Sindarin 

rend

adjective. circular

Sindarin [Ety/383, VT/46:11, X/RH, X/ND1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

send

noun. (?) rest

Sindarin [sennas RC/523] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rend

noun. male cousin, relative

rend

adjective. circular

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

rend

circular

(pl. rind) (VT46:11)

redh

sow

redh- (i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

redh

sow

(i rêdh, idh redhir), pa.t. rend

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

narcha

rend

(i narcha, in narchar)

narcha

rend

narcha- (i narcha, in narchar)

rista-

verb. to cut; to rend, rip

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

corn

circular

1) corn (round, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle", 2) rend (pl. rind) (VT46:11),

Rest

noun. cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nîn

noun. tear, tear; [ᴱN.] weeping

redh-

verb. to sow

Sindarin [Ety/383, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rista-

verb. to cut

Sindarin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

senn

noun. (?) rest

Sindarin [sennas RC/523] Group: SINDICT. Published by

îdh

noun. rest, repose

Sindarin [WJ/403] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Ēd

noun. Rest

Dor. Rest

Sindarin [name of spouse of Lorien PE 19:45] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

cerin

circular raised mound

(i gerin, o cherin) (circular enclosure), no distinct pl. form except with article (i cherin).

corn

circular

(round, globed), lenited gorn, pl. cyrn. The word is also used as a noun "circle"

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

gwaith

troop of able-bodied men

(i ’waith) (manhood, manpower, host, regiment, people, region; wilderness), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaith).

gwanur

kinsman, kinswoman

(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

gwanur

kinswoman

(i ’wanur) (brother), pl. gwenyr (in gwenyr). Note: a homophone of the sg. means ”pair of twins”.

nínui

5~B5hJ adjective. tearful

Nîn (tear) + -ui (full, having that quality).

Sindarin [Elfdict.com] Published by

nírnaeth

tear-gnashing

; no distinct pl. form. 2) nîn; no distinct pl. form; pl. níniath. Note: nîn is also used as a noun ”tear” and as the pl. form of nên ”water”; there is also the possessive pronoun nín ”my”.

nîr

tear

_(noun) _1) nîr (construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

nîr

tear

(construct nir) (weeping). No distinct pl. form; coll. pl. níriath. Noun ”

redh-

verb. to sow

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

redhin

adjective. related

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

îdh

rest

_(noun) _1) îdh (repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt),

Quenya 

rendë

rendë

rendë pa.t. of #rer-, q.v. (RED)

narca-

verb. to rend

narca- ("k")vb. "to rend" (NÁRAK; the form "narki" in LR is a misreading for narka; see VT45:37)

rendo

noun. male cousin, kinsman, *relative

rendolë

noun. cousinship

rendë

noun. kinship, kin, kindred, clan

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

renda

adjective. related, of the same kin or clan

saccantë

rent

saccantë ("k")vb. "rent" (past tense of an otherwise unattested verb #saccata- "rend"?) (SD:246)

naraca

harsh, rending, violent

naraca ("k")adj. "harsh, rending, violent" (NÁRAK; according to VT45:37, Tolkien added a qualification that is not certainly legible: "of [?sounds]")

narcë

noun. *rend, tear; [ᴱQ.] snap of a dog; spiteful remark

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

hyar-

verb. cleave

#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.

nir-

verb. press, thrust, force (in a given direction)

nir- vb. "press, thrust, force (in a given direction)" ("Though applicable to the pressure of a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as by physical strength, [this verb] could also be used of physical pressures exerted by inanimates.") Given as a 1st person aorist nirin (VT41:17). Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of nir- was originally D (the base is given as NID; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

rer-

verb. to sow

#rer- vb. "to sow" (1st pers. aorist rerin "I sow"), pa.t. rendë (RED)

ser-

verb. rest

ser- vb. "rest" (1st pers. aorist serin "I rest"); pa.t. probably *sendë since the R of ser- was originally D (cf. stem SED; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense)

Este

noun. Rest

Rest

Quenya [name of spouse of Lorien PE 19:45] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

Niélë

tear

Niélë fem. name (meaning unclear, cf. nië "tear"?), diminutive Nieliccilis ("k") noun "little Niéle" (MC:215; PE16:96). This may suggest that Niélë has the stem-form *Niéli-.

