up, illustrate” (GL/29). In Tolkien’s later writing it was probably ousted by √DA(N)T “fall”.

daha Reconstructed

root. *high

dala Reconstructed

root. support

rapa

root. drag, pull

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with a series of glosses “handle hastily, snatch, grab” >> “tear” >> “drag, pull” but no derivatives (QL/79). The similar form G. drab “labour, toil, irksome work” and other derived words from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon might be related (GL/30), or could represent a distinct root ✱ᴱ√DRAP “labour, toil”. ᴱN. drauth “labour” and draust “work” from the Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s seem to be the last published iteration of these forms (PE13/142, 156). The original QL gloss “handle hastily, snatch, grab” might have reemerged in ᴹ√RAPH “snatch” from the 1940s; see the entry √RAPH for further details.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√(D)RAP “toil” to salvage Gnomish drab- words.

ðana

root. day

A primitive form in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives meaning “day” (GL/38). There were a variety of different roots for “day” in later writings such ᴹ√AR or √UR.

iði

root. dwell‽

A root in the Qenya and Gnomish Lexicons given as ᴱ√IŘI (QL/43) and iđ- (GL/50), the latter more representative of its true form. In the Qenya Lexicon it was glossed “dwell”, but Tolkien marked this gloss with a “?”. It had derivatives like ᴱQ. indo/G. ind “house”, ᴱQ. irmin/G. Idhru “world”, and ᴱQ. Indi/G. idhrin “men, earth dwellers”. Based on the last of these, a probable variant is the deleted root ᴱ√(I)LÐ(I)L, also in the Qenya Lexicon with the (rejected) derivative ᴱQ. ildi “men” (QL/42).

There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and both “men” and “world” were generally derived from other roots, the latter from √MBAR “dwell”, the likeliest replacement for this root.

ele

root. drive, push, thrust, send forth

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “drive, push, thrust, send forth”, with derivatives like “spear” and “thrust” (QL/35). It was also the basis for the rootᴱ√LEHE “come, be sent, approach” (QL/52). There are indications in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon that Tolkien gradually gave up this root: he first gave the forms G. elta- “to thrust, dig, poke (inward)” and G. elt “a dig, a poke (probe)”, then apparently revised them to G. elta-/eltha- “draw, tug, lug” and G. elt “a tug, lug”, representing a semantic shift from “push” to “pull” (GL/32).

These Gnomish forms were all eventually deleted and replaced by G. eltha- “to alter, change” and G. elt “a change”. These replacements are sufficiently distinct in meaning that I think they represent the introduction of a new root ✱ᴱ√ELE connected to “wonder” and “otherness”; see that entry for details. Meanwhile, it seems the Gnomish “thrust” words were transferred to the root ᴱ√ḶTḶ, as in G. ilta- “to stick in, prod, prick” (GL/51).

maþa

root. dusk

This root was given as ᴱ√MASA¹ “dusk” in its main entry in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, but its Gnomish form math- indicates the true root was ᴱ√MAÞA (QL/59). This was clarified in a list of roots at the end of the M-section in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/63) and its representation as maþ- in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon (GL/59). Its most notable use in the legendarium was in the name G. Umboth-muilin “Pools (muil-plural) of Twilight (umboth)”, where G. umboth or umbath “nightfall” was derived from a strengthened form of the root, ᴱ√mbaþ- (GL/75). However, in later writings this name was reconceived as Ilk. Umboth Muilin “Veiled (muilin) Pool (umboth)”, with the first element umboth meaning “large pool” (Ety/MBOTH, MUY). The name was ultimately replaced with S. Aelin-uial (S/114), by which point the early root ᴱ√MAÞA was long abandoned.

nolo

root. dare

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dare”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. nolme “audacity” and ᴱQ. nolwa “bold, brave” (QL/67). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ðoto

root. drop, fall

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “drop, fall” but with no Qenya derivatives (QL/86). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the root as SOTO with ÐOTO in parenthesis, but Gnomish cognates like G. dod- “to fall down, drop” and G. dont “fall, bump, drop” make it clear the true form was ÐOTO.

