tî

noun. line, row, line, row; [G.] straight

tî

noun. line, row

tîr

adjective. straight, right, straight, right; [G.] upright, honest; esteem, regard, honour

tîr

adjective. straight, right

tîw

noun. letter

tint

noun. spark

tir-

verb. to watch

tiria-

verb. to watch

tint

noun. spark

tinw

noun. spark, small star

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

tew

noun. letter

@@@ tîw (Ety/TEK) appears to be plural, but is clearly glossed as singular “letter” with primitive form tekmē

taer

adjective. straight

Written tær (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/46:18 (which also lists the ligature)

i

article. the

lhîr

noun. row

dínen

adjective. silent

taer

adjective. straight

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

feir

noun. right (hand)

forgam

adjective. right-handed

forn

noun. right, north

fœir

noun. right (hand)

gammas

noun. s-sign (special sign used to mark a final -s in Tengwar)

gildin

noun. silver spark

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

lhîr

noun. row, range

othlon

noun. paved way

othlond

noun. paved way

rada-

verb. to make a way, find a way

tê

noun. line, way

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

tîn

noun. spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars

A word for “spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars” appearing as an element in S. ithildin “moon-star” (PE17/39, 66). Tolkien sometimes gave it the form tĭn (PE17/39) and sometimes tîn (PE17/66). It was derived from the root √TIN “sparkle, spark” (PE17/66). Primitive ✶tĭnĭ “spark” from Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s may be its ancient form (PE21/80).

In one place Tolkien gave the form tim “spark” as another name for (apparent) stars, but its final m is hard to explain (MR/388; PE17/22). In notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 Tolkien said “In the Northern dialect, however, in final position only, C.E. tw > dw, dw > ðw, thw > þw, nw became b, v, f, m” (VT41/8). Thus, tim may be the North Sindarin equivalent of Q. tinwë. However, in the document where it appeared, tim was clearly marked “S” for Sindarin. This form could also be a remnant of Gnomish or Ilkorin tim (see below).

Conceptual Development: The earliest precursor of this word was G. tim “spark, gleam, (star)” in the Gnomish Lexicon of 1910s, derived from the early root ᴱ√tin- (GL/70), cognate to ᴱQ. tinwe (QL/92). In the Gnomish period, [[g|final [nw] became [m]]], as discussed by Roman Rausch in his Historical Phonology of Goldogrin (HGP/§2.7). This was not true later, since in The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. tinw “spark, small star” was the cognate for ᴹQ. tinwe and the form tim was Ilkorin, all of these under the root ᴹ√TIN “sparkle” (Ety/TIN). In his later writings, Tolkien had the forms tin, tîn and tim, as noted above. Thus while the root and basic meaning of this word were quite stable, its form went through a number of variations.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use the form tîn since short vowels generally lengthened in monosyllables. I think properly it has the meaning “spark(le)” but metaphorically can apply to stars. For the ordinary word for “star”, I’d use gil.

tîn

spark

n. spark, star. Q. tinwe spark (Poet. star).

tîn

adjective. silent, quiet

See also dîn.1 for a discussion regarding this word

tîn

pronoun. his

Non-lenited form suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT31/21).

tîn

adjective. his

tîn

adjective. silent, quiet

tîw

noun. *letter

tin

noun. spark

_ n. _spark, sparkle (esp. used of the twinkle of stars). >> ithildin

tiria-

verb. to watch, gaze; to ward, guard

tin

noun. spark, sparkle, twinkle of stars

tinu

noun. spark, small star

în

adjective. his (referring to the subject)

tî

row

tî (i dî, o thî) (line), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thî), coll. pl. tíath;

tî

row

(i dî, o thî) (line), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thî), coll. pl. tíath;

tî

line

(i** dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thî), coll. pl. tíath.

tîr

straight

tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) (right). Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

tîr

glance

(noun) tîr (i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (looking, glance) (view, looking), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. ?tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

looking

(noun) tîr (i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (view, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

view

(noun) tîr (i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (looking, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. ?tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

right

(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

tîr

straight

(lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) (right). Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

tîr

glance

(i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (looking, glance) (view, looking), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. ?tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

looking

(i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (view, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîr

view

(i dîr, also -dir at the end of compounds) (looking, glance), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thîr), coll. pl. ?tíriath. Note: a homophone means ”straight, right” (adj.)