ascat-

verb. break asunder

#ascat- vb. "break asunder", only attested in the past tense: ascantë (SD:310)

hat-

verb. break asunder

hat- (2) vb. "break asunder", pa.t. hantë (SKAT). Compare ascat-, terhat-. It may be that Tolkien eventually restored the verb hat- "fling" occurring in early material (see above), leaving the conceptual status of hat- "break asunder" uncertain (for "break", late material has rac-).

hyar-

verb. cleave

Quenya [PE 22:102] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

nir-

verb. press, thrust, force

Quenya [PE 22:165] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

nië

tear

nië noun "tear" (NEI, VT45:38, LT1:262, LT2:346); apparently níe in MC:221

nírë

tear

nírë noun "tear" (NEI)

rac-

verb. break

rac- ("k")vb. "break", past participle rácina ("k") "broken" in Markirya

rac-

verb. to break

A verb glossed “break” associated with the Markirya poem of the 1960s (MC/223). See the entry rácina for its possible history.

Quenya [MC/222; MC/223; VT39/06] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rinda

circular

rinda adj. "circular" (RIN)

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

sérë

rest, repose, peace

sérë noun "rest, repose, peace" (SED, VT44:35); see under úyë concerning the sentence úyë sérë indo-ninya símen in Fíriel's Song

rel-

verb. to sow

Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

Noldorin 

narcha-

verb. to rend

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK).

Noldorin [Ety/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

Noldorin [Ety/RIS¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

narcha-

verb. to rend

Noldorin [Ety/374] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhenn

adjective. circular

Noldorin [Ety/RIN; EtyAC/RIN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhedh-

verb. to sow

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. rheði “to sow” under the root ᴹ√RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED).

Neo-Sindarin: Since initial r unvoiced to rh in Noldorin of the 1930s but not in Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s, most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. redh- “to sow”, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

breitha-

verb. to break out suddenly

Noldorin [Ety/352] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nîn

noun. tear

Noldorin [Ety/376] Group: SINDICT. Published by

nîn

noun. tear

Noldorin [Ety/NEI; EtyAC/NEI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nîr

noun. tear, weeping

Noldorin [Ety/376] Group: SINDICT. Published by

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

Noldorin [Ety/379] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhedh-

verb. to sow

Noldorin [Ety/383, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhenn

adjective. circular

Noldorin [Ety/383, VT/46:11, X/RH, X/ND1] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhest

noun. cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

rhest

noun. cut

Noldorin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rhista-

verb. to cut

Noldorin [Ety/384, X/RH] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Ídh

noun. Rest

Rest

Noldorin [name of spouse of Lorien PE 19:45] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

Adûnaic

rahat-

verb. to break, rend

A verb appearing in the Lament of Akallabêth with the past-tense translations “broke” and “rent” (SD/247, VT24/12), so meaning “to break, rend”. In the final version of the Lament it appeared as yurahtam “they rent”. The initial element of this form is the 3rd persons masculine plural suffix yu- “they”, while its final element is the plural verbal suffix -m, both in agreement with the plural subject Bârîm “Lords”. This leaves the basic verb form rahta, which is the aorist tense according to the theories used here.

In the previous (second draft) version of the Lament, the verb form was urahta with the 3rd persons masculine singular suffix u- “he”, and no plural suffix -m. This is consistent with the subject in this version, which was the singular Bârun “Lord”.

Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/22) that this verb may be related to Q. rac- “to break” (MC/223). It could also be related to the contemporaneous ᴹQ. hat- “to break asunder” (Ety/SKAT).

Conceptual Development: In the first draft of the Lament, the form was rakkhatū, indicating the earliest form of the verb may have had the verb stem rakhat- instead of later rahat-.

Adûnaic [SD/247; SD/311; SD/312; VT24/12] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

kiris

root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split

Primitive elvish [SA/ris] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rak Reconstructed

root. break

This root appeared as ᴱ√RAKA “pile up” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. rakta- “pile, hoard, amass, collect” and ᴱQ. rakte “pile, heap” (QL/78). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, there are similar forms with different meanings: G. ractha “breach” and G. rag- “break asunder, burst” (GL/64). This conceptual shift from “pile up” to “✱break” is supported by the word ᴱQ. ranka “broken” in drafts of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya poem from the end of the 1920s (PE16/77). Q. rak- “break” reappeared in the revised version of that poem from the late 1960s (MC/222-223), implying the root remained valid or (more likely) was abandoned but later restored. Q. rakine “stripped” in phonetic notes from 1959-60 might be related.