Neo-Eldarin: I think it is worthwhile to salvage this root as ᴺ√DOT in the more limited sense “drop” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, so we can salvage Gnomish words such as dod- “to drop” and dod “berry”. This hypothetical ᴺ√DOT could be a variant of √DAT “fall”.

mbara

root. dwell, live

-ttǝ

suffix. dual

ata

root. dual

gwṛðṛ

root. die

kara

root. do, make

loro

root. doze, slumber

lḷtḷ

root. dance

qala

root. die

sa

root. demonstrative

sapa

root. dig, excavate

ta

root. demonstrative

wi

root. dual

ya

root. demonstrative pointing back

ẇaða

root. dwell

iři

root. dwell‽

soto

root. drop, fall

u

root. dual

ðapa

root. dig, excavate

noso

root. *damp, wet

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√NOSO and ᴱ√NOTO, as well derivatives like ᴱQ. nos (noss- or nots-) “wetness, damp” and ᴱQ. note “drizzle” (QL/67-68). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon like G. nosc or noth “damp, wet” (GL/61), and deleted forms like G. doth (nd-) “drizzle, damp; moisture” were probably based on the strengthened form of this root (GL/30). There seems to be a last example of this root in ᴱN. nûd “wet” vs. ᴱQ. nōtē in the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s (PE13/122), but there are no signs of this root having this meaning thereafter. It was likely displaced by √NOT “count”.

tefe

root. *hate, dislike

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. tempe “hate” and ᴱQ. teve- “hate, dislike” (QL/90), where the -v- was because intervocalic voiceless spirants became voiced in Early Qenya (PE12/17-19). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tîf “resentment, ill feeling, bitterness” (GL/70). I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√TEB “hate, dislike” to serve as the basis for Elvish “hate” words; I think it is the best option among the various other early roots Tolkien used for this purpose: the derivatives of ᴱ√ÞṆKṆ conflicts with later ᴹQ. sanka/N. thanc “cleft, split” < ᴹ√STAK (Ety/STAK), and ᴱ√MOKO as the final element of G. Gothmog was replaced by ᴹ√MBAW (Ety/MBAW).

alu

root. cleanse, dress

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cleanse, dress” with variants ᴱ√ALHU, ᴱ√ALNU (QL/30). For the sense “clean” there are other later roots like ᴹ√POY that may replace it (Ety/POY). The gloss “dress” seems to refer to dressing or treating material like leather, based on the derivative ᴱQ. alu “dressed leather”; there seems to be no later replacement for this other sense.

ara

root. (be) dry

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s meaning “(be) dry” (QL/32). Given the many uses to which √AR was put later, it is unlikely this sense remained valid in Tolkien’s later writing; the later root ᴹ√PARAK and its derivatives is probably better for the purposes of Neo-Eldarin writing.

boðo

root. *gate, door

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s that was the basis for Early Qenya words for “gate” and “door” (QL/75). It was first given as (rejected) ᴱ√PONO but this was changed to ᴱ√BOÐO (with b- > p- as it did in Early Qenya) whereupon Tolkien gave its Gnomish equivalent as Bon. However, there are no words in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon beginning with bon- that have any similar meaning, indicating Tolkien probably abandoned this root very early.

ene

root. *idea, invention, devise

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives having to do with ideas and devices (QL/35). It seems to have been replaced in the 1930s by ᴹ√GAWA “think out, devise, contrive” (Ety/GAWA).

kava

root. *dig

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. kava- “dig” and ᴱQ. kambo “cellar, cave, vault” (QL/45). Elvish “dig” words in later writings were mostly based on √SAP.

muku

root. cacare [Latin], *defecate

The root ᴱ√MUKU “cacare [Latin = defecate]” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. múko “dung” and ᴱQ. muqa “filthy” (QL/63). As there are no other roots of similar meaning in Tolkien’s later writing, I think it is worth retaining a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√MUK for this purpose.

qiqi

root. *droop

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qinqa “drooping, languid” and ᴱQ. qiqi- “hang, droop” (QL/77); Tolkien compared it to ᴱ√PIPI “hang, trail”. For the sense “hang” I think it is better to use the later root ᴹ√(G)LINGI, but for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is worth positing a root ᴺ√KWIK(W) “languid” to allow preservation of the Early Qenya words related to that sense.

qolo

root. *disease

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qolo- “ail” and ᴱQ. qolu “disease” (QL/78).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWOL to preserve some of these Early Qenya words, but bear in mind there is strong evidence that the combination quo- was not possible in Tolkien later iterations of Quenya, as discussed in the entry for how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] in Quenya.

saw̯a

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/82), which may have reemerged as √SAWA “disgusting, foul, vile” in notes from the 1950s (PE17/172, 183).

