Quenya 

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/147

Element in

  • Q. arcandë “petition” ✧ VT44/08 (anarcandemman*)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√AN/NĀ > ana-[ana-]✧ PE17/147

Variations

  • ana- ✧ PE17/147 (ana-)
  • an- ✧ VT44/08 (an-)
Quenya [PE17/147; VT44/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ana-

prefix. plu-

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Changes

  • an- → an ✧ PE17/090

Cognates

  • S. an- “intensive prefix”

Derivations

  • ✶andā “long, far” ✧ PE17/090
    • √ANAD “long; far” ✧ PE17/090
  • ✶am- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092
    • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”
  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146; PE21/79

Element in

  • ᴺQ. amyára “elder”
  • Q. Anairë “*Holiest”
  • Q. Ancalimë “*Brightest (f.)”
  • Q. Ancalimon “*Brightest (m.)”
  • ᴺQ. anyára “elder, *senior”
  • Q. unqualë “death agony, death agony, torment, [ᴹQ.] agony, death” ✧ PE19/078

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶and(a) > an-[an-]✧ PE17/090
✶and(a) > anda-[anda-]✧ PE17/090
✶am > an[am-]✧ PE17/090
√AMA > ama[ama-]✧ PE17/091
✶am > an[am-]✧ PE17/092
√ANA/NĀ > an-[an-]✧ PE17/146
√ANA/NA > an-[an-]✧ PE21/79

Variations

  • an ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • ana ✧ PE17/056; PE17/057
  • ana- ✧ PE17/056
  • añ- ✧ PE17/090
  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/091 (am)
  • anda- ✧ PE17/090
  • ama ✧ PE17/091 (ama)
  • ama- ✧ PE17/092
Quenya [Let/279; PE17/056; PE17/057; PE17/090; PE17/091; PE17/092; PE17/146; PE19/078; PE21/79] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ana

to

ana (1) prep. "to" (VT49:35), "as preposition _ana _is used when purely _dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that the preposition ana can be used instead of the dative ending -n (#1, q.v.) Also as prefix: ana- "to, towards" (NĀ1); an (q.v.) is used with this meaning in one source (PE17:127)_

na-

prefix. plu-

Derivations

  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

  • ᴺQ. namoia- “to work (hard) for; to earn”
  • Q. napan- “to add” ✧ PE17/146

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√ANA/NĀ > na-[na-]✧ PE17/146

Variations

  • ana ✧ PE17/146
  • na- ✧ PE17/146

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Derivations

  • √NA/ANA “to, towards; at side of, alongside, besides; moreover, in addition, plus”

Element in

-nna

to

-n (1) dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă "to", related to the allative ending -nna (VT49:14). Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon (q.v.) and also added to the English name Elaine (Elainen) in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths (VT49:40). The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna (q.v.), also in the noun mariéna from márië "goodness" (PE17:59). Pl. -in (as in hínin, see hína), partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt (Plotz). The preposition ana (#1) is said to be used "when purely dative formula is required" (PE17:147), perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for "to God". In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n (or -en) expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o (cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200).

-nna

to, at, upon

-nna "to, at, upon", allative ending, originating from -na "to" with fortified n, VT49:14. Attested in cilyanna, coraryanna, Endorenna, Elendilenna, númenórenna, parma-restalyanna, rénna, senna, tielyanna, q.v. If a noun ends in -n already, the ending -nna merges with it, as in Amanna, formenna, Elenna, númenna, rómenna as the allative forms of Aman, formen, elen, númen, rómen (q.v.). Plural -nnar in mannar, valannar, q.v.

am(a)-

prefix. intensive prefix

na

to, towards

na (2) prep. "to, towards", possibly obsoleted by #1 above; for clarity writers may use the synonym ana instead (NĀ1). Originally, Tolkien glossed na as "at, by, near"; the new meaning entered together with the synonyms an, ana (VT45:36).

na

preposition. to, towards

@@@ fix weird cognate bug

Sindarin 

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Cognates

  • Q. an- “intensive prefix”

Element in

an

preposition. to, towards, for

With suffixed article and elision in aglar'ni Pheriannath

Sindarin [LotR/II:IV, UT/39, SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

an

to

_ prep. _to, for. naur an edraith ammen! 'fire [be] for rescue/saving for us'. aglar an|i Pheriannath  'glory to all the Halflings'.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:38:102:147] < _ana _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

to

e _ prep. _to, towards (of spacetime). n' before vowels. >> nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:147] < _nā _< ANA/NĀ to, towards – added to, plu-. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

na

preposition. to

prep. to Na-chaered palan-díriel lit. "To-distance (remote) after-gazing" >> na-chaered, nan 2

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:20-1:25] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

an

to

(prep.) an (+ nasal mutation), with article ni "to the" (+ nasal mutation in plural).

an

to

(adverbial prefix) an-. 3)

Black Speech

u

preposition. to

Element in

Black Speech [LotR/0445; PE17/078; PM/083] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • √AMA “addition, increase, plus”

Derivatives

  • Q. amba “more” ✧ PE17/090
  • Q. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092

Variations

  • am ✧ PE17/090; PE17/092; PE17/092
  • an- ✧ PE17/092
  • añ ✧ PE17/092
Primitive elvish [PE17/090; PE17/092] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

a-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N

Element in

  • N. afarch “arid, very dry” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • N. ongol “stench” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶a- > a[a]✧ EtyAC/N