Telerin 

Erde

noun. Rest

Rest

Telerin [name of spouse of Lorien PE 19:45] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Early Quenya

rendo

noun. kinsman, cousin

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. {rendo >>} rēro (rendo) “kinsman, cousin” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, under the early root ᴱ√RESE “aid, support ?” (QL/79); the question mark was Tolkien’s. Tolkien later added a note to this entry clarifying that the “kin, cousin” words were derived from primitive reðe; see the entry on ᴱ√REÐE for further discussion.

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. rendo “male cousin, kinsman or relative” from a Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D.

Early Quenya [QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rendole

noun. cousinship

A word appearing as ᴱQ. rendole “cousinship” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, an abstract noun formation from ᴱQ. rendo “cousin” (QL/79).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain this word as ᴺQ. rendolë, an elaboration of ᴺQ. rendo “male cousin” from the Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D.

Early Quenya [QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

renda

adjective. related, of the same kin or clan

Early Quenya [QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rendi

noun. *kinship, kin, kindred, clan

Early Quenya [QL/052; QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ettarendi

noun. cousinship

A noun for “cousinship” in the Qenya Lexicon based on ᴱQ. etta “cousin” with variants ettarendi and ettaresta (QL/36). The second element of these words is ᴱQ. rendi or ᴱQ. resta “kinship, kin, kindred, clan” (QL/79).

Early Quenya [QL/036] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sanka

noun. rend, jab

A noun in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “rend, jag” derived from the early root ᴱ√SṆKṆ “rend, tear” (QL/85).

Early Quenya [QL/085] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ulqu-

verb. *to rend

A verb form appearing as ulqin in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ “rend” (QL/97), and so presumably meaning “✱I rend” as suggested by the editors.

Early Quenya [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ettaresta

noun. cousinship

nie

noun. tear

Early Quenya [GL/60; LT1A/Nienna; LT2A/Nínin-Udathriol; MC/221; PE16/062; PE16/072; PE16/074; PE16/075; PE16/077; PE16/143; PME/069; QL/068] Group: Eldamo. Published by

orya-

verb. to sow

Early Quenya [QL/070] Group: Eldamo. Published by

réro

noun. kinsman, cousin

Early Primitive Elvish

reðe

root. kinsman

The form reðe was a root added under ᴱ√RESE [REÞE] “aid, support” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives of ᴱ√RESE having to do with “kinship” reassigned to reðe, such as ᴱQ. renda “related, of the same kin or clan” and ᴱQ. resse “kinswoman, cousin” (QL/79). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had a similar set of words likewise derived from distinct reth- vs. redh-, with the latter most likely being the basis for words like G. redhin “related” and G. ress “cousin (f.), relative” (GL/65). The root was given as RESE- “kinsman” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/79), but the addition of reðe may be later than that document.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D to preserve these early kinship and cousin words, for which we have no later alternatives. It might be considered a variant of later root √RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED; PE19/91) and thus applied only to more distant kin.

Early Primitive Elvish [GL/65; PME/079; QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ḷqḷ

root. rend

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√(U)ḶQ(U)Ḷ and glossed “rend”, having what appears to be unglossed verb forms ᴱQ. ulqin “✱I rend” and alqe “✱rended [past]” as derivatives (QL/97). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/097] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sṇkṇ

root. rend, tear

Early Primitive Elvish [LT2A/Glamhoth; QL/085] Group: Eldamo. Published by

res-rŭ

noun. kinsman, cousin

Early Primitive Elvish [QL/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nyeχie

noun. tear

Early Primitive Elvish [GL/60; QL/068] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rese

root. kinsman

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

faka Speculative

root. cut

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

Early Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

narka-

verb. to rend

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to rend” derived from the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)” (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road Christopher Tolkien gave the form as narki (LR/375), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to narka in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/37).