sivi

root. [unglossed]

Unglossed roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SIVI and ᴱ√SIWI and a single unglossed derivative ᴱQ. sivilda (QL/84). It is difficult to guess what Tolkien intended for these forms to mean, though they conceivably reemerged as the later roots ᴹ√SIW “excite, egg on, urge” (Ety/SIW) or √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

toli

root. *doll

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. toli “doll, puppet” and ᴱQ. tolipin “mannikin” (QL/94). I think it is worth retaining it as a Neo-Root √TOLI “doll” to salvage these early words.

tołᵂo

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s illustrating a hypothetical series of ancient lateral approximants, with derived roots like ᴱ√TOLO and ᴱ√TOẆO [with ẇ = ɣʷ] (PE12/16). The former appeared in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon as the basis for island words (QL/94), but the latter appeared nowhere else in Early Qenya writings.

vḷtḷ

root. release, set free; deprive, take away

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “release, set free; deprive, take away” serving as the basis of the suffix ᴱQ. {-velte >>} -vilte or -valta “less” (QL/102). Its equivalent in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon was G. -(a)vlid where the primitive form was given as vḷt (GL/23). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ū

root. under

The root ᴱ√Ū⁽¹⁾ “under” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a reduced form of {ᴱ√UGU >>} ᴱ√UƷU, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ū “beneath” and ᴱQ. umbe “dale, dell” (QL/96-97). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. um⁽⁾ “lowlying” and G. umbel “a dell” (GL/74). Tolkien noted that ᴱ√Ū also meant “not”, and contrasted ᴱ√Ū¹ “under” with ᴱ√NŪ (ᴱ√NUHU) of similar meaning (QL/68, 96). Indeed, in Tolkien’s later writings, √NŪ/UNU was the usual basis for “under” words, and ᴱ√Ū¹ “under” seems to have been abandoned.

ƕehe

root. breath; die, expire

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “breath; die, expire” and with the derivative ᴱQ. fé “last hour, death” (QL/41). It also has some derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. fest “breath, breathing” and G. festa- “breath[e]” (GL/35). There are no obvious signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, though the connection between “last breath” and “death” does reappear in the root √PHIR (WJ/387).

nḷđḷ

root. *dell

saẇa

root. *dog

vaha

root. *depart, travel

-yǝ

suffix. [unglossed]

ava

root. go away, depart, leave

fana

root. *dream, vision

gu̯ara-

verb. to dwell

hisi

root. *mist, dimness

kasa

root. head

kaya

root. lie, rest; dwell

lepse

?. [unglossed]

lipi

root. *drip, drop

lopse

?. [unglossed]

luvu

root. *dark (weather)

lḷt-

verb. to dance

m(b)ṇðṇ

root. bind

mbala

root. crush, hurt, pain, damage, give maim to

mbaþa

root. *dusk

moro

root. *black, dark

míye

noun. mist, drizzle

olo

root. *dream

oðo

root. *dawn

qele

root. perish, die, decay, fade

riŋi

root. *cold

soko

root. *drink

suqu

root. *descend

sḷp-

verb. to drink

tompo

root. *bang, drum

toẇo

root. [unglossed]

ƕuẏu

root. *darkness

alhu

root. cleanse, dress

alnu

root. cleanse, dress

hotho

root. bind

lubu

root. *dark (weather)

noto

root. *damp, wet

ořo

root. *dawn

qoso

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

qořo

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

tara(ma)

root. to batter, thud, beat

tḷkḷ

root. [unglossed]

yṇtṇ

root. *(en)large, increase

The unglossed root ᴱ√DẎṆTṆ appeared in the Qenya Lexicon with derivatives like ᴱQ. yanta “large” and ᴱQ. yanta- “enlarge, increase, add to”; Tolkien also wrote and then erased a note saying “or ẎṆTṆ” (QL/106). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien gave primitive yṇt as the basis for words like G. gant “larger, greater, more; (lit.) increased” and G. gantha “more” (GL/37). The superlative forms ᴱN. diant “most” and ᴱN. -iant from the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s were probably related. I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root √GYANTA “(en)large, increase” to salvage some of these early words.

bapa Speculative

root. drink

A (hypothetical) early root to explain Gnomish words from the 1910s like bab- “to drink”. It was almost certainly replaced by later roots like √SOK and √YUL.

nawa Speculative

root. dwarf

qoðo Reconstructed

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√QOŘO [QOÐO] having derivatives like ᴱQ. qoro- “choke, suffocate, drown” and ᴱQ. qonda “choking smog, smoke” (QL/78); it also had a variant form (probably a distinct root) ᴱ√QOSO from which ᴱQ. qosse “mist” was likely derived.