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/N

heltha-

verb. to strip

The form helta- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:14

Noldorin [Ety/386, VT/46:14] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

ana-

prefix. to, towards

Cognates

  • N. an- “with, by” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivations

  • ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
    • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹQ. an/ana/na > ana-[ana-]✧ Ety/NĀ¹

an(a)

preposition. to, towards

Changes

  • na → an/ana/na “at, by, near” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Cognates

  • N. na “with, by; of” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivations

  • ᴹ√NĀ/ANA “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Derivatives

  • ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√NĀ¹ > an/ana/na[nā] > [na]✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Variations

  • an/ana/na ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • na ✧ EtyAC/NĀ¹ (na); VT27/10
Qenya [Ety/NĀ¹; EtyAC/NĀ¹; VT27/10] Group: Eldamo. Published by

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

  • ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√A > an[an-]✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um[ṃb-] > [umb-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > iñ[ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > nǝ > ṇ > an[ṇd-] > [and-]✧ PE19/055

Variations

  • an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
  • añ ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
  • um ✧ EtyAC/N
  • iñ ✧ EtyAC/N
  • aŋ ✧ PE18/042
Qenya [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N; PE18/042; PE19/055] Group: Eldamo. Published by

na

preposition. to, towards

Middle Primitive Elvish

nā/ana

root. to, towards

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶anta- “to give, present” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
    • ᴹQ. anta- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. an(a) “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
    • ᴹQ. ana- “to, towards” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ᴹQ. anna “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. an(ner) “at hand”
  • ᴹQ. anta “face” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. ante “giver (f.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. anto “giver (m.)” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹQ. -n “genitive suffix”
  • N. ant “gift” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • N. anna- “to give” ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • N. Eriant “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • N. na “with, by; of” ✧ Ety/NĀ¹

Element in

  • ᴹ√ANAT ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • ᴹ✶rīg-anna “crown-gift” ✧ Ety/RIG
  • ᴹQ. Aryante “Day-bringer” ✧ Ety/AR¹
  • ᴹQ. na-súrima “aspirate”
  • ᴹQ. Yavanna “Fruit-giver” ✧ Ety/YAB
  • N. Ivann “Fruit-giver” ✧ Ety/YAB

Variations

  • NA¹ ✧ Ety/ANA¹
  • NĀ¹ ✧ Ety/NĀ¹
  • ANA¹ ✧ EtyAC/YAB
  • NA ✧ PE18/037
  • AN(A) ✧ PE18/037
  • an ✧ PE18/038
  • nā̆ ✧ PE18/038
  • an/na ✧ PE18/038
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ANA¹; Ety/AR¹; Ety/NĀ¹; Ety/RIG; Ety/YAB; EtyAC/YAB; PE18/037; PE18/038] Group: Eldamo. Published by

a

root. intensive prefix

An “intensive” root addition described by Tolkien in The Etymologies from the 1930s (EtyAC/A). It was one of two basic intensive mechanisms, along with the (syllabic) prefixed N- (EtyAC/N). The prefixed vowel a- seems to have been used originally in Primitive Elvish when the base vowel was a, and similarly with E and I (EtyAC/E; Ety/I²); whether this was also true of the vowels o, u is unclear, as Tolkien didn’t mention them. These various vocalic intensifications were frequently accompanied by dynamic lengthening (doubling), with the example given by Tolkien being: ᴹ✶parkā “dry” → ᴹ✶apparkā “very dry, arid” (> N. afarch).

In the case of e- and i-, the examples were dero, dise → ᴹ✶Endero, ᴹ✶Indise “groom, bride”; these examples indicate that other kinds of consonant fortifications were possible, in this case nasalization of stops, which often replaced consonant-doubling for voiced stops in Primitive Elvish.

Specifically in the case of a-, however, it seems it could be used as a general intensive that “was distinct in origin, though similar in function, to the prefixed basic vowel”. Why this was true of a- alone is not clear, but there seems to have been some complex interplay between the vocalic intensives and the intensives derived from syllabic initial ṇ-, with the net result that the intensive prefix in Q. became an-, am-, añ-, depending on the initial consonant.

See the entry on the Quenya comparative for a more detailed discussion of the conceptual development of intensives in Eldarin.

Derivatives

  • ᴹ✶a- “complete” ✧ EtyAC/TALÁT
  • ᴹ✶a- ✧ EtyAC/N
    • N. a- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/N
  • ᴹQ. an- “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A

Element in

  • ᴹ✶angosse “horror” ✧ EtyAC/GOS
  • ᴹ✶oññol- “strong smell” ✧ EtyAC/A
  • ᴹ✶parkā “dry” ✧ EtyAC/A

Variations

  • a ✧ EtyAC/GOS
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/A; EtyAC/GOS; EtyAC/N; EtyAC/TALÁT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

e

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Endero “(?virile) young bridegroom” ✧ EtyAC/E
Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/E] Group: Eldamo. Published by

i

root. intensive prefix

Element in

  • ᴹ✶Indise “bride” ✧ Ety/I²
  • ᴹ✶Ithil “moon” ✧ Ety/I²

Variations

  • I ✧ Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/I²; EtyAC/I²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

to

proper name. To

Cognates

  • Eq. Tombo “Gong (of the Children)” ✧ PE15/07

Early Quenya

ana-

prefix. ?towards

Derivations

  • ᴱ√ANA “give, send towards” ✧ QL/031

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√ANA > Ana-[ana-]✧ QL/031

Variations

  • Ana- ✧ QL/031
Early Quenya [QL/031; QL/089] Group: Eldamo. Published by