tîf

noun. resentment, ill feeling, bitterness

tîl

noun. scab, cicatrice, healing of a wound

tilias

line of peaks

(i** dilias, o thilias), pl. tiliais (i** thiliais), coll. pl. tiliassath.

tim

small star

(MR:388). Archaic tinw, so the coll. pl. is likely  tinwath. 3)

tint

spark

1) tint (i dint, o thint), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thint), coll. pl. tinnath; 2) tinu (i dinu, o thinu; also -din at the end of compounds), analogical pl. tiny (i thiny). The word is also used =

tint

spark

(i dint, o thint), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thint), coll. pl. tinnath

tinu

spark

(i dinu, o thinu; also -din at the end of compounds), analogical pl. tiny (i thiny). The word is also used =

tín

his

*tín (only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín* is used instead (e.g. i venn sunc i haw ín** ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but *i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody elses) juice”.

tín

his

(only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín is used instead (e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody else’s) juice”.

dîn

noun. silence

Adjectival use seems to be attested in several place names (Amon Dín "Silent Hill", etc.), though an adjective dínen.1 is also attested (Rath Dínen "Silent Street"). When compared with other toponyms where lenition does occur (Taur-na-Chardhîn "Forest of the Southern Silence" in WJ/185,193 and Dor Dhínen in WJ/333,338), the forms dîn and dínen clearly seem to be unmutated. Absence of lenition in these examples from LotR was therefore tentatively explained by resistance to mutation (as in Nan Tathren, Ered Mithrin). However, Tolkien apparently changed his mind in his unfinished index of names from LotR, where he explains both words as mutated adjectives whose unlenited forms are respectively tîn.2
and tínen . Such hesitations between mutated and unmutated forms is not unusual, for instance a similar issue is met with gaear and aear . Of course, Taur-na-Chardhîn and Dor Dhínen would hardly be explainable in that alternate scenario

tew

letter

(dew), pl1. tiw _ n. _letter. tew << têw; tiw << tîw. >> téw

dîn

noun/adjective. silence; silent, quiet

@@@ variation reflects Tolkien’s vacillation on whether or not Sindarin genitives are lenited

dínen

adjective. silent

@@@ variation reflects Tolkien’s vacillation on whether or not Sindarin genitives are lenited

i

article. the

@@@ enclytic Dagor-nuin-Giliath vs. Dagor-nui-Ngiliath

-deid

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deith, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-deith

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-dyn

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -deith, -ed, [[]]

Ara-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ar-, Arathorn

ar-

prefix. king

pref. king. >> ara-, Arathorn

dínen

adjective. silent

See also dîn.1 for a discussion regarding this word

dínen

adjective. silent

adj. silent. >> dîn

dîn

noun. silence

_ n. _silence. >> Amon Dîn, dínen

gil-

prefix. spark

_ pref. _spark, often used for 'star'. Form of gail/geil in compounds. >> gail, geil, Gilgalad

tínen

adjective. silent

See also dîn.1 for a discussion regarding this word

fuir

right

1) (adj, of direction), also used as noun "right hand": fuir (north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR). 2) (direction, not "correct") fôr (north), pl. fŷr. 3) (straight) tîr (lenited dîr, no distinct pl. form) Note: a homophone means ”looking, view, glance” (noun).

i

the

: Singular i (+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see THAT). Apparently ”the” sometimes appears as a suffix -n added to a preposition, e.g. be**<u>n</u>** ”according to <u>the</u>”. This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions.

i

the

(+ soft mutation), basically in in the plural, but often loses the n which is then replaced by nasal mutation of the next consonant (e.g. i thîw ”the letters”, compare tîw ”letters”). In this wordlist it is assumed that in becomes idh before a word in r-, as general patterns would seem to suggest. – The articles are also used as relative pronouns ”who, which, that” (see

tann

sign

1) (etymologically ”something shown/indicated”) tann (i dann), construct tan, pl. tain (i thain) (MR:185); 2) têw (i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (letter, tengwa), pl. tîw (i **thîw), coll. pl. téwath**;

têw

sign

(i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (letter, tengwa), pl. tîw (i thîw), coll. pl. téwath

têw

letter

têw (i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (sign, tengwa), pl. tîw (i **thîw), coll. pl. téwath**

têw

letter

(i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (sign, tengwa), pl. tîw (i thîw), coll. pl. téwath

têw

tengwa

(Fëanorian letter) têw (i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (sign, letter), pl. tîw (i thîw), coll. pl. téwath

têw

tengwa

(i dêw, o thêw, construct tew) (sign, letter), pl. tîw (i thîw), coll. pl. téwath

têw

noun. letter

aran

king

1) (king of a region) aran (pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural). 2) (king of a people) †taur (i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. _T_Ā to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

aran

king

(pl. erain). Coll. pl. aranath. Also †âr with stem-form aran- (also with pl. erain; the longer form aran may be a back-formation from this plural).