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWOD to preserve some of these Early Qenya words, but bear in mind there is strong evidence that the combination quo- was not possible in Tolkien later iterations of Quenya, as discussed in the entry for how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] in Quenya.

wehe Reconstructed

root. *death

This root appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as unglossed ᴱ√VEHE where it served as the basis for the names ᴱQ. Vē and ᴱQ. Vefantor (QL/100), elsewhere explained as the “Fantur of Death” (QL/37). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, the Gnomish cognates of these Qenya names were G. Gwî and G. Gwifanthor from primitive u̯ē· (GL/45). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien compared ᴱ√VEHE to ᴱ√FEHE, and while this root does not appear elsewhere, ᴱ√ǶEHE does, with gloss “breath; die, expire” and a derivative ᴱQ. Fé “last hour, death” (QL/41). Since ƕ is basically a voiceless w, it seems likely the actual root was ✱ᴱ√WEHE as voiced variant of ᴱ√ǶEHE, probably with a sense similar to “✱death”. None of these forms appear in Tolkien’s later writings.

ʒono Reconstructed

root. hard

muru

root. slumber

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “slumber”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. murme “slumber, sleep” and ᴱQ. muru- “to slumber” (QL/63). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. maur “a dream, vision” and G. murtha- “dream” (GL/57-58). In Tolkien’s later writing sleep and dream words were mostly derived from √LOR.

fumu

root. sleep

A root from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sleep” with Quenya derivatives beginning with f- such as ᴱQ. fum- “sleep” (QL/38). This root was first given as (deleted) ᴱ√HUMU, as reflected in words appearing in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. hum- “sleep, drowze” (GL/49). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, Tolkien gave the (unglossed) Qenya verb hum-, which might be a reversion to ᴱ√HUMU. However, in later writings Tolkien generally attributed the meaning “sleep” to the root √LOR and its variants, so ᴱ√HUMU/ᴱ√FUMU was probably abandoned.

hulu

root. strip

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “strip”, with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish such as ᴱQ. hulqa/G. hulc “naked” (QL/41; GL/49). It had a variant ᴱ√FULU which seems to have no derivatives (QL/38). There are quite a few later roots of similar meaning, so likely the root was abandoned.

moko

root. hate

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hate” with derivatives like ᴱQ. mok-/G. mog- “hate” and ᴱQ. Kosomoko/G. Gothmog “Strife-and-hatred” (QL/62; GL/57). In Tolkien’s later writing, there are no signs of this root and Gothmog was given different etymologies (Ety/GOS, MBAW; LR/406).

suku

root. *sweet

The root ᴱ√SUKU⁽²⁾ appeared unglossed in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. suksa “sweet” and ᴱQ. sutya- “sweeten, soothe” (QL/87). A parenthetical comment indicated that ᴱ√ÐUKU might be the true root form. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

toŋo

root. to hammer

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to hammer”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. tonga “great hammer”, ᴱQ. tongar “smith”, and several erased derivatives having to do with “iron” (QL/94). In later writings the root for “hammer” was ᴹ√(N)DAM, but ᴱ√TOŊO may have survived as ᴹ√TON “tap, knock” from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 (PE22/103).

tyaka

root. hew

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hew” with derivative ᴱQ. tyakta- of the same meaning (QL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

uluku

root. wolf

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wolf”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. ulku and G. ulug of the same meaning (QL/97). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien first gave G. ulug “wolf”, but this word’s gloss was revised to “dragon” as a cognate to ᴱQ. lōke (GL/74), and Tolkien added a new word G. urc “wolf” as an equivalent to harw. None of the later Elvish “wolf” words resemble either √ULUK- or √URUK-.

uqu

root. wet

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wet”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. úqa “wet” and ᴱQ. úqil “rain” (QL/98). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it had derivatives like G. ub⁽⁾ “wet” and G. uch “rain” (GL/74). In later writings Tolkien used different roots for “wet”.