Qenya [Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

askat-

verb. to rend, break asunder

The verb ᴹQ. terhat- “break apart” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, a combination of ᴹQ. ter “through” with the root ᴹ√SKAT “break asunder” (Ety/SKAT). Its past form terhante “broke” appeared in earlier versions of the Lament of Atalante from the 1930s (LR/47, 56). In versions of the poem associated with The Notion Club Papers from the 1940s, Tolkien revised terhante to askante “sunder-broke” (SD/310), and in the final version of the poem he had sakkante “rent” (SD/246). The past form sakkante is difficult to puzzle out, but askante is probably based on an augmented form askat- of the root ᴹ√SKAT.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain both terhat- “to break apart” and askat- “to rend, break asunder” as near synonyms, both more distinctive than the basic verb ᴹQ. hat- “break asunder”.

Qenya [SD/246; SD/310] Group: Eldamo. Published by

sakkat-

verb. to rend, break asunder

naraka

adjective. harsh, rending, violent of (?sounds)

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “harsh, rending, violent”, with the last of these followed by a difficult-to-read qualifier “of (?sounds)” according to Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK). It was derived from primitive ᴹ✶narāka under the root ᴹ√NARAK “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)”.

Qenya [Ety/NÁRAK; EtyAC/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rer-

verb. to sow

A verb appearing as 1st sg. ᴹQ. rerin “I sow” with past tense rende in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED). Here the ancient d became r as it usually did after vowels.

Neo-Quenya: In both Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1940s and Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s, Tolkien indicated that when medial d followed an r, it could dissimilate to l rather that following its usual development to r (PE19/32, PE19/70). In OP2 he gave the verb Q. ral- < √RAD as an example (PE19/99). Thus it is possible that ᴹQ. rer- should be revised to ᴺQ. rel- “to sow” to fit this rule, as suggested by Elaran. However, since Tolkien had this rule in the 1930s but still had ᴹQ. rer- in The Etymologies, I prefer to think the dissimilation of medial d to l was a sporadic change, and would therefore retain rer- for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. orya- “sow” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√ORO (QL/70).

nie

noun. tear

Qenya [Ety/NEI; EtyAC/NEI; PE21/06; PE21/07] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rinda

adjective. circular

rista

noun. cut

A noun for “a cut” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” (Ety/RIS). It was also an element the name ᴹQ. Latimberista, Quenya equivalent of S. Imladris, in a page of rejected notes from 1948 (PE22/127). It might reappear in some later notes as well; see Q. rista- “to cut” for further discussion.

Middle Primitive Elvish

narak

root. tear, rend (tr. and intr.)

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “tear, rend (tr. and intr.)”, with derivatives like ᴹQ. naraka “harsh, rending, violent” and N. narcha- “to rend” (Ety/NÁRAK). The element S. narch “bitter-biting” in S. Narchost from The Lord of the Rings is probably related (LotR/900; RC/601). This in turn hints that the early root ᴱ√NARA “(properly) bite at” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s was a likely precursor, though a parenthetical comment indicates the actual form of this root was ᴱ√ŊARA or ᴱ√ŊAŘA [ŊAÐA] (QL/64).

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NÁRAK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

skar

root. tear, rend

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “tear, rend” with derivatives like ᴹQ. harna-/N. parch “to wound” and ᴹQ. harwe/N. harw “wound” (Ety/SKAR).

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SKAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

skat

root. break asunder

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed {“break, rend asunder” >>} “break asunder” with derivatives ᴹQ. hat- of similar meaning and ᴹQ. terhat- “break apart” (Ety/SKAT). The latter was seen in early versions of the Lament of Atalante from the 1930s (LR/47, 56) only to eventually be replaced in the 1940s by ᴹQ. askante (SD/310) and then sakkante (SD/246), both of which may still have been related to ᴹ√SKAT.

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SKAT; EtyAC/SKAT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kir

root. cleave

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIR; EtyAC/KIR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kiris

root. cut

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KIRIS; Ety/RIS²; EtyAC/KIR; EtyAC/KIRIS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

krab

root. press

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “press” used as the basis for the [Noldorin] word for cram (Ety/KRAB). Later Tolkien decided this was a word in the language of the men of Dale; see Wes. cram for discussion.