en

of the

e-, genitival article, mostly only used in the singular (in the plural, in or i + nasal mutation is used), though infrequently en is used in the pl. as well. Followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

enaith

sixth part

. No distinct pl. form. Archaic eneith.

glind

glance

(noun) !glind (i **lind), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glind), coll. pl. glinnath**. (WJ:337; the spelling used in the primary source is ”glinn”.)

glind

glance

(i ’lind), no distinct pl. form except with article (in glind), coll. pl. glinnath. (WJ:337; the spelling used in the primary source is ”glinn”.)

lîr

line

1) lîr (row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath. 2) tê (i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath, 3) tî (i dî, o thî) (row), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thî), coll. pl. tíath.

lîr

line

(row), no distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. líriath.

mên

way

1) mên (i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn), 2) lend (journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”, 3) #pâd (construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”. 4) tê (i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.

n

that

added to a preposition, e.g. ben ”according to the”.  This suffix is followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions.

nothlir

family line

(family tree); no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. nothliriath.

taeg

boundary line

(i daeg, o thaeg) (limit, boundary), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thaeg).

taur

king

(i daur, o thaur) (said in LR:389 s.v. TĀ to refer to ”legitimate kings of the whole tribes”), pl. toer (i thoer), coll. pl. torath.

tê

way

(i dê, o thê) (line), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath.

tê

line

(i dê, o thê) (way), pl. tî (i thî), coll. pl. ?teath

dínen

silent

dínen (lenited dhínen, pl. dínin). In certain sources, Tolkien seems to presuppose that the unlenited form is actually tínen, with dínen as the lenited form, but elsewhere it is implied that dínen is the basic form, hence dhínen as the lenited variant.

dínen

silent

(lenited dhínen, pl. dínin). In certain sources, Tolkien seems to presuppose that the unlenited form is actually tínen, with dínen as the lenited form, but elsewhere it is implied that dínen is the basic form, hence dhínen as the lenited variant.

cened

noun. looking, looking, *seeing

lîr

noun. line, line, [N.] row

sath

noun. part

ara

noun. king

_ n. _king. 

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

fair

noun. right (hand)

forn

noun. right, north

forvo

noun. right hand

forvo

noun. right side

glintha-

verb. to glance at

i

definite article. the

i

definite article. who

i

the

pl1. in _ art. _the.

lîr

noun. row, range

men

noun. way, road

othlonn

noun. paved way

pâd

noun. way

taen

noun. sign

tharbad

noun. cross-way

têw

noun. letter, written sign

tínen

adjective. silent

an

to the, for the

(for) + i (the).

anc

row of teeth

(jaw), pl. ainc, coll. pl. angath.

falas

line of surf

(pl. felais) (beach, shore, coast, strand, foaming shore; the word was especially used of the western seaboard of Beleriand). *(VT42:15)*****

fuir

right

(north), pl. fŷr (VT42:20). In ”Noldorin” the word appeared as (”foeir” =) föir, feir (LR:382 s.v. PHOR).

fôr

right

(north), pl. fŷr.

lend

way

(journey), pl. lind, coll. pl. lennath. Note: a homophone means ”tuneful, sweet”

mên

way

(i vên, construct men, in compounds -ven) (road), pl. mîn (i mîn)

pâd

way

(construct pad), i bâd, pl. paid (i phaid). Isolated from Tharbad ”Crossroad”.

tann

sign

(i dann), construct tan, pl. tain (i thain)** **(MR:185)

uin

from the, of the

.