yaða

root. *gloom

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with Gnomish form gadh- and derivatives ᴱQ. yanda “dark, gloomy” and ᴱQ. yara “a gloom, blight, lowering darkness” (QL/105). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien gave the primitive form ᴱ✶ı̯ādh (GL/37). This root was the basis for the 1910s names ᴱQ. Aryan/G. Garioth/ᴱIlk. Aryador “Land of Shadow”. In The Etymologies of the 1930s, the last of these became Ilk. Ariador “Land Outside [Doriath]” (Ety/ELED, GAT(H)), before the name was abandoned entirely.

yere(ne)

root. *iron

This root appeared in two different forms in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: as ᴱ√DYEÐE = ‘EÐE equivalent of ᴱQ. anga “iron” (QL/105), and as ERE(N) “iron or steel” = ᴱ√YEREN (QL/36). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had related forms G. ger “ore, metal” and G. geth “ore of metals (esp. raw iron)” (GL/38); the second of these was deleted, which probably means Tolkien selected ᴱ√YEREN over ᴱ√DYEÐE. In Tolkien’s later writing he largely used √ANGA for “iron”.

Neo-Eldarin: In a 2024-08-17 post in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), Luinyelle suggested restoring ᴺQ. yeren “pig iron” with the added meaning “✱ore”, which also implies the preservation of ᴺS. [G.] ger “ore, [unrefined] metal”. Presumably these words would be derived from a Neo-Root ᴺ√GYEREN of similar meaning.

ðoro

root. sit

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sit” with derivatives mean “sit” or “seat” (QL/85-86). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the root as SORO with ÐORO in parenthesis, but Gnomish cognates like G. dorn “seat” and dortha- “to settle” (GL/30) make it clear ÐORO was the true form of the root. There were a variety of different roots for “sit” in later writings such ᴹ√KHAM or √KHAD.

þṇkṇ

root. *hate

A variant root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given under the entry for ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” with which it was confused, but having derivatives like ᴱQ. sanka⁽⁾ “hate, fierce hatred” and ᴱQ. sanke “hateful” (QL/85). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, words like G. thanc “loathing, hatred” and G. thancol “loathsome” were probably related (GL/72). But the Gnomish Lexicon also had a base form sag- with derivatives like G. sactha- “fight” and G. sagruith “hatred; revenge”, which could represent another variant ✱ᴱ√SAKA (GL/66); in the Qenya Lexicon it seems ᴱ√SAKA = “✱search” (QL/81). Some of the derivatives of Gnomish sag-, such as G. sanc “jag, tooth”, seem to be connected to ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” instead. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

roto

root. hollow

gana Speculative

root. young

A hypothetical early root that would explain words appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. kana and G. gân “young” (GL/37). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writings.

kaha

root. cause

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cause” with derivatives like ᴱQ. ka- “cause”, ᴱQ. káma “guilt, responsibility”, and ᴱQ. kasta “cause, motive, ultimate reason” (QL/43). There are similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, such as G. caith “cause, reason, motive” < ᴱ✶kahta (GL/24). Some of these words have no good replacements in Tolkien’s later writing, so I think it is worthwhile to postulate a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KAH to salvage some of these early words.

ƕawa Speculative

root. snow

A hypothetical root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon such as ᴱQ. fáwe/G. fô “snow” and ᴱQ. fauta-/G. fôtha- “to snow” (GL/35). Given the existence of ᴱ√FAWA “smell”, I theorize this root may be slightly different, perhaps ?ᴱ√ǶAWA, but that’s just a guess. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ini

root. small

kar-

verb. to make

m(b)ṛtṛ

root. chance

maka

root. slay

mele

root. love

mẓđē

noun. mist

nele

root. point

nene

root. flow

niqi

root. white

norokā́

noun. slave, thrall, servant

ornĕ

noun. tree

ourū̆

noun. sun

qṇtā́

adjective. full

siði

root. flow

sleiwa

adjective. pale

sōđā

noun. house

tala

root. support

tang-

verb. to beat

tiw̯i

root. thick

tyulu

root. tall

tṃp-

verb. to beat

tṇt-

verb. to bounce

yn̄t

adjective. large

ŋuarenđā

noun. family

ū

root. not

ḷðḷ

root. ḶÐḶ

sata Speculative

root. value

kiniki Reconstructed

root. hang

liŋi Reconstructed

root. snake

lṇtṇ Reconstructed

root. *fall

vo(no) Reconstructed

root. son

ƀele Reconstructed

root. *great

fulu

root. strip

mī

root. in

siři

root. flow