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/KRAB] Group: Eldamo. Published by

neinē

noun. tear

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NEI; EtyAC/NEI] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ney

root. tear

Tolkien used similar forms throughout his life for Elvish words connected to “tears”, the most enduring being Q. Nienna “Lady of Pity and Mourning” and S. nirnaeth as in Nirnaeth Arnoediad “[Battle of] Tears Unnumbered”. The first manifestation of this root was as ᴱ√NYE(NE) “bleat” and ᴱ√NYEHE “weep” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, though Tolkien considered moving all the derivatives of ᴱ√NYE(NE) to ᴱ√NYEHE (QL/68). Nonetheless it seems the distinction survived in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon which had both nı̯e and nı̯eχe as primitive forms (GL/59-60). Early derivatives include ᴱQ. nyé “bleat” and ᴱQ. nyéni “she-goat” along with ᴱQ. nyére/G. nîr “grief” and ᴱQ. nie/G. nîn “tear”, the last of these appearing in G. Nínin-Udathriol, the earliest name of S. Nirnaeth Arnoediad.

The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√NEI̯ “tear” (Ety/NEI), though Tolkien considered and rejected alternate roots ᴹ√NEÑ (EtyAC/NEI) and ᴹ√NEI̯(ET) “moist” (NEI̯(ET)), the latter becoming the primitive word ᴹ✶neiti > ᴹQ. níte “moist, dewy” and N. nîd “damp, wet; tearful”. Other derivatives include ᴹQ. nie “tear”/N. nîn “tear” (same as the forms from the 1910s) as well as N. nírnaeth “lamentation” (Ety/NEI). Tolkien’s continued use of Q. Nienna (S/28) and S. nirnaeth (S/192) in later versions of the Silmarillion indicate this root’s ongoing validity.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think some of the Quenya nye- forms from the 1910s might be salvaged as abnormal vocalization from n(e)ye- < √NEY.

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/NEI; Ety/NIK-W; EtyAC/NEI; EtyAC/NEI̯(ET)] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rista-

verb. cut

Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

rista-

verb. rend, rip

Old Noldorin [Ety/RIS¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wanūro

noun. kinsman

Old Noldorin [Ety/NŌ; Ety/TOR; EtyAC/NŌ; EtyAC/TOR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

renn hethrin

first cousin

crithiol

adjective. circular

crithog

adjective. circular

Gnomish [GL/27; PE13/111] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fagin

adjective. cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cut (aj.)”, an adjectival form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).

fanc

noun. cut

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “a cut”, a noun form of G. fag- “cut” (GL/33).

ged nôsa u

kinsman

Gnomish [GL/38; GL/61] Group: Eldamo. Published by

goredhweg

noun. cousin (m.)

nien(n)

noun. tear

nosied

noun. kinsman

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “kinsman”, a combination of G. nôs “birthday” and G. ged “†kinsman” (GL/61), hence probably “kinsman by birth”. In one place it appeared in the form nosged, but this was deleted and replaced by nosied (GL/38).

Gnomish [GL/38; GL/61] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nîn

noun. tear

Gnomish [GL/60; LT1A/Nienna; LT2A/Níniel] Group: Eldamo. Published by

redhin

adjective. related

A word appearing as G. redhin “related” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an adjectival form of the early root ᴱ√redh- that was the basis for kin words (GL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: I would retain this word as ᴺS. redhin based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D.

Gnomish [GL/38; GL/41; GL/65] Group: Eldamo. Published by

rest

noun. kinship

An archaic noun for “kinship” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√redh- (GL/65).

Gnomish [GL/44; GL/65] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

crigen

adjective. circular

Early Noldorin [PE13/141] Group: Eldamo. Published by

crithui

adjective. circular

Early Noldorin [PE13/141] Group: Eldamo. Published by

nîr

noun. tear

Early Noldorin [PE13/151] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

rest

noun. cut

A noun meaning “a cut” derived from the root ᴹ√RIS (Ety/RIS²). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. rista suggests a primitive form ✱✶ristā, where the [i] became [e] due to Ilkorin a-affection, as noted by Helge Fauskanger (AL-Ilkorin/rest).

Doriathrin [Ety/RIS²] Group: Eldamo. Published by