ín

his

(pronoun referring to the subject, e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his [own] juice”, as opposed to ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his [= another’s] juice”)

tinwë

spark

tinwë noun "spark" (gloss misquoted as "sparkle" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19), also "star"; pl. tinwi "sparks", properly used of the star-imagines on Nur-menel (q.v.). Cf. nillë. (TIN, MR:388) In early "Qenya", tinwë was simply glossed "star" (LT1:269, cf. MC:214). In one late source, the meaning of tinwë is given as "spark", and it is said that this word (like Sindarin gil) was used of the stars of heaven "in place of the older and more elevated el, elen- stem" (VT42:11).

vand-

way, path

vand- noun "way, path" (LT1:264; a final vowel would seem to be required, but in Tolkien's later Quenya, the words tië or mallë are to be preferred)

-rya

his, her

-rya 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably "its" (VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67), attested in coivierya *"his/her life", máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369). The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya (VT49:17) and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s "he, she, it". In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for "their" rather than "his/her", because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r,e.g. símaryassen "in their [not his/her] imaginations" (VT49:16, 17). See -ya #4.

-tar

king

-tar or tar-, element meaning "king" or "queen" in compounds and names (TĀ/TA3), e.g. Valatar; compare the independent nouns tár, tári. Prefix Tar- especially in the names of the Kings and Queens of Númenor (e.g. Tar-Amandil); see their individual names (like Amandil in this case), cf. also Tar-Mairon "King Excellent", title used by Sauron (PE17:183). Also in Tareldar "High-elves"; see also Tarmenel.

-ya

his

-ya (4) pronominal suffix "his" (and probably also "her, its"), said to be used in "colloquial Quenya" (which had redefined the "correct" ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean "their" because it was associated with the plural ending -r). Hence e.g. cambeya ("k") "his hand", yulmaya "his cup" (VT49:17) instead of formally "correct" forms in -rya. The ending -ya was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for "all numbers" in the 3rd person, predating elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya "remained in Quenya" in the case of "old nouns with consonantal stems", Tolkien listing tál "foot", cas "head", nér "man", sír "river" and macil "sword" as examples. He refers to "the continued existence of such forms as talya his foot", that could apparently be used even in "correct" Quenya (VT49:17). In PE17:130, the forms talya "his foot" and macilya ("k") "his (or their) sword" are mentioned.

in

the

i (1) "the", indeclinable definite article (I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221). A variant in (q.v.) is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" (FS), i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" (UT:8), i-aldar "the trees" (Narqelion), attached with a dot in i·yulmar "the cups" (VT48:11), I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" (LR:199), i·arya *"the best" (PE17:57), directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma "the left hand" in VT49:22 (but i hyarma in other versions of the same text).

lé

way

lé (1) noun "way" = "method, manner" ("as in that is not As way"). Not to be confused with lé as a stressed form of le = plural "you"; Tolkien was himself dissatisfied with this clash (PE17:74).

sarat

letter

sarat (pl. sarati given) noun "letter", any individual significant mark, used of the letters of Rúmil after the invention of Fëanor's tengwar (WJ:396). Cf. sarmë.

tengwa

letter

tengwa (pl. tengwar is attested) (1) noun "letter" Tengwa (ñ) is defined as "any one visible sign representing (theoretically) any one audible teñgwe" (phoneme) (VT39:17). In non-technical usage tengwa was equivalent to "consonant", since only the consonants were full signs (WJ:396, TEK). In the Etymologies, tengwa was apparently emended from tengwë (VT46:17).

tár

king

tár noun "king" (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes); the pl. tári "kings" must not be confused with the sg. tári "queen" (TĀ/TA3). Prefix tar-, compare -tar above. The normal Quenya word for "king" is aran, but compare Tarumbar.

i

article. the

aran

noun. king

men

noun. way, way; [ᴹQ.] place, spot

-zya

his, her, its

-zya, archaic form of the pronominal ending -rya "his, her, its", q.v. (VT49:17)

aran

king

aran noun "king"; pl. arani (WJ:369, VT45:16, PE17:186); gen.pl. aranion "of kings" in asëa aranion, q.v.; aranya "my king" (aran + nya) (UT:193). Aran Meletyalda "king your mighty" = "your majesty" (WJ:369); aran Ondórëo, "a king of Gondor" (VT49:27). Also in arandil "king's friend, royalist", arandur "king's servant, minister" (Letters:386); Arantar masc. name, "King-Lord" (Appendix A); Arandor "Kingsland" region in Númenor (UT:165); the long form Arandórë appears as a name of Arnor in PE17:28 (elsewhere Arnanórë, q.v.) Othercompounds ingaran, Noldóran, Núaran, q.v.

