rend

adjective. circular

rend

noun. male cousin, relative

rend

adjective. circular

rend

circular

(pl. rind) (VT46:11)

redh

sow

redh- (i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

redh

sow

(i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

narcha

rend

narcha- (i narcha, in narchar)

rista-

verb. to cut; to rend, rip

corn

circular

1. corn (round, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle", 2) rend (pl. rind) (VT46:11),

Rest

noun. cut

nîn

noun. tear, tear; [ᴱN.] weeping

redh-

verb. to sow

rista-

verb. to cut

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

cerin

circular raised mound

(i gerin, o cherin) (circular enclosure), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).

corn

circular

(round, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle"

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

nínui

5~B5hJ adjective. tearful

Nîn (tear) + -ui (full, having that quality).

nírnaeth

tear-gnashing

; no distinct pl. form. 2) nîn; no distinct pl. form; pl. níniath. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear” and as the pl. form of nên ”water”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.

nîr

tear

_(noun) _1) nîr (construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

nîr

tear

(construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

narcha-

verb. to rend

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK).

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

narcha-

verb. to rend

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

rhista-

verb. to cut

A verb appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. rhisto in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a cognate to ᴹQ. rista- “cut”, both derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS). In the initial version of this root’s entry it appeared as risto derived from ON. rista- “rend, rip” (Ety/RIS). The original entry was not deleted, and it is not clear if its retention was an oversight or if Tolkien intended both meanings to coexist.

Neo-Sindarin: In Noldorin, an initial r unvoiced to rh, but this was not the case in Sindarin, so its Sindarin form is probably ᴺS. rista-, as suggested in HSD (HSD). I would further assume rista- can mean any of “cut, rend, rip”.

rhenn

adjective. circular

breitha-

verb. to break out suddenly

nîn

noun. tear

nîn

noun. tear

nîr

noun. tear, weeping

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

rhedh-

verb. to sow

rhenn

adjective. circular

rhest

noun. cut

rhest

noun. cut

rhista-

verb. to cut

rahat-

verb. to break, rend

A verb appearing in the Lament of Akallabêth with the past-tense translations “broke” and “rent” (SD/247, VT24/12), so meaning “to break, rend”. In the final version of the Lament it appeared as yurahtam “they rent”. The initial element of this form is the 3rd persons masculine plural suffix yu- “they”, while its final element is the plural verbal suffix -m, both in agreement with the plural subject Bârîm “Lords”. This leaves the basic verb form rahta, which is the aorist tense according to the theories used here.

In the previous (second draft) version of the Lament, the verb form was urahta with the 3rd persons masculine singular suffix u- “he”, and no plural suffix -m. This is consistent with the subject in this version, which was the singular Bârun “Lord”.

Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/22) that this verb may be related to Q. rac- “to break” (MC/223). It could also be related to the contemporaneous ᴹQ. hat- “to break asunder” (Ety/SKAT).

Conceptual Development: In the first draft of the Lament, the form was rakkhatū, indicating the earliest form of the verb may have had the verb stem rakhat- instead of later rahat-.

narca-

verb. to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

saccantë

rent

saccantë ("k")vb. "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)

narcë

noun. *rend, tear; [ᴱQ.] snap of a dog; spiteful remark

cir-

verb. to cut, to cut, [ᴱQ.] cleave; *to separate from

A verb for “to cut, cleave”. Its root √KIR is well established and has the same basic meaning (PE17/73; Ety/KIR). In notes for drafts of the Earendel (Poem) from around 1930, ᴱQ. kiri- was glossed “cleave” (PE16/100), and its past form was used in this sense in the finished version of the poem as part of the phrase langon veakiryo kírier “the throat of the sea-ship clove [the waters]” (MC/216). The best evidence for its meaning “cut” in later notes is in the pair of prefixed verbs aucir- and hócir- “cut off” in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (WJ/365, 368).

This verb also appeared in the versions of the Markirya poem from the 1960s in the phrase métima hrestallo círa “leave the last shore” (MC/221). Helge Fauskanger suggested that in this context it might mean “sail” as in “✱cut through the water” (AL/Markirya, QQ/círa). However, I think the intended meaning is actually “leave = cleave (from)”, in combination with ablative hrestallo “[from] the last shore”.

Neo-Quenya: Based on the above, I think cir- has the connotation of “cut [completely]”, so as to cleave apart the thing cut, as opposed to rista- “cut [into]”. As such I think cir- can also be used metaphorically to mean “✱separate from” when combined with the ablative.

Niélë

tear

Niélë fem. name (meaning unclear, cf. nië "tear"?), diminutive Nieliccilis ("k") noun "little Niéle" (MC:215; PE16:96). This may suggest that Niélë has the stem-form *Niéli-.

ascat-

verb. break asunder

#ascat- vb. "break asunder", only attested in the past tense: ascantë (SD:310)

hat-

verb. break asunder

hat- (2) vb. "break asunder", pa.t. hantë (SKAT). Compare ascat-, terhat-. It may be that Tolkien eventually restored the verb hat- "fling" occurring in early material (see above), leaving the conceptual status of hat- "break asunder" uncertain (for "break", late material has rac-).

nië

tear

nië noun "tear" (NEI, VT45:38, LT1:262, LT2:346); apparently níe in MC:221

nírë

tear

nírë noun "tear" (NEI)

rac-

verb. break

rac- ("k")vb. "break", past participle rácina ("k") "broken" in Markirya

rac-

verb. to break

A verb glossed “break” associated with the Markirya poem of the 1960s (MC/223). See the entry rácina for its possible history.

rinda

circular

rinda adj. "circular" (RIN)

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

rak Reconstructed

root. break

This root appeared as ᴱ√RAKA “pile up” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. rakta- “pile, hoard, amass, collect” and ᴱQ. rakte “pile, heap” (QL/78). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, there are similar forms with different meanings: G. ractha “breach” and G. rag- “break asunder, burst” (GL/64). This conceptual shift from “pile up” to “✱break” is supported by the word ᴱQ. ranka “broken” in drafts of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem from the end of the 1920s (PE16/77). Q. rak- “break” reappeared in the revised version of that poem from the late 1960s (MC/222-223), implying the root remained valid or (more likely) was abandoned but later restored. Q. rakine “stripped” in phonetic notes from 1959-60 might be related.