forya

right

forya adj. "right" (PHOR), "dexter" (VT46:10)

haran

king, chieftain

haran (#harn-, as in pl. harni) noun "king, chieftain" (3AR, TĀ/TA3, VT45:17; for "king", the word aran is to be preferred in LotR-style Quenya). In a deleted entry in the Etymologies, haran was glossed "chief" (VT45:17)

in

article. the

men

way

men (2) noun "way" (SA) or "place, spot" (MEN)

narwë

sign, token

[narwë (and short nar, unless this is an incomplete form) noun "sign, token"] (VT45:37)

ranta

part

#ranta noun "part". Pl. rantali attested. (PE14:117)

taina

sign

#taina (2) noun "sign", isolated from Tainacolli *"Sign-bearer" MR:385

tanna

sign, token

tanna (1) noun "sign, token" (MR:385, PE17:186), also tanwa (PE17:186)

tanwa

sign, token

tanwa noun "sign, token" (Tolkien marked this word with a query, but it is not clearly rejected). Also tanna (#1). (PE17:186)

taran

king

taran (1) noun "king", possibly ephemeral variant of aran, q.v. (PE17:186)

tengwa

noun. sign

sign, indicator, letter

téma

row, series, line

téma noun "row, series, line" (pl. témar attested) (TEÑ, Appendix E)

téna

straight, right

téna (1) adj. "straight, right" (SD:310; see téra)

téra

straight, right

téra adj. "straight, right" (TEÑ, see TE3; LR:47; in one text Tolkien changed it to téna, SD:310)

túr

king

túr, tur noun "king" (PE16:138, LT1:260); rather aran in LotR-style Quenya, but cf. the verb tur-. Also compare the final element -tur, -ntur "lord" in names like Axantur, Falastur, Fëanturi, Vëantur (q.v.)

vardar

king

vardar noun "king" (LT1:273; rather aran in LotR-style Quenya)

eldatár

`Vm#1~C6 noun. elf-king, elfking, elven-king

tini

noun. spark

tirlā

adjective. looking

tin²

root. silence

teg

root. line

Tolkien used a number of similar roots as the basis for “line” words throughout his life. The earliest of these appeared in the Qenya Lexicon as ᴱ√TEHE [teχe] “pull” (gloss marked with a “?” by Tolkien) with derivatives like ᴱQ. tea “straight”, ᴱQ. telya “attractive; importunate”, and ᴱQ. tie “line, direction, route, road” (QL/90), the last of these surviving more or less unchanged all the way into the published version of The Lord of the Rings (LotR/377). The early root ᴱ√TEHE also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. tê “mark, line; track; path”, G. tî or tion “straight”, and G. tîr “honest; esteem, regard, honour”, originally “straight, upright” (GL/69, 71). Primitive ᴱ✶tegna > ᴱQ. tína/ᴱN. tain “straight” from Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s may represent a shift in the form of the root to ✱ᴱ√TEGE (PE13/153, 165).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s the root appeared as {ᴹ√TEƷ >>} ᴹ√TEÑ “line, direction” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tie/N. tê “line, way” and ᴹQ. téra/N. tîr “straight, right” (Ety/TEƷ, TEÑ). In the Outline of Phonology Tolkien gave √TEG “line”, whereas √TEÑ was given as the basis for Q. tenna “a thought, notion, idea” and thus clearly with a different meaning; see the entry √TEÑ for further discussion. In any case it is clear that Tolkien considered various ancient velar consonants for the second consonant of this root, all ultimately vanishing in the child languages with similar vocalic effects: 1910s teχ-, 1920s teg-, 1930s {teʒ- >>} teñ- and 1950s teg-.

din Reconstructed

root. silence

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for Sindarin words like dîn “silence” and dínen “silent” (PE17/95, 98) and ᴹQ. lína- “be silent”. Tolkien’s use of the Sindarin words in The Lord of the Rings is rather inconsistent, reflecting shifting rules on the circumstances in which words mutated in Sindarin. In his Unfinished Index of The Lord of the Rings, he said these words were tîn and tínen (RC/551). Given the conflict this would have with the root √TIN “spark”, for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is best to assume this root is √DIN.

tekmā

noun. letter

telu-

verb. cover in, roof over

durin

masculine name. king

ârû

noun. king

A noun translated as “king” (SD/429). The Adûnaic word for “queen” is not attested, but could be a feminized form of this word, such as ✱